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Randolph, Tennessee

Coordinates: 35°30′59″N 89°53′19″W / 35.51639°N 89.88861°W / 35.51639; -89.88861
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Randolph, Tennessee
Unincorporated community
Randolph United Methodist Church (2008)
Randolph United Methodist Church (2008)
Randolph, Tennessee is located in Tennessee
Randolph, Tennessee
Location in the state of Tennessee
Randolph, Tennessee is located in the United States
Randolph, Tennessee
Randolph, Tennessee (the United States)
Coordinates: 35°30′59″N 89°53′19″W / 35.51639°N 89.88861°W / 35.51639; -89.88861
Country United States
State Tennessee
CountiesTipton
Founded1820s
Area
[1]
 • Total
1.46 sq mi (3.77 km2)
 • Land1.45 sq mi (3.75 km2)
 • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)
Elevation
[2]
315 ft (96 m)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • Total
258
 • Density178.30/sq mi (68.86/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
38015 (Burlison, Tennessee)
Area code901 (Memphis metro area)
FIPS code47-61560
GNIS feature ID1298899[2]

Randolph is a rural unincorporated community in Tipton County, Tennessee, United States, located on the banks of the Mississippi River. Randolph was founded in the 1820s and in 1827, the Randolph post office was established. In the 1830s, the town became an early center of river commerce in West Tennessee. Randolph shipped more cotton annually than Memphis until 1840. In 1834, the first pastor of the Methodist congregation was appointed. The fortunes of the community began to decline in the late 1840s due to failed railroad development, an unfavorable mail route and other factors. The first Confederate States Army fort in Tennessee was built at Randolph early in the Civil War in 1861, a second fortification at Randolph was constructed later that same year. During the Civil War, the town was burned down twice by Union Army forces.

The settlement is located on the second Chickasaw Bluff, the landscape is dominated by valleys carved into the soil as a product of erosion. The surface soil is composed mostly of silt loam, derived from eroded loess, and is found in different qualities and at different stages of erosion. The stratum beneath the surface consists of glacial gravel. Randolph is situated on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, an area with a high earthquake risk. Between 1974 and 2004, forty-five earthquakes were recorded in a radius of 20 miles (32 km) around the settlement. Located in the humid subtropical climate zone, the climate is characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly to mild winters.

In 2008, Randolph Bluff Historic Park was dedicated. The park is intended to promote the Civil War history of the community and make the unique views of the Mississippi River available to a wider public. As of 2008, Randolph has a population of about 200 and consists of about two dozen dwellings. The economy of the rural community is dominated by agriculture with no major industries and businesses present. The Girl Scouts Heart of the South operates a camp at Randolph.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Randolph, Tennessee

European settlement

[edit]
Modern replica of an early 1800s flatboat

Around 1800, Europeans began settling the land east of the Mississippi River that was inhabited by the Chickasaw Indians for centuries prior to the arrival of Europeans. Chickasaw land in West Tennessee and southwestern Kentucky was ceded in the Jackson Purchase.[4] In 1818, both sides agreed to the transfer by signing the Treaty of Tuscaloosa.[5]

In the early 19th century, the terrain of the Chickasaw Bluffs provided promising locations for a harbor on the Mississippi River for Randolph. In 1820, the area had an estimated population of 54.[6] Early in the 1820s, investors John T. Brown and Robert Bedford were the owners of the land that would form Randolph a few years later. Only 40–50 miles (60–80 km) north of Memphis by water, they described the area as "a good landing for Mississippi River flatboats". The Hatchie River, joining the Mississippi River just north of Randolph, was accessible to steamboats upriver to Bolivar. Brown and Bedford chose the site to lay out the plan for Randolph, a promising river town.[7] The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture gives the date of Randolph's official establishment as 1823.[8] Other reports date the foundation to 1827 or 1828.[7] The settlement is named for John Randolph[8] (1773–1833), a leader in the United States Congress from Virginia.[9]

Cotton commerce

[edit]

