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Nicolinas
Festas Nicolinas
The logo of the Nicolinas, located at the Torre dos Almadas, represents a traditional Nicolino playing with his drum
GenreFestivities in honor of Saint Nicholas
BeginsNovember 29th
EndsDecember 7th
FrequencyOnce per year
Location(s)Guimarães
CountryPortugal
Years active1500s/1600s – present
Name given to the participantsNicolinos
Activity
  • Election of the Nicolinas Festivities Committee (Last Friday of September)
  • Moinas (Every Saturday of November before the 29th)
  • Pinheiro e Ceias Nicolinas (29 November)
  • Novenas (From November 29th to December 7th)
  • Posses e Magusto (December 4th)
  • Pregão (December 5th)
  • Maçãzinhas (December 6th)
  • Danças de São Nicolau (December 6th)
  • Baile da Saudade (December 7th)
  • Roubalheiras (Date is a surprise)
Organised byNicolinas Festivities Committee
Websitehttps://www.nicolinos.pt

The Nicolinas (Portuguese: Festas Nicolinas) are a series of festivities to honor Saint Nicholas that occur in the Portuguese city of Guimarães. Held between November 29 and December 7,[1] they celebrate the old traditions and camaraderie of the inhabitants of Guimarães, predominantly among its students.[2] The first known literary reference to the Nicolinas dates from 1664, the year after the construction[3] of the Chapel of St. Nicholas in Guimarães,[4] although historical evidence suggests that the festivities predate this time.[5]

The Nicolinas consist of eight main festivities, the Pinheiro, the Novenas, the Danças de São Nicolau, the Posses e Magusto, the Pregão, the Maçãzinhas, the Baile da Saudade and the Roubalheiras.[6] They are organized by the Nicolinas Festivities Committee, a group of ten male high school students.[7][8] The people who actively participate in the festivities are called Nicolinos.[9]

History

[edit]

The cult of Saint Nicholas in Guimarães in the 17th century can be traced from buildings such as the a chapel dedicated to the Saint which was established in 1663, and from statutory documents, including the statutes for the Brotherhood of Saint Nicholas which were created in 1691.[10] However, it appears to predate this period, and historians place the beginning of the Nicolinas around the 14th and 15th centuries, when the European cult of Saint Nicholas arrived in the city.[5]

During the 19th century, the festivities were celebrated less frequently and at irregular intervals, while from 1875 they ceased to be celebrated altogether.[11] Led by Jerónimo Sampaio and Bráulio Caldas, a group of enthusiasts and students organized a gathering at the Afonso Henriques Theatre on 21 November 1895, which sparked the return of the Nicolinas after an absence of around 20 years.[12] Rather than just a day of celebration on December 6, they were extended.[11] Originally called the St Nicholas Festivities, João de Meira renamed them in the early 20th century, after which they were known as the "Nicolinas".[13][14]

Initially they were held over two days, with the programme for December 6 announced by a crier who walked the streets of the city on December 5. The festivities were later extended to eight days, beginning on November 29 and ending on December 7, and this is currently the period during which they take place.[15][16]

Main Festivities

[edit]
The 2024 Nicolinas Festivities Committee following it's election at the Toural Fountain.

They take place every year from November 29 to December 7 and include various events, from the Pinheiro, the most popular, to the Baile da Saudade, the last of the festivities.[17]

Nicolinas Festivities Committee

[edit]

The Nicolinas festivities are organized by the Nicolinas Festivities Committee (Comissão das Festas Nicolinas), a group of ten male students from high schools in Guimarães. This committee is elected annually by the other students during an event held on the last Friday of September at the Toural Fountain.[7] Prior to 1982, only students from the Martins Sarmento High School could participate, but since then students from the Francisco de Holanda, Santos Simões, Caldas das Taipas and Veiga (closed in 2005)[18] high schools were also allowed to participate and vote for the committee.[19]

Pinheiro and the Ceias Nicolinas

[edit]

The festivities begin on November 29[20] with the planting of the Pinheiro (Pine Tree)[21] and the Ceias Nicolinas (Nicolinas' Supper)[22] held in honor of Saint Nicholas. The two events are the most popular part of the Nicolinas Festivities, especially among the youth of Guimarães, probably because they are the only festivities that happen during the night.[23] During the Ceias Nicolinas, it is a tradition to eat rojões with broccoli rabe and papas de sarrabulho (sarrabulho porridge) while drinking Vinho Verde.[23]

People of all ages come together to celebrate the Pinheiro, 29 November 2018.

