Satyrini
| Satyrini | |
|---|---|
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| Satyrus actaea, Languedoc-Roussillon, France | |
| |
| Lethe appalachia (syn. Satyrodes appalachia), Virginia, United States | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Subfamily: | Satyrinae |
| Tribe: | Satyrini Boisduval, 1833 |
| Subtribes[1] | |
| |
| Diversity[2] | |
| approximately 220 genera, 2200 species | |
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Praepronophila petronius, Colombia
The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species.[2]
Distribution
[edit]Satyrini butterflies have a worldwide distribution, but the distribution pattern differs between subtribes. Some subtribes are almost restricted to a single biogeographic region, such as the Pronophilina, which is found only in Andean cloud forests from Venezuela to Bolivia.[2]
Biology
[edit]The larval food plants of many species in this tribe are grasses, i.e. Poaceae. It is considered that the Satyrini diversified at about the same time as the grasses did, and that the radiation of the tribe is therefore closely related to the evolution of the grasses.[2][3]
In contrast, the tribe has a few genera which show uncommon feeding preferences.[3] Three genera, Euptychia, Ragadia and Acrophtalmia, feed on Lycopsida, and moreover, some species of Euptychia have been reported to feed on mosses of Neckeraceae. This is interesting cases as these genera are not considered to be very closely related to each other.[4]
Taxonomy
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The taxonomy of the subfamily Satyrinae has recently undergone a significant revision. Peña et al. (2006) showed that most of the traditionally well known group are paraphyletic or polyphyletic and developed a new taxonomy, based on molecular phylogenetic. The classification scheme transferred many genera traditionally placed in the Elymniini to the Satyrini,[5] and later studies have largely followed this classification.[6][7] Thus, the Satyrini is now considered to include the genera previously placed in the Elymniini, such as Lethe, Pararge and Mycalesis.[1] However, the phylogenetic statuses of some subtribes within the tribe are still unclear and the revision of the classification is likely to continue.[7]
According to Wahlberg (2019), the Satyrini includes the following subtribes and genera:
- Parargina Moore, 1893
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- Chonala Moore, 1893
- Kirinia Westwood, 1841
- Lasiommata Tutt, 1896
- Lopinga Moore, 1893
- Orinoma Gray, 1846
- Pararge Hübner, 1819
- Rhaphicera Butler, 1867
- Tatinga Moore, 1893
- Nosea Koiwaya 1993
- Lethina Reuter, 1896
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- Aphysoneura Karsch, 1894
- Lethe Hübner, 1819
- Neope Moore, 1866
- Ninguta Moore, 1892
- Ptychandra Felder & Felder, 1861
- Mandarinia Leech, 1892
- Mycalesina Reuter, 1896
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- Lohora Moore, 1880
- Brakefieldia Aduse-Poku, Lees & Wahlberg, 2016
- Telinga Moore, 1880
- Heteropsis Westwood, 1850
- Culapa Moore, 1879
- Mydosama Moore, 1880
- Mycalesis Hübner, 1818
- Devyatkinia Monastyrskii & Uémura, 2016
- Hallelesis Condamin, 1961
- Bicyclus Kirby, 1871
- Eritina Miller, 1968
-
- Coelites Westwood, 1850
- Erites Westwood, 1851
- Orsotriaena Wallengren, 1858
- Zipaetis Hewitson, 1863
- Ragadiina Herrich-Schäffer, 1864
-
- Acrophtalmia Felder & Felder, 1861
- Acropolis Hemming, 1934
- Ragadia Westwood, 1851
- Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896
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- Coenonympha Hübner, 1819
- Sinonympha Lee, 1994
- Oressinoma Doubleday, 1849
- Altiapa Parsons, 1986
- Argynnina Butler, 1867
- Argyronympha Mathew, 1886
- Argyrophenga Doubleday, 1845
- Dodonidia Butler, 1884
- Erebiola Fereday, 1879
- Erycinidia Rothschild & Jordan, 1905
- Geitoneura Butler, 1867
- Harsiesis Fruhstorfer, 1911
- Heteronympha Wallengren, 1858
- Hyalodia Jordan, 1924
- Hypocysta Westwood, 1851
- Lamprolenis Godman & Salvin, 1881
- Nesoxenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
- Oreixenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
- Paratisiphone Watkins, 1928
- Percnodaimon Butler, 1876
- Platypthima Rothschild & Jordan, 1905
- Tisiphone Hübner, 1819
- Euptychiina Reuter, 1896
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- Euptychia Hübner, 1818
- Palaeonympha Butler, 1871
- Amphidecta Butler, 1867
- Archeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, 2019
- Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964
- Capronnieria Forster, 1964
- Cepheuptychia Forster, 1964
- Chloreuptychia Forster, 1964
- Cissia Doubleday, 1848
- Coeruleotaygetis Forster, 1964
- Cyllopsis Felder, 1869
- Erichthodes Forster, 1964
- Euptychoides Forster, 1964
- Forsterinaria Gray, 1973
- Graphita Nakahara, Marín & Barbosa 2016
- Godartiana Forster, 1964
- Harjesia Forster, 1964
- Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Huberonympha Viloria & Costa, 2016
- Inbio Nakahara & Espeland, 2015
- Magneuptychia Forster, 1964
- Megeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Megisto Hübner, 1819
- Moneuptychia Forsterm, 1964
- Neonympha Hübner 1818
- Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018
- Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, 2019
- Orotaygetis Nakahara & Zacca, 2018
- Paramacera Butler, 1868
- Parataygetis Forster, 1964
- Pareuptychia Forster, 1964
- Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964
- Pharneuptychia Forster, 1964
- Pindis Felder, 1869
- Posttaygetis Forster, 1964
- Prenda Freitas & Mielke, 2011
- Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Pseudodebis Forster, 1964
- Rareuptychia Forster, 1964
- Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964
- Sepona Freitas & Barbosa, 2016
- Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Stegosatyrus Zacca, Mielke & Pyrcz, 2013
- Stevenaria Viloria, Costa, Neild & Nakahara, 2016
- Taydebis Freitas, 2003
- Taygetina Forster, 1964
- Taygetis Hübner, 1819
- Taygetomorpha Miller, 2004
- Yphthimoides Forster, 1964
- Zischkaia Forster, 1964
- Maniolina Grote, 1897
-
- Aphantopus Wallengren, 1853
- Cercyonis Scudder, 1875
- Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915
- Maniola Schrank, 1801
- Pyronia Hübner, 1819
- Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903
-
- Melanargia Meigen, 1828
- Pronophilina Reuter, 1896
-
- Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Antopedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Apexacuta Pyrcz, 2004
- Arhuaco Adams & Bernard, 1977
- Cheimas Thieme, 1907
- Corades Doubleday, 1849
- Corderopedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Daedalma Hewitson, 1858
- Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979
- Drucina Butler, 1872
- Druphila Pyrcz, 2004
- Eretris Thieme, 1905
- Eteona Doubleday, 1848
- Foetterleia Viloria, 2004
- Junea Hemming, 1964
- Lasiophila Felder & Felder, 1859
- Lymanopoda Westwood, 1851
- Mygona Thieme, 1907
- Neopedaliodes Viloria, Miller & Miller 2004
- Oxeoschistus Butler, 1867
- Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Paramo Adams & Bernard, 1977
- Parapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Pedaliodes Butler, 1867
- Pherepedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Praepronophila Forster, 1964
- Proboscis Thieme, 1907
- Pronophila Doubleday, 1849
- Protopedaliodes Viloria & Pyrcz, 1994
- Pseudomaniola Röber, 1889
- Punapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Steremnia Thieme, 1905
- Steroma Westwood, 1850
- Steromapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Thiemeia Weymer, 1912
- Diaphanos Adams & Bernard, 1981
- Ianussiusa Pyrcz & Viloria, 2004
- Idioneurula Strand, 1932
- Manerebia Staudinger, 1897
- Neomaniola Hayward, 1949
- Argyrophorus Blanchard, 1852
- Auca Hayward, 1953
- Chillanella Herrera, 1966
- Cosmosatyrus Felder & Felder, 1867
- Elina Blanchard, 1852
- Faunula Felder & Felder, 1867
- Haywardella Herrera, 1966
- Homoeonympha Felder & Felder, 1867
- Nelia Hayward, 1953
- Neomaenas Wallengren, 1858
- Neosatyrus Wallengren, 1858
- Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953
- Quilaphoestosus Herrera, 1966
- Spinantenna Hayward, 1953
- Tetraphlebia Felder & Felder, 1867
- Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867
- Satyrina Boisduval, 1833
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- Argestina Riley, 1923
- Davidina Oberthür, 1879
- Berberia de Lesse, 1951
- Hipparchia Fabricius, 1807
- Kanetisa Moore, 1893
- Aulocera Butler, 1867
- Karanasa Moore, 1893
- Oeneis Hübner, 1819
- Paroeneis Moore, 1893
- Arethusana de Lesse, 1951
- Brintesia Fruhstorfer, 1911
- Minois Hübner, 1819
- Chazara Moore, 1893
- Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951
- Satyrus Latreille, 1810
- Ypthimina Reuter, 1896
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- Cassionympha van Son, 1955
- Coenyra Hewitson, 1865
- Coenyropsis van Son, 1958
- Mashuna van Son, 1955
- Mashunoides Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009
- Melampias Hübner, 1819
- Neita van Son, 1955
- Neocoenyra Butler, 1886
- Pseudonympha Wallengren, 1857
- Paternympha Henning & Henning, 1997
- Physcaeneura Wallengren, 1857
- Strabena Mabille, 1877
- Stygionympha van Son, 1955
- Ypthima Hübner, 1818
- Austroypthima Holloway, 1974
- Ypthimomorpha van Son, 1955
- subtribe uncertain
-
- Calisto Hübner, 1823
- Paralasa Moore, 1893
- Callerebia Butler, 1867
- Proterebia Roos & Amschied, 1980
- Loxerebia Watkins, 1925
- Dyndirus Capronnier, 1874
| Miller (1968) | Harvey (1991) | Peña et al. (2006) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family | Satyridae | Subfamily | Satyrinae | Satyrinae | |
| Subfamily | Elymniinae | Tribe | Elymniini | Elymniini | |
| Tribe | Elymniini | Subtribe | Elymniiti | ||
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| Tribe | Lethini | Subtribe | Lethiti | ||
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| Tribe | Mycalesini | Subtribe | Mycalesiti | ||
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| Tribe | Zetherini | Subtribe | Zetheriti | ||
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| Tribe | Zetherini | ||||
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| Subfamily | Biinae | Tribe | Biini | Melanitini | |
| Tribe | Melanitini | Subtribe | Melanititi | ||
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| Tribe | tribe uncertain | Tribe | tribe uncertain | ||