Success

[edit]
Randolph historical marker in Atoka

Located on the banks of the Mississippi River, the topography of Randolph provided for an ideal harbor for steamboats and flatboats at all river stages. Randolph became the center of steamboat commerce in Tennessee. The town was an early rival of Memphis over commercial superiority on the Mississippi River.[8][10] In 1830, Randolph was the most important shipping point in Tennessee.[11] In the mid-1830s, Randolph shipped up to 40,000 bales of cotton on the Mississippi River every year. More cotton was shipped from Randolph than from Memphis until 1840. At the peak of its commercial success, the community was called the "great steamboat depot of West Tennessee".[8][12]

By 1829, Randolph had three commission warehouses, six dry goods stores, ten physicians and one tavern.[7] In 1834, Randolph had a population of approximately 1,000. By that time, the town had four hotels, almost fifty businesses, private schools, and more than ten saloons.[7][8] In the 1830s, two newspapers were published in Randolph, the Randolph Recorder and the Randolph Whig.[12][13] In the 1830s, the first bank was founded and a stagecoach line provided a connection between Randolph and Jackson twice a week.[12] The commercial success of Randolph can be attributed in part to the use of slave labor, mostly for the cultivation of cotton. Corn, beans and peas were also cultivated.[14] In the Randolph Recorder during the early 1830s, landowners announced public auctions of slaves or offered rewards for runaway or stolen slaves.[15]

Decline

[edit]
Hist. Populations (est.)
YearPop.
1820 54
1834 1,000
1861 5,000
2008 2,020
258
Source: U.S. Decennial Census[16]

The fortunes of Randolph declined in the later 1840s and the 1850s due to many factors, starting shortly after the establishment of the town. Five years after the settlement was founded, a dispute over the ownership of the land the town was established on, arose over a faulty land title with land owner Ann Grambelling from New York.[7][8] Until 1835, the pending lawsuit "prevented the growth of population" in and around Randolph.[12] The residents of the community bought back the land their town was founded on for $8,000 in a settlement.[7][8]

An unfavorable mail line also had an early and lasting influence on the fortunes of the town. When the mail route was established in 1829, Randolph was put at the end of a branch route of the mail line and received mail only once a week.[8][17] Failed railroad development further contributed to the demise of the town; and in 1852, residents of Randolph unsuccessfully tried to move the county seat from Covington to Randolph.[7][8] Financial depression and David Crockett's failed attempt to cut a canal from the Hatchie River to the Tennessee River also were problems that had a negative impact on the future of commercial prosperity in Randolph.[8][11] During the Civil War, the town was burned down twice, in September 1862 and again in 1865, discouraging many residents from re-building residences and businesses a second time.[8]

Civil War

[edit]

Fortifications

[edit]
Entrance of the powder magazine at Fort Wright (2008)

Fort Wright was the first Confederate Army fortification built at Randolph. On January 20, 1861, the Memphis Appeal published a pro-secessionist proposal to build a fort at Randolph to defend Memphis.[18] In April 1861, Tennessee Governor Isham G. Harris ordered to establish a camp and complete the fortification at Randolph. About 5,000 troops from Tennessee, Arkansas and the Confederate Army were stationed at the location to accomplish the task.[19] By June 1861, fifty cannons were reported to be ready at Fort Wright.[20]

Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–77) trained at Fort Wright.[21][22] Forrest and other future leaders in the Confederate States Army and the Army of Tennessee received training at Fort Wright. The fort was Tennessee's first military training camp in which soldiers could gain experience in the construction of fortifications and the setup of artillery batteries.[19] Fort Wright was the forwardmost defensive position on the Mississippi River until July 1861.[19] In 2008, only a powder magazine is left of Fort Wright.[10]

Fort Randolph, the second Confederate stronghold in the area during the Civil War, was constructed in Fall 1861.[23] The fortification was situated on the Mississippi River bluffs, about 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Fort Wright.[24] In a dispatch published by the New York Times in March 1862, Fort Randolph is described as a "rough and incomplete earthwork (...), more than 100 feet above the river". The position of the fortification allowed a view of the Mississippi River for 6 miles (10 km), both upstream and downstream.[23] In 2008, Fort Randolph is no longer in existence.