The name Pinheiro, used to describe the entire festivity, originated in the second half of the 19th century. Before that, references to the inaugural act of the Nicolinas mentioned the “raising of the flagpole” or “the flag” of the festivities, almost always without indicating that the “flagpole” would be a pine tree.[24]

When the Ceias Nicolinas supper concludes, the participants gather for the Pinheiro procession at the Cano, situated next to the Campo de São Mamede, named after the Battle of São Mamede.[25] The pine tree, traditionally the tallest pine in the region, supplied by the Martins de Alvão family and cut and trimmed that same day, is decorated with candles, garlands and banners that display critics to modern subjects. During the procession it is pulled in a long cart pulled by bulls throughout the city centre. The procession is accompanied by people that play the Toques Nicolinos with their caixas and bombos. It ends near the Santos Passos Church, where the pine tree is raised and then planted, marking the official start of the Nicolinas.[26]

Until the 20th century, the pine tree selected for the event came from the forests surrounding the city.[27] Traditionally, the pine was raised at the Toural, but this practice changed in the late 1700s as urban expansion began to encroach on the area. As a result, the location for raising and burying the pine was some times before finally settling at its current site, near the Santos Passos Church.[27]

Participants are no longer just students, as people of all ages from Guimarães, nearby towns or from the rest of the country now join in.[28] Teens and young adults often get drunk at the start of the procession,[29] an act that older Nicolinos deem as “a distortion of the tradition, fueled by convinience”.[30]

At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020,[31] numbers attending the Pinheiro did not diminish[32][33][34][35] despite the restrictions imposed.[36] Contrary to expectations, the turnout was comparable to previous years,[37][38] proof of how important the festivities are to the residents of Guimarães.[39][40][41] Attendance was similar in 2021,[42][43] when around 50,000 people attended the Pinheiro procession.[44] Despite the negative perception in the rest of the country of the large gathering of people during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Social Democratic Party defended the festivities, with their vice-president at the time, André Coelho Lima, native to the city, personally attending the various events.[45] João de Meira said in 1905 that no obstacle would stop the festivities from happening as long as the students of the city fought for it, an analogy to what happened during the pandemic:

As long as there is a single student in Guimarães,
With the strength to play, with soul, with a drum,
The Festival will live on, proud and triumphant,
And no-one will be able to accompany it to the grave!

— João de Meira, in the Pregão of 1905.[46]

Novenas

[edit]
The Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição during one of the Novenas, 4 December 2024.

The Novenas are a series of nine masses celebrated every morning between 29 November and 7 December,[47] next to the 18th century Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição.[48] They are also referred to as Novenas de Azurém (Novenas of Azurém), named after the parish to which they belong. Although the Novenas are celebrated in other places, the Nicolinas' ones are very distinct from the rest, as they embrace the culture of the city and the festivities overall over the religious factors.[49]

They were established as a cultural habit in the 18th century due to the obligation to “hold sung masses every year, on the 7th and 8th of December, by the young choreographers of the Collegiate Church of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira [pt]” dedicated to the patron saint Our Lady of the Conception.[47]

The participants play the Toque Nicolino of the Novenas with their caixas and bombos in a melody,[50] with one of the two parts of this melody featuring a repetition of the same snare nine times, one for each day of the festivities.[51]

Posses and Magusto

[edit]

The Posses (possessions), where the students of Guimarães gather food to distribute to the people, were originally held on the only day of the festivities, but have been moved from December 6, first to December 5 and then to December 4. They begin at 9pm on December 4th, and only students who are members of the Nicolinas Festivities Committee can take part in the gathering of food items. People who are not members of the committee can, however, attend and follow the committee.[52] The Posses start at the Campo da Feira, from where the committee walk through the streets and alleys of the historic center, following a route that passes the houses where there is an agreed “stop”.[53]

