Pre-existence
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Pre-existence, preexistence, beforelife, or premortal existence, is the belief that each individual human soul existed before mortal conception, and at some point before birth enters or is placed into the body. Concepts of pre-existence can encompass either the belief that the soul came into existence at some time prior to conception or the belief that the soul is eternal. Alternative positions are traducianism and creationism, which both hold that the individual human soul does not come into existence until conception or later. It is to be distinguished from preformation, which is about physical existence and applies to all living things.[a]
Ancient Greek thought
[edit]Plato believed in the pre-existence of the soul, which tied in with his innatism. He thought that we are born with knowledge from a previous life that is subdued at birth and must be relearned. He saw all attainment of knowledge not as acquiring new information, but as remembering previously known information.[1]
Baha'i Faith
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Baháʼí literature refers in a number of places to at least four key dimensions of pre-existence. Firstly, that the individual soul of a human being comes into being at the time of conception and only thereafter is eternal; in other words, it is not pre-existent. Secondly, in distinction to the above, that the souls of the world's greatest spiritual teachers, the founders of world religions, are pre-existent. Thirdly, that God, a reality which human consciousness can not comprehend, is pre-existent, that is he exists prior to time and to his creation. Fourthly, that the relationship between God and the phenomenal or contingent world is one of emanation, as the rays of the sun are to the earth. In other words, the pre-existent world of God remains separate from and does not descend into his creation.[2]
Buddhism
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In Buddhist cosmology, saṃsāra is the cycle of life and death.[3] When a person dies in earth its human soul is born into the Naraka (underworld or the "purgatories" of the souls) and afterwards it is reborn on earth.[4] Yama, a dharmapala (wrathful god), is said to judge the dead and preside over the Narakas and the cycle.[5]
A being is born into a Naraka as a direct result of its accumulated actions (karma) and resides there for a finite period of time (it varies from hundreds of millions to sextillions of years, but these periods are equivalent to hours or even years in earth time) until that karma has achieved its full result. After its karma is used up, it will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened. The cycle is completed or finished when the soul reach the Nirvana.[6]
Chinese mythology
[edit]In Chinese mythology, the Naihe Bridge (奈何桥), also called the Bridge of Forgetfulness, connects earth with the Diyu ("earth prison"), that is the realm of the dead or purgatory. It is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers, to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive. The number of levels in Diyu it is said to be three, four, ten or even Eighteen "courts", each of which is ruled by a judge, collectively known as the Yama Kings. The god of the dead is King Yan, it oversees the kings of the courts. Ox-Head and Horse-Face are the guardians of Diyu, and their role is the capture of human souls who have died and bring them before the courts of Hell, where they are rewarded or punished based on the actions performed in their lifetime. Legend has it that the dead who have committed serious sins in life cannot cross the Naihe Bridge and will be pushed into the "Blood River Pool" by Ox-Head and Horse-Face to suffer the torture of insects, ants and snakes, while the dead who have done good deeds will be able to cross the bridge very easily.[7]
The goddess of forgetfulness, Meng Po, serves Meng Po Soup (孟婆汤) on the Naihe Bridge. This soup wipes the memory of the persons before they cross the bridge so they can reincarnate into their next life without the burdens of the previous life. She awaits the dead souls at the entrance of the 9th round (Fengdu). In some variations she is referred as Lady Meng Jiang[8]
Christianity
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A concept of pre-existence was advanced by Origen, a second and third-century church father.[9] Origen believed that each human soul was created by God[10] at some time prior to conception. He wrote that already "one of [his] predecessors" had interpreted the Scripture to teach pre-existence, which seems to be a reference to the Jewish philosopher Philo.[11]
Some scholars, including John Behr and Marguerite Harl, argue that this idea, condemned by the church, may have been taught by some later Origenists, but that Origen himself was orthodox in this regard and "never used the terms 'pre-existence of souls' or 'pre-existent intellects', and that Origen was talking about realities outside of time and not about any concept of temporality before our time.[12][13] Such orthodox understandings of Origen also show up in Maximus the Confessor and in the idea of an atemporal fall as taught by Christian theologians Sergei Bulgakov and David Bentley Hart.[14][15][16][17]
Church Fathers Tertullian and Jerome held to traducianism and creationism, respectively, and pre-existence was condemned as heresy in the Second Council of Constantinople in AD 553.[18]
Origen referenced Romans 9:11-14 as evidence for his position: {{blockquote| For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth; It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger. As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. "Romans 9: 11-14".
Origen argued that God could not love Jacob and hate Esau until Jacob had done something worthy of love and Esau had done something worthy of hatred and so the passage means only that Jacob and Esau had not yet done good or evil in this life and their conduct before this life was the reason why Esau would serve Jacob.[19]
Origen also referenced Jeremiah 1:5:
Before I formed thee in the belly, I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb, I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations.