Destruction

[edit]
Union fleet passing Fort Randolph (1865)

In 1862, Union Army Major General William T. Sherman (1820–91) and his troops assumed control of Memphis and the surrounding areas. While trying to keep the area under Union control, Sherman became "frustrated by the constant guerrilla activity in his sector". Confederate guerrillas from the Randolph area weakened the Union forces along the Mississippi River.[25][26]

In September 1862, the Union supply ship Eugene was fired at from Randolph. Sherman ordered to "destroy the place, leaving one house to mark the place". Union Army soldiers burned down Randolph in retaliation for the guerrilla attack. To his superior officer, General Ulysses S. Grant, Sherman reported that he had "given public notice that a repetition [of guerrilla attacks] will justify any measures of retaliation".[26] Randolph was burned down a second time by federal soldiers in 1865.[8]

Geography and climate

[edit]

Geography

[edit]
Mississippi River at Randolph (2008)

Randolph is located at 35°30′59″N 89°53′19″W / 35.51639°N 89.88861°W / 35.51639; -89.88861.[27] The elevation above sea level is 315 feet (96 m).[28]

The surface soil in the Randolph area is composed mostly of silt loam of different qualities and at different stages of erosion. About 15% of the surface soil consists of "Adler silt loam" with a slope of 0–1%, found in the frequently flooded plains at Randolph. About 20% of the soil is severely eroded "Memphis silt loam" with 12–25% slopes, and ca. 35% of the soil consists of "Memphis silt loam" with 20–40% slopes. Less than 8% consists of moderately eroded "Memphis silt loam" with slopes from 1–5%. The remaining surface soil is composed of other silts, sands or clays, including "Robinsonville fine sandy loam" (ca. 6%) and "Tunica clay" (ca. 1.5%). Approximately 1.5% of the area is covered by water.[29][30] The parent material of the "Memphis silt loam" is Pleistocene loess.[29] Loess is a fine-grained, slightly coherent, silty, windblown sediment.[31] Eroded loess consists of extremely fine, sandy particles and forms silt in environments that provide sufficient moisture of the soil, usually caused by occasional flooding or precipitation. Soil derived from eroded loess is sometimes also referred to as loess.

Landscape

[edit]

The settlement of Randolph is situated on top of the second Chickasaw Bluff, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River in Tipton County. The four Chickasaw Bluffs are high grounds above the Mississippi River flood plains, composed of eroded pre-historic loess over glacial gravel.[32] The Chickasaw Bluffs west of the community, on the banks of the Mississippi River, and flat cotton-fields east of Randolph dominate the rural landscape surrounding the settlement.

In the last 150 years, the general landscape around Randolph has not changed much. In 1862, the hinterland of the town is described to be "full of ravines and gorges".[23] Ravines and gorges are valleys or canyons carved from the landscape as a product of erosion, caused by a stream or river or by seasonal precipitation, funneling water towards less elevated locations of the drainage basin. The landscape cut into the soil of the Mississippi River bluffs by water erosion for centuries is still present in modern times.

Roads

[edit]
See also: Randolph historic roads
Unpaved portion of Ballard Slough Road

In 1833, a stagecoach road from Randolph to Jackson in Madison County, 70 miles (100 km) east of Randolph, was established. The antebellum route connected the two towns as well as the villages along the way two times per week.[12] Randolph and Memphis were connected by a direct travel route later in the 1830s. The road was part of a mail line between Jackson and Memphis in Shelby County on which mail was delivered weekly on horseback. The exact routing of the segment between Randolph and Memphis is unknown.[12] A fragment of the route bearing the former name, about 1,000 feet (300 m) in length, was in existence until about 2005. The remaining piece of Old Randolph Road was located about 2 miles (3 km) north of the mouth of the Wolf River and 800 feet (240 m) east of the Mississippi River, just south of the mouth of the Loosahatchie River in Memphis.[33] As of 2010, the remaining fragment of Old Randolph Road is destroyed, the land on which the historic mail route was located is used as an industrial property.[34][35] A publication dated 1862, reports that Randolph is "approached in the rear by several good roads".[23]

In 2008, Randolph is located near "good roads" as well as it was during the Civil War, with the exception that modern roads in the area are paved for the most part. U.S. Route 51 passes Randolph 5 miles (8 km) in the southeast and Tennessee State Route 59 (TN 59) passes 0.5 miles (800 m) southeast of the town. Four roads at county level converge at Randolph, as shown in the table below.[36] A portion of Ballard Slough Road is located in the flood plains, this segment is prone to flooding and unpaved.