Once the Posses are completed, the Magusto begins, consisting of a ceremony around a bonfire where the students offer the people the food gathered at the Posses. Chestnuts and wine are shared and people socialize into the night. The Magusto used to take place at the Toural at least until 1862,[54] time when it was becoming the main city square, and slowly started moving to the Santiago Square, becoming, since the 1990s, the official celebration spot.[54] It is commonly referred to as the most calm festivity, with regular sharing of goods between students and the population.[52]

Pregão

[edit]
The Pregoeiro declaiming the Pregão at the Martins Sarmento High School, 5 December 2023.

The Pregão, sometimes called the Pregão de São Nicolau, and originally, the Bando Escolástico, takes place on December 5.[55] It consists on a text being declaimed by a high-school student, called the Pregoeiro, in various spots throughout the city center.

The declaimed text uses satire, irony and sarcasm to criticize politicians, modernity or local affairs.[56] Through the Pregão and the voice of the Pregoeiro, member of the Nicolinas Festivities Committee, the students of Guimarães condense their opinions and their critical view of the events that have taken place over the year into a single document.[57][50] The Pregoeiro recites the Pregão at five different locations across the city,[55] starting in the Câmara Municipal and concluding at the Toural.[58]

Historical documents from 1817[59] mark the Pregão's earliest known occurrence. However, it is highly likely that instances predating this date occurred, yet were either lost or remained undocumented.[60]

João de Meira, one of the most notable and influential writers of the Pregão, crafted the iconic Pregões of 1903, 1904, and 1905.[61] His contributions established a lasting standard, serving as inspiration and a guiding example for all future Pregões.[60][62]

Boys! Our divine music, is capable of making even Morpheus tremble!
The music of the Nicolinas festivities,
That shakes the earth and dismantles heaven!…
More force, if possible, more ferocious, because nothing is enough!
Let's make such a stubble, such a mockery, that would make hell look like this!...

— João de Meira, Pregão of 1904, the first reference to the name “Nicolinas”.[61]

Maçãzinhas

[edit]
Girls standing on a balcony of a building at the Santiago Square, receiving the apples, attached to the tips of spears, from the boys below.

The Maçãzinhas, previously known as the Cortejo das Maçãs,[63] is one of the most iconic festivities in the Nicolinas. This is emphasized by their timing on December 6, Saint Nicholas Day, the very day that honors the central figure of the festivities.[64]

The Maçãzinhas trace their origins to the Romantic movement from various countries such as France, England and Germany.[50] The Maçãzinhas consist of an allegorical procession that parades through the streets of the city, leaving at 3pm, with its final destination being the Santiago Square, a place with the same name as the Spanish city (Santiago de Compostela), which played a key role in the introduction of the cult of St. Nicholas in Guimarães.[64]

In a way, even if unintentionally, it serves as a homage to the foundational roots (through the Romeiros) of the cult of St. Nicholas in Guimarães.[64]

In the morning, preparations are made for the feast. The boys go to the Oficinas de S.José to build and decorate the carts that will be used in the parade. The boys also prepare their disguises, put ribbons on their lances, put their lances on their respective canes and also find a Squire to accompany them.[64] The girls, always coordinated by a group of younger girls who form every year to help the Nicolinas Festivities Committee organize this event, giving it the indispensable "feminine touch", are in Santiago Square, sewing white camellias to the black student capes and placing the capes on all the balconies that will be occupied by them, for better identification.[64]

When the boys arrive at the Santiago Square, always packed with people that want to watch, and where the girls are waiting patiently, filling the various balconies throughout the square, the magical part begins. The boys, disguised and accompanied by a Squire who can place the apple (maçã in Portuguese) on the spear at the end of the huge cane which they will then lift vigorously, start distributing the apples to all the balconies.[64] The girls, who never hide their happiness at having been chosen to receive an apple, return the gesture by placing a "little gift" on the tip of the spear, saving some gifts of special significance for a few lucky ones.[64]

The many types of spear ribbons, Oliveira Square, 6 December 2023.