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| Subfamily | Haeterinae | Tribe | Haeterini | Haeterini | |
| Tribe | Haeterini |
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| Subfamily | Satyrinae | Tribe | Satyrini | Satyrini | |
| Subtribe | Parargina | ||||
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| Subtribe | Lethina | ||||
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| Subtribe | Mycalesina | ||||
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| Tribe | Coenonymphini | Subtribe | Coenonymphiti | Coenonymphina | |
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| Tribe | Hypocystini | Subtribe | Hypocystiti | ||
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| Tribe | Euptychiini | Subtribe | Euptychiiti | Euptychiina | |
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| Tribe | tribe uncertain | Subtribe | subtribe uncertain | subtribe uncertain | |
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| Tribe | Ypthimini | Subtribe | Ypthimiti | Ypthimina | |
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| Tribe | Melanargiini | Subtribe | Melanargiiti | Melanargiina | |
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| Tribe | Maniolini | Subtribe | Manioliti | Maniolina | |
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| Tribe | Pronophilini | Subtribe | Pronophiliti | Pronophilina | |
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| Tribe | Erebiini | Subtribe | Erebiiti | Erebiina | |
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| Tribe | Satyrini | Subtribe | Satyriti | Satyrina | |
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| Tribe | tribe uncertain | ||||
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Notes
[edit]- ^ Lamas (2004) was excluded because it only listed genera distributed in the Neotropics. Also, note that the table does not include all subtribes of this tribe (e.g. there are not subtribes Eritina, Ragadiina and tribe Dirini), and some genera have been further reclassified (e.g. Aeropetes and Paralethe from Melanitini to Dirini, Orsotriaena and Zipaetis from Coenonymphina to Eritina) or synonymized (e.g. Satyrodes was synonymized with Lethe), since Peña et al. (2006).[1]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Chen, Lu; Wahlberg, Niklas; Liao, Cheng-Qing; Wang, Chen-Bin; Ma, Fang-Zhou; Huang, Guo-Hua (2020). "Fourteen complete mitochondrial genomes of butterflies from the genus Lethe (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) with mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis". Genomics. 112 (6): 4435–4441. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.042. PMID 32745503. S2CID 220966325.
- Freitas, André V.L.; Mota, Luísa L.; Barbosa, Eduardo P.; Carreira, Junia Y.O. (2019). "Immature stages of the Selaginella-feeding Euptychia mollina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Brazilian Amazon". Zoologia. 36: 1–7. doi:10.3897/zoologia.36.e32053. S2CID 195398071.
- Harvey, D.J. (1991). "Higher classification of the Nymphalidae, Appendix B.". In Nijhout, H.F. (ed.). The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 255–273.
- Lamas, G. (2004). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Atlas of neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers. ISBN 0945417284. OCLC 58754755.
- Marín, M.A.; Peña, C.; Freitas, A.V.L.; Wahlberg, N.; Uribe, S.I. (2011). "From the Phylogeny of the Satyrinae Butterflies to the Systematics of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): History, Progress and Prospects". Neotropical Entomology. 40 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2011000100001. PMID 21437476.
- Miller, Lee D. (1968). "The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. 24: 1–174.
- Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas; Weingartner, Elisabet; Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa; Nylin, Sören; Freitas, André V.L.; Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2006). "Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 29–49. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40...29P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.007. PMID 16563805.
- Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas (2008). "Prehistorical climate change increased diversification of a group of butterflies" (PDF). Biology Letters. 4 (3): 274–278. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0062. PMC 2610051. PMID 18364308.
- Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas (2008). "ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL" (PDF).
- PEÑA, CARLOS; NYLIN, SÖREN; WAHLBERG, NIKLAS (2011). "The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (1): 64–87. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00627.x.
- Wahlberg, Niklas. "The Nymphalidae Systematics Group". Retrieved 2021-10-21.
- Wahlberg, Niklas (2019). "The higher classification of Nymphalidae". NYMPHALIDAE.net. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
External links
[edit]- Satyrinae at NYMPHALIDAE.net (There is no individual page for Satyrini as it is split into pages for each subtribes.)
- Satyrini Boisduval 1833 at TREE OF LIFE web project
- ジャノメチョウ族（Satyrini）のページ at Pteron World (in Japanese)