Mississippi River navigation channel and dikes at Randolph (Navigation Bulletin No. 2, USACE, 2006)[37]
Legend:
––––––– = Dike positions 00' = Dike elevation in feet #00 = Tie number
= Navigation channel = Navigation light location LT = Nav. light name
О = 1-mile-interval marker Ө = 5-mile-interval marker TH = Towhead
County roads at Randolph connect to ... Direction Road name Surface
Jamestown below the bluff North Ballard Slough Rd partially paved
Jamestown on top of the bluff Northeast Randolph Rd fully paved
Tennessee State Route 59 (TN 59) Southeast Randolph Rd fully paved
TN 59, continues to Drummonds and Dixonville Southwest Needham Rd fully paved

Waterways

[edit]

Randolph is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, just south of the lower mouth of the Hatchie River. In the 1820s, the Hatchie River at Randolph was accessible to steamboats for 60 miles (100 km) upriver to Bolivar in Hardeman County.[7]

The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is the federal agency responsible for navigable waters and flood protection, among many other peacetime and wartime tasks.[38] From 2005 to 2007, the USACE spent $9,773,662 to ensure the navigation of the Mississippi River at Randolph for boats and barges and to provide flood protection for the immediately surrounding areas of the town. Contracts include surveying and mapping, engineering and construction, as well as tasks related to conservation and development of the Mississippi River and the river basin at Randolph.[39] Maintenance related projects include dredging of the navigable channel of the Mississippi River at Randolph to remove sedimented sand and mud.[40] Tasks related to conservation include dike construction to protect low-lying areas at Randolph from flooding and subsequent erosion.[41] The Navigation Bulletin No. 2, issued by the USACE in 2006, describes a stone dike construction at Randolph with an approximate elevation of 25 feet (7.6 m) at river mile 770L.[37]

Earthquakes

[edit]
Location of 1994 earthquake

Located on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone, the settlement of Randolph is situated in an area with a high earthquake risk.[42][43] Between 1974 and 2004, ten earthquakes have been recorded in a radius of 10 miles (16 km) around Randolph. The magnitude of the temblors ranged from 1.5 to 3.2 on the Richter scale. The hypocenter depth ranged from 3.1 miles (5.0 km) to 8.2 miles (13.2 km).[44][45] In the same time period, at a radius of 20 miles (32 km) around Randolph, forty five earthquakes have been reported with magnitudes ranging from 1.0 to 3.2 at a depth between 656 feet (200 m) and 12.1 miles (19.5 km).[44][46] The highest magnitude earthquake recorded in the area since 1974 occurred on August 19, 1994 – the temblor was measured 3.2 on the Richter scale with an epicenter at coordinates 35°31′N 89°55′W / 35.51°N 89.92°W / 35.51; -89.92 (Earthquake Aug 19, 1994), ca. 2 miles (3 km) west of Randolph, at a depth of 6.6 miles (10.6 km).[44][47]

On January 16, 2009, at 3:09 p.m. local time (21:09 UTC), "a small earthquake shook portions of Tipton County". The earthquake was measured at a magnitude 2.8 on the Richter scale.[48] According to the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI), the epicenter of the temblor was reported to be at coordinates 35°38′42″N 89°41′38″W / 35.645°N 89.694°W / 35.645; -89.694 (Earthquake Jan 16, 2009) at a depth of 5.3 miles (8.5 km). There were no reports of damage caused by the earthquake.[49] The location of the epicenter was near the first Chickasaw Bluff, about 2 miles (3 km) east of Fort Pillow State Park and ca. 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Randolph.[47][49] Smaller earthquakes along the New Madrid Seismic Zone are not uncommon.[42]

Climate

[edit]

Randolph is located in a humid subtropical climate zone. The climate is characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly to mild winters. Significant amounts of precipitation occur in all seasons.[50] At Randolph, July is the warmest month on the average. In 1930, the highest recorded temperature was measured at 108 °F (42 °C). January is the coolest month on the average. In 1951, the lowest recorded temperature was measured at −11 °F (−24 °C). Precipitation peaks in December on the average.[51] The table below displays the average monthly high and low temperatures and precipitation at Randolph.