At the end, when the apples are all gone, the spear is removed from the end of the cane and offered to the girl to whom the boy wants to propose, or to the one who is already his "chosen one". When none of them exist, the spear is given to the boy's mother.[64]

The main peculiarity of the Maçãzinhas, lies in the fact that although it is based on customs and practices of courtship from "times gone by", it still manages to appeal to modern teens, making them feel romantic in the same way as people felt in the city during medieval times.[64]

Danças de São Nicolau

[edit]

The Danças de São Nicolau or Danças Nicolinas (Dances of Saint Nicholas), originated in the 17th century as a way for students to get donations for various student festivities. They were vital to gain enough funds to build the sacred Chapel of Saint Nicholas. The dances were done in the various squares and streets of the city until its extinction in 1738.[65]

It was only in 1954 that a group of old Nicolinos revived the tradition of the dances.[65] Around two decades later, in 1972, the debut of the dances as an official festivity was made at the Jordão Theatre,[65] making it the second most recent festivity to be officially adopted into the Nicolinas, just one year before the Roubalheiras.[66] In previous years, the dances were still performed separately by some student groups, but nothing with any official connotation.[65]

Many historical and mythical figures are represented in the dances, such as Afonso Henriques, Mumadona Dias, Saint Nicholas, Minerva or Gil Vicente.[65]

Baile da Saudade

[edit]

The Baile da Saudade, or Baile Nicolino, is the last festival of the Nicolinas and, traditionally, consists of a ball for the “couples” created at the Maçãzinhas. Initially, the primary objective of this event was to raise funds, serving as a vital way to financially support the costly nature of the festivities.[66]

It first happened on November 30, 1945, in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the resurgence of the Nicolinas, and became an official festivity in 1973,[66] thus marking it as the most recent addition among the festivities.[66] In 1946 the ball was repeated and the following year as well, with it taking place at the Jordão Theatre.[66]

It now happens on December 7, date adopted in 1962,[66] at the Martins Sarmento High School.[50] The Baile Nicolino can be considered an older example of the current North American prom.[67] Nowadays it is a party open to all the city's students, encompassing a dinner followed by the ball.[68] Some awards and prizes are also awarded during this festivity.[50]

Roubalheiras

[edit]

The most controversial tradition within the Nicolinas is that of the Roubalheiras, involving the theft of various items, ranging from small flower pots to hefty 500 kg cows. It takes place on a random night between 29 November and 7 December, the span of the festivities, and the day remains a mystery for everyone apart from the students of the Committee and local authorities.[69]

A small note is placed on the spot where the stolen items were once located, to alert the owners. This gesture assures the item's owners that it was part of the festivity and not an act of robbery. This note also directs the owners to the Toural, where the stolen possessions are displayed the following day, waiting to be retrieved.[70][66] This festivity is exclusively orchestrated by the students that are part of the Nicolinas Festivities Committee, and, prevent any potential misunderstandings or disruptions, meticulous coordination is established with local authorities, with them being informed in advance regarding the scheduled occurrence of the Roubalheiras for that specific year, so that no misunderstandings occur.[69]

The Torre dos Almadas serves as the headquarters of the AAELG,[71] an association composed of old students from the Guimarães High School.[72]

In earlier times, this festival coincided with the Posses on December 4,[52] immediately following the conclusion of the Magusto. Its first took place in 1895 during a phase of revival for the Nicolinas. Initially it was dubbed as Rapto das Tabuletas (Kidnapping of the Signs),[66] since the signs displayed in front of shops and restaurants were are popular target of the thefts. While the name “Roubalheiras” is nearly as ancient as its predecessor, it was less prevalent in the initial stages of this tradition, but it is now the official name of the festivity.[69] The Roubalheiras are a contemporary adaptation of an old tradition that took place in the villages of the Minho.[66] In this traditional practice, observed on June 29 on the so-called Dia dos Atrancamentos,[73] village boys would playfully relocate items such as food, harvest tools, and carts, placing them in entirely different locations to confuse the elders.[66]

The Roubalheiras, introduced relatively recently compared with the other festivities, underwent intermittent periods of establishment and cessation throughout the 20th century. Commencing in 1895, the festival faced abolition a decade later in 1905, only to be reinstated in 1909.[69] However, it was abolished in 1912, with a subsequent restoration in 1919.[66] After another ban in the late 1920s, the tradition was revived in the 1950s, enduring until 1973.[73][69] A resurgence occurred in 1994,[73] accompanied by strategic modifications aimed at deterring any misuse of the festival as a pretext for engaging in illegal activities, an influential factor contributing to its prior abolitions. Subsequently, the Roubalheiras deliberately envelop themselves in secrecy, maintaining the confidentiality of their occurrence date, which changes annually and remains exclusively known to the members of the committee, devoid of a fixed schedule.[66][74]

In recent years, the Roubalheiras have garnered noteworthy attention. In 2021, despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, it became a record-breaking year, witnessing the highest number of stolen items in the history of the festivity. The pilfered items included notable items such as a trailer, a backhoe loader, a road paving machine, and even a bull.[73] In 2022, similar to the previous year, both a bull and a goat, among other things, were in display at the Toural.[75] However, in 2023, the range of stolen items expanded significantly. Among them were a goalpost and a football bench taken from the Afonso Henriques Stadium, numerous scooters and bicycles, supermarket trolleys, and a considerable number of gas heaters.[76][77] In 2024 the number of items was smaller, but the trend of stealing animals continued, with a Goat being stolen.[78]

Smaller Festivities

[edit]
The third Moina of 2023 took place at the House of the Santoalhas.

Moinas

[edit]

The Moinas, also called Moinas Nicolinas, are a series of rehearsals that occur every Saturday of November before the 29th, the day of the Pinheiro.[79] These sessions provide an opportunity for individuals intending to participate in the festivities to tune their drums and practice the various Toques Nicolinos, mainly the one made specifically for the Moinas.[80][81] People that attend the Moinas usually dress in white clothes.[82]

All the rehearsals start at the Mumadona Square and end at the fountain of the Toural.[83][84] Between these two locations, some stops are made at locations that offer food and drinks to the participants,[85] the most iconic one being the House of the Santoalhas.

Dízimo de Urgezes

[edit]

The Dízimo de Urgezes, in English, Tithe of Urgezes, restored by the Junta de Freguesia of Urgezes at the suggestion of a Nicolino named Hélder Rocha, and unanimously approved at the session of the Parish Assembly on October 30, 1999,[86] dates back to and is referred to in an entry dated 1717, which clearly states that "the dízimo of Urgezes will satisfy the Students of the Lord S. Nicolau, for their day, the portion to which he is obliged with all good satisfaction, as is the use and custom and has always been".[87] Originally it happened on December 6, but now it happens on December 4th.[86]

This use and custom, banned by decree in 1832 and extinguished after a favorable decision by the Porto Court of Appeal on an appeal filed by the Cabido da Colegiada, was at the origin of the Posses festivity. It was, according to a contract from 1823, an "obligation to give the choreiros and students who went to the said parish of Santo Estêvão de Urgezes[88] on Saint Nicholas Day, in the customary manner, two hundred apples, half a bag of roasted lupin beans, half a bag of roasted walnuts, two bushels of roasted chestnuts, two barrels of wine and two dozen large bundles of paínça straw". Today, tithing involves the allocation of a monetary sum and customary foodstuffs, as tradition dictates.[87]

Cultural elements

[edit]

Monument

[edit]
The Monumento ao Nicolino in 2014.