Climate data for Randolph, Tennessee
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 46
(8) 		52
(11) 		61
(16) 		71
(22) 		80
(27) 		88
(31) 		91
(33) 		90
(32) 		84
(29) 		74
(23) 		61
(16) 		50
(10) 		71
(22)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 28
(−2) 		32
(0) 		40
(4) 		49
(9) 		58
(14) 		66
(19) 		70
(21) 		67
(19) 		60
(16) 		49
(9) 		40
(4) 		31
(−1) 		49
(9)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.21
(107) 		4.27
(108) 		5.41
(137) 		5.34
(136) 		5.22
(133) 		4.20
(107) 		4.13
(105) 		2.75
(70) 		3.62
(92) 		3.26
(83) 		5.28
(134) 		5.61
(142) 		53.3
(1,354)
Source: The Weather Channel[51]

Economy

[edit]

Agriculture is the predominating source of income in the area surrounding Randolph, especially the cultivation of cotton. Corn, beans and peas were also cultivated during the last century [clarification needed].[14] After the abolition of slavery in 1865,[52] sharecropping was the primary means of income for low income families in the area. Mostly for the cultivation of cotton, land would be used by sharecroppers in return for a share of the crop to the landowner. Modern machines such as the cotton picker have made the manual cultivation obsolete over time as they took over the work from the manual laborers.

In 2008, Randolph has a population of c. 200,[53] and consists of about two dozen dwellings. The economy of the rural community is dominated by agriculture with no major industries and businesses present.

Culture

[edit]

Churches

[edit]
See also: Randolph church history

Randolph United Methodist Church

[edit]
Randolph Assembly of God church

In 1834, Reverend Samuel R. Davidson became the first pastor at Randolph. He was appointed by the Tennessee Conference of the United Methodist Church.[54] After his appointment as a pastor of the community, a congregation formed around Davidson and built a church at Randolph. The second church at Randolph was built by the congregation in 1883. In 1953, construction of a new church was completed, the building was remodeled in 1975 and serves as a place of worship for the Methodist congregation of Randolph as of 2008.[54]

The United Methodist Church at Randolph had 78 pastors as of 1983.[54] In 2008, Reverend Thomas M. Yoder and Reverend Ben Rainey are the appointed pastors at the Randolph Methodist community. Randolph United Methodist Church is located at 98 Ballard Slough Road. The worship attendance for the church is reported as 76 members of the congregation on the average.[55]

Randolph Assembly of God

[edit]

Randolph Assembly of God is a second place of worship in the town; the church was founded in 2001. In 2008, the congregation is led by Pastor Larry Rose and Pastor Frank Russell. Randolph Assembly of God is located at 1135 Randolph Road.[56][57]

Randolph Bluff Historic Park

[edit]
Future site of Randolph Bluff Historic Park

On October 11, 2008, the Tennessee Parks and Greenways Foundation, a non-profit organization, dedicated Randolph Bluff Historic Park in a celebration with politicians, conservationists, historians and community members. The 19 acres (77,000 m2) property on the second Chickasaw Bluff was purchased for $378,000. The park is intended to promote the Civil War history of the community and make the unique views of the Mississippi River available to a wider public, additional revenue from tourism is expected for the community. Once Randolph Bluff Historic Park is finished, it will be part of the Mississippi River Corridor Tennessee, a project to "create a scenic byway that connects historic sites along the Mississippi River", the project also promotes economical development and the preservation of land and wildlife in the Tennessee counties bordering the Mississippi River.[53][58][59]

Girl Scouts Heart of the South

[edit]

Girl Scouts Heart of the South is a girl scout organization serving 16,500 girls in the Memphis metropolitan area, including counties in West Tennessee, North Mississippi and Crittenden County, Arkansas. Girl Scouts Heart of the South operates six camps and one training center in their area of coverage, including a 104 acres (420,000 m2) property in Tipton County, "Camp Annemeekee".[60] The scout camp is located on Girl Scout Road south of Randolph.[36]

Cemeteries

[edit]
Historic Randolph Cemetery (2010)

Postal

[edit]
See also: Randolph postal history

A post office was established at Randolph in 1827.[63] The Randolph Post Office was in operation until 1932.[63] The exact location of the post office at Randolph is unknown.[64]

In 2008, the U.S. ZIP code for Randolph is 38015 (Burlison, Tennessee).[65] The telephone area code is 901 (Memphis metro area).[66]

Notable natives

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Randolph, Tennessee.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Randolph, Tennessee
  3. ^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  4. ^ "Jackson Purchase". excerpt from The Kentucky Encyclopedia edited by John E. Kleber. 1992. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  5. ^ "Treaties". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  6. ^ Finger, John R. (2001). Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 257. ISBN 0-253-33985-5.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Magness, Perre (September 15, 1988). "Randolph dominated early river towns". Memphis, Tennessee: The Commercial Appeal. p. N2.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "TN Encyclopedia: Tipton County". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
  9. ^ Adams, Henry (1898). John Randolph. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
  10. ^ a b "Covington-Tipton County Community Guide". Covington, Tennessee: Tipton County Chamber of Commerce. 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ a b Tennessee Historical Markers (8th ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Commission. 1996. p. 288. ISBN 0-87402-021-2.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Phelan, James (1888). History of Tennessee: The Making of a State. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 307–308, 313.
  13. ^ "Newspapers on Microfilm at TSLA". Tennessee State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
  14. ^ a b Pratt, Mildred (January 13, 1986). "McLean County Museum of History - Robert & Lillian Boykin (Transcription of Oral History)". McLean County Museum of History, Bloomington, Illinois. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  15. ^ "Runaway Slave Blog". Transcription of microfilm documents, incl. the Randolph Recorder (1834-1836). Naomi Van Tol. 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  16. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  17. ^ "memphisRegion.com - History of the region" (PDF). Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  18. ^ "Pro-secessionist proposal to construct a fort at Randolph, Tennessee, on the Mississippi River" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
  19. ^ a b c "TN Encyclopedia: Fort Wright". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
  20. ^ Konstam, Angus; Field, Ron (2003). American Civil war fortifications. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 1-84603-194-X.
  21. ^ From an address by General J.R. Charlmers in 1879. "Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest And His Campaigns". Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. VII. Richmond, Virginia, October 1879, No. 10. Southern Historical Society Papers. Retrieved January 22, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Elliot, Sam Davis (2004). Soldier of Tennessee: General Alexander P. Stewart and the Civil War in the West. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-8071-2970-4.
  23. ^ a b c d Foote, A. H. (March 5, 1862). "The Evacuation of Columbus. The Town Reduced to a Heap of Ruins by the Rebels. Their Retreat to Fort Randolph (...) - (Dispatch from Flag-Officer Foote)" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  24. ^ "Tennessee Places, Fort Randolph (historical)". eachTown.com. Retrieved October 7, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  25. ^ Grimsley, Mark (1997). The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-521-59941-5.
  26. ^ a b "William T. Sherman's First Campaign of Destruction". HistoryNet.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
  27. ^ "Randolph Map". MapLandia.com. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  28. ^ "Randolph Tennessee profile". EpoDunk.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  29. ^ a b "Web Soil Survey". United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  30. ^ Percentages derived from the USDA soil survey represent ca. 6,700 acres (27 km2), centered approximately at Randolph United Methodist Church. Area covered by water excludes the Mississippi River
  31. ^ Richthofen, F. von (1882). "On the mode of origin of the loess". The Geological Magazine, Decade II. 9 (7). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 293–305. Bibcode:1882GeoM....9..293R. doi:10.1017/S001675680017164X. S2CID 131245730.
  32. ^ Knox, Ray (1995). The New Madrid Fault Finders Guide. Marble Hill, Missouri: Gutenberg Richter Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-934426-42-2.