The Monumento ao Nicolino (Nicolino Monument), is a monument made to honor those that partake in the Nicolinas, located besides the Santos Passos Church, near where the pine tree is raised during the Pinheiro.[89]

Discussions regarding the creation of a monument in honor of the Nicolinos and the festivities date back to 1993, with the assurance of construction granted in 1999 by the City Council, however, the project faced cancellation in 2002.[90] A revival occurred on 19 July 19, 2007, with a new project for the construction of the monument, with a total cost of 40000 euros.[90] Initially planned for inauguration on November 29,[91] coinciding with the start of the Nicolinas of 2007, the event experienced delays due to construction challenges. Ultimately, the monument was officially inaugurated on 25 January 2008, at 5:30 PM.[90][92]

It was created by the renowned plastic artist José de Guimarães,[93] and it serves as a symbolic representation of the fluttering of the “cape”, an integral element of the old academic attires, now used solely by the students of the Festivities Committee.[94]

Logo of the Nicolinas

[edit]
Nicolinas Festivities Committee students dressed in the Traje de Trabalho at the Pregão.

The symbol of the Nicolinas depicts a Nicolino, the name given to the people that actively engage in the festivities, dressed in the iconic “Traje de Trabalho”,[95] proudly raising his drumstick high in the air. The logo came into existence in the mid-1950s, designed by Gomes Alves and António Augusto Correia.[96]

Ribbons of the Maçãzinhas

[edit]

Preparations for the Maçãzinhas commence much before their occurrence, December 6, as the boys need to ready their spears. These spears, embellished with ribbons gifted by the girls that prepare the festivity, are mounted atop canes, so that they are long enough for the boys to reach balconies and partake in the festivities.[97] These ribbons come in various colors, each having a distinct meaning. Adorned with sayings, symbols, and messages, these ribbons offer the boys subtle "clues" guiding them to choose the right girl to present the spear. If a boy has a specific girl in mind, he seeks out the bow ribbon—an exclusive, larger pink ribbon.[97] Tying a bow with this ribbon symbolically binds their connection during the festivities. However, if the boy is participating in the Maçãzinhas for the first time, tradition dictates that they use of a white ribbon, a color exclusively reserved to honor their mothers.[97]

Candidature for Intangible World Heritage

[edit]