  33. ^ "Old Randolph Rd, Memphis, Tennessee". Google Maps. Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  34. ^ "Personal Property Report Card - Fullen Dock & Warehouse, Inc". Shelby County Assessor of Property. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  35. ^ "Fullen Dock & Warehouse, Inc". Fullen Dock & Warehouse, Inc. Archived from the original on September 30, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  36. ^ a b "Tipton County, TN Highway Map" (PDF). Tennessee Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 1, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  37. ^ a b "Navigation Bulletin No. 2 of 2006" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  38. ^ "US Army Corps of Engineers". United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  39. ^ "Randolph, Tennessee (Tipton County) - Government Contracts - Defense Contracts by Place of Performance for 2007". GovernmentContractswon.com. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  40. ^ "Luhr Bros., Inc. (L.B.I.) Jobsites". Columbia, Illinois: Luhr Bros., Inc. - Contractors. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  41. ^ "United States Army Corps of Engineers - Contracting - View Solicitation". United States Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  42. ^ a b "The Mississippi Valley - "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"". United States Geological Survey (USGS). Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  43. ^ "Mississippi River Project - A Seismic Experiment in the Mississippi River Embayment: Day 5 (Randolph Landing and Shelby Forest)". Memphis, Tennessee: The University of Memphis. 2008. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  44. ^ a b c "New Madrid Earthquake Catalog Search". Seismic Data from CERI. Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI). Retrieved February 18, 2009.
  45. ^ Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) - New Madrid Earthquake Catalog Search Results of a radial search centered at latitude 35.5166 and longitude -89.8886 with a search radius of 16 km (ca. 10 mi).
  46. ^ Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) - New Madrid Earthquake Catalog Search Results of a radial search centered at latitude 35.5166 and longitude -89.8886 with a search radius of 32 km (ca. 20 mi).
  47. ^ a b "Tennessee Department of Transportation". Tennessee Department of Transportation, Gerald Nicely, Commissioner. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  48. ^ "Small earthquake reported near Covington: Local News". The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee. January 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
  49. ^ a b "Recent Earthquakes in Central U.S. - Magnitude 2.8 - Tennessee". Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI). January 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  50. ^ The Times Atlas of the World. New York: Times Books. 1993. ISBN 0-7230-0492-7.
  51. ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Randolph, Tennessee (measured at Burlison)". The Weather Channel. 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  52. ^ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". The Library of Congress, Digital Reference Section. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  53. ^ a b "Tennessee Parks and Greenways Foundation dedicates Randolph Bluff Historic Park in Tipton County". The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  54. ^ a b c "Randolph United Methodist Church". Historical Marker at Randolph United Methodist Church. Randolph, Tennessee: Erected by the Memphis Commission on Archives and History. 1983.
  55. ^ "Meet the people of Randolph United Methodist Church". The United Methodist Church. 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
  56. ^ "Tennessee Church Directory". Tennessee District Assemblies of God. Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  57. ^ "Randolph Assembly of God". Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  58. ^ "Friends of Our Riverfront: Randolph - 2nd Chickasaw Bluff Protected & Dedicated as a Park". Friends of Our Riverfront, Memphis, Tennessee. January 13, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  59. ^ "Good looks: Conservation efforts making a scene of Mississippi's bluff-top vistas". The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  60. ^ "Girl Scouts Heart of the South". Girl Scouts Heart of the South, Memphis, Tennessee. 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  61. ^ "Old Randolph Cemetery, Tipton Co. TN". TNGenWeb. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
  62. ^ "Historic Randolph Cemetery". Google Maps. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  63. ^ a b Wade, William J. (1949). Notes on Randolph, TN. Memphis, Tennessee.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  64. ^ "Randolph Post Office (historical)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  65. ^ "USPS ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
  66. ^ "Tennessee Area Codes". AllAreaCodes.com. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  67. ^ Walter N. Vernon (2008). "Handbook of Texas Online - Martin, William Clyde". Texas State Historical Association, distributed in partnership with the University of North Texas. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
  68. ^ Howell, Clinton T. (1945). Prominent Personalities in American Methodism. Birmingham, Alabama: The Lowry Press.

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