The Nicolinas Festivities have been advocated as a candidate for Intangible cultural heritage in the 2000s and 2010s.[98][99][100][101] The initial application arose following an exhibition featuring diverse materials related to the Nicolinas. This exhibit included a collection of photographs by José Bastos capturing moments from the Nicolinas of 2000, alongside an oil painting by Paulo Varregoso Mesquita.[102] Simultaneously, projections showcased photographs depicting various aspects and historical motifs of the centuries-old Nicolinas Festivities. These visual presentations were complemented by brief texts centered around the theme “Nicolinas as Intangible Heritage of Humanity”.[102] This event transcended the typical definition of an “exhibition”, instead, it acted as a “gateway to a remarkable cause”. Capitalizing on this opportunity, the Tertúlia Nicolina association distributed bookmarks promoting then recently published books on the subject.[102][103]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Mota, Carla (2022-01-21). "Nicolinas em Guimarães - O Pinheiro e as festas estudantis" [Nicolinas in Guimarães - Pinheiro and student parties]. Viajar entre Viagens (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  3. ^ "Monumentos".
  4. ^ "Festas Nicolinas" [Nicolinas Festivities]. www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  5. ^ a b "AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos - S. Nicolau". www.nicolinos.pt. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  6. ^ "Festas Nicolinas 2023" [Nicolinas Festivities 2023].
  7. ^ a b "Do direito de pertencer à Comissão de Festas Nicolinas" [The right to belong to the Nicolinas Festivities Committee]. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  8. ^ "Festas Nicolinas" [Nicolinas Festivities]. Portuguese from Portugal. 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  9. ^ "Nicolino". Infopedia Portugal.
  10. ^ "Chapel of St Nicholas" (in Portuguese). Heritage Architectural Information, Portuguese Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  11. ^ a b "Festas Nicolinas: história e tradição" [Nicolinas Festivities: history and tradition]. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  12. ^ "125 Anos Nicolinas | PDF | Faculdade". Scribd. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  13. ^ Guimarães, Mais (2020-12-01). "Festas Nicolinas: História e Tradição" [Nicolinas Festivities: history and tradition]. Mais Guimarães (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  14. ^ "AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos -". www.nicolinos.pt. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  15. ^ "Nicolinas" (in European Portuguese). Guimarães Municipality. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  16. ^ Mota, Carla (2022-01-21). "Nicolinas em Guimarães - O Pinheiro e as festas estudantis" [Nicolinas in Guimarães - The Pinheiro and student parties]. Viajar entre Viagens (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  17. ^ Geral. "Festas Nicolinas chegam ao fim com o Baile da Saudade" [Nicolinas Festivities come to an end with the Baile da Saudade]. GUIMARAESDIGITAL.COM (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-24.
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  19. ^ Neves, António Amaro das; Saraiva, Clara; Castro, Hugo; Faria, Rui. "As Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães: tempo, solenidade e riso" (PDF). www.cm-guimaraes.pt. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  20. ^ "AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos - Festas Nicolinas". www.nicolinos.pt. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  21. ^ "Pinheiro de Guimarães - Festas Nicolinas @ Natal • Lendas • Contos & Tradições" [Pinheiro de Guimarães - Nicolinas Festivities at Christmas - Legends, Tales & Traditions]. miluem.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  22. ^ "AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos - Ceias Nicolinas" [Old Nicolinos - Nicolinas supper]. www.nicolinos.pt. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  23. ^ a b "Pinheiro". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  24. ^ "AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos - Programa" [Old Nicholinas programme]. www.nicolinos.pt. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  25. ^ "Battle of São Mamede | Portuguese history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  26. ^ César Gonçalves, Paulo; Cunha, Gabriela. Manual (Para um pequeno) Nicolino [Guide (for a small) Nicolino] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Guimarães: Minhografe. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-989-20-7058-2.
  27. ^ a b Carvalho, A. L. de (1956). O S. Nicolau dos Estudantes [Saint Nicholas of the students] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Guimarães: Oficinas de São José. pp. 95–97. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  28. ^ Gomes, Adelino (2002-11-29). "Festas nicolinas levam milhares de vimaranenses para a rua" [Nicolinas festivities bring thousands of Vimaranenses to the streets]. Publico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  29. ^ MINHO, O. (2023-11-30). "Guimarães: 8 intoxicações alcoólicas, duas súbitas e duas quedas na abertura das Nicolinas" [Guimarães: 8 alcoholic intoxications, two sudden injuries and two falls at the opening of the Nicolinas Festival]. O Minho (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-30.
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Bibliography

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  • Araújo, Francisco Miguel, “João de Meira” in Biografias Vimaranenses, (Guimarães: Fundação Cidade de Guimarães e A Oficina, 2013).
  • Carvalho, A. L. de (1956). O S. Nicolau dos Estudantes [Saint Nicholas of the students] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Guimarães: Oficinas de São José. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  • César Gonçalves, Paulo; Cunha, Gabriela. Manual (Para um pequeno) Nicolino [Manual (for a little) Nicolino] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Guimarães: Minhografe. ISBN 978-989-20-7058-2.
  • Dantas, António, ed. (8 December 1920). Os "Velhos" [The “Old ones”] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Guimarães: Tipografia Minerva Vimaranense.
  • Monteiro, Hernâni, “Prof. João de Meira” in História do ensino médico no Porto:suplemento (Porto: Typ. Enciclopédia Portuguesa, 1925).
  • Pimenta, José Ramiro (2007). O Lugar do Passado em Martins Sarmento. Geo-historiografia do programa de investigação arqueológica da *Cultura Castreja (1876-1899) [The Place of the Past in Martins Sarmento. Geo-historiography of the archaeological research program of Cultura Castreja (1876-1899)] (PDF). University of Minho (PhD Thesis).
  • de Alcântara Santos, Manuela (1994). Sob o signo de S. Nicolau [Under the sign of St. Nicholas] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Guimarães: Alberto Sampaio Museum.
  • Pimenta, José Ramiro (2008). O Lugar do Passado em Martins Sarmento [The Place of the Past in Martins Sarmento] (in Portuguese). Porto: Figueirinhas.
  • Vasconcelos, Manuela. Alguns vultos do Movimento Espírita Português [Some figures from the Portuguese Spiritist Movement] (in Portuguese).
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