He brought forth a question:
How could his soul and its images be formed along with his body, who, before he was created in the womb, is said to be known to God, and was sanctified by Him before his birth?[20]
Those who reject pre-existence, which would be every Christian denomination that accepts the conclusions of the Second Council of Constantinople (i.e., all Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians and many Protestants), simply see Jeremiah 1:5 as another passage about God's foreknowledge. This ecumenical Council explicitly stated "If anyone asserts the fabulous pre-existence of souls, and shall assert the monstrous restoration which follows from it: let him be anathema."[21]
Latter-day Saints
[edit]The concept of premortal existence is an early and fundamental doctrine of Mormonism. In the faith's eponymous text, the Book of Mormon, published on March 26, 1830, the premortal spirit of Christ appears in human form and explains that individuals were created in the beginning in the image of Christ.[22] In 1833, early in the Latter Day Saint movement, its founder Joseph Smith taught that human souls are co-eternal with God the Father just as Jesus is co-eternal with God the Father, "Man was also in the beginning with God. Intelligence, or the light of truth, was not created or made, neither indeed can be."[23]
After Smith's death, the doctrine of premortal existence was elaborated by some other leaders within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Although the mind and intelligence of humanity were still considered to be co-eternal with God, and not created, Brigham Young taught that the spirit was different from the mind or intelligence, resolving the seeming conflict between Book of Mormon verses indicating God was creator and Smith's later teaching that all individuals were co-eternal with God. Young postulated that we each had a pre-spirit intelligence that later became part of a spirit body, which then eventually entered a physical body and was born on earth.
The LDS Church teaches that during the premortal existence, there was a learning process which eventually led to the next necessary step in the premortal spirits' opportunity to progress. This next step included the need to gain a physical body that could experience pain, sorrow and joy and "walk by faith". According to this belief, these purposes were explained and discussed in councils in heaven[broken anchor], followed by the War in Heaven where Satan rebelled against the plan of Heavenly Father.
Hinduism
[edit]In the Bhagavad Gita, considered by Hindus to be a most holy scripture, Krishna tells Arjuna; "Never was there a time when I did not exist, nor you, nor all these kings; nor in the future shall any of us cease to be."[24] Hinduism teaches reincarnation. Consequently, everyone has pre-existed in another form.
Islam
[edit]In Islam, all souls are believed to have been created in adult form before earthly life at the same time the God created the father of mankind, Adam. The Qur'an recounts the story of when the descendants of Adam were brought forth before God to testify that God alone is the Lord of creation and so only God is worthy of worship[25] and so on the Day of Judgement, people cannot use the excuse that they worshipped others only because they were following the ways of their ancestors. Humans do not remember, as they are born with an undeveloped mind (leaving only an innate awareness that God exists and is one, known as the Fitra), and God decreed when every human would be born into the physical world.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Ancient Greek thought and Islam affirm pre-existence, but it is generally denied in Christianity.
References
[edit]- ^ Givens, Terryl L. (2012). When Souls Had Wings: Pre-Mortal Existence in Western Thought. OUP USA. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-19-991685-6. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ "The Hidden Nature of Life After Death". BahaiTeachings.org. 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
- ^ Trainor 2004, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.
- ^ Braarvig, Jens (2009). "The Buddhist Hell: An Early Instance of the Idea?". Numen. 56 (2–3): 254–281.
- ^ Soka Gakkai, Nichiren Buddhism Library
- ^ Chad Meister (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-134-14179-1
Buddhism: the soteriological goal is nirvana, liberation from the wheel of samsara and extinction of all desires, cravings and suffering.
- ^ Fang Zi (1 April 2020). Who is Geli Ou?. Linking Publishing Company. ISBN 9789570854701.
- ^ Attribution: Prose in this article was copied from the following pages: Diyu and Meng Po on January 16, 2021. Please see the history of that pages for attribution
- ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Fifth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople II, 553. Fordham University, 1996.
- ^ Origen. De Principiis. Vol. I.V.3.
let us inquire whether God, the creator and founder of all things, created certain of them holy and happy, so that they could admit no element at all of an opposite kind, and certain others so that they were made capable both of virtue and vice; or whether we are to suppose that He created some so as to be altogether incapable of virtue, and others again altogether incapable of wickedness, but with the power of abiding only in a state of happiness, and others again such as to be capable of either condition.
- ^ Chadwick, Henry (1953). Origen: Contra Celsum. Cambridge University Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-521-29576-9.
- ^ Joseph T. Lienhard (December 2018). "Orthodox Origen". First Things. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ Origen of Alexandria (7 February 2018). "Introduction". Origen: On First Principles (Oxford Early Christian Texts). Translated by Behr, John. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199684021.
- ^ Hart, David Bentley (31 August 2022). "Sensus Plenior I: On gods and mortals". Leaves in the Wind. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
First Reader (Aug 31, 2022): Should we favor the 'atemporal fall' view then? David Bentley Hart (Aug 31, 2022): Well, I certainly do. But the original Eden story isn't about the 'fall' at all, except in the vague sense that it was a mythic aetiology of life's miseries. Second Reader (Sep 2, 2022): Can you briefly describe what you understand or hold the 'atemporal fall' to be? Hart (Sep 2, 2022): No, not briefly. Second Reader (Sep 2, 2022): An extended response would, of course, be satisfactory also! But no, if you are aware of any particularly good reflections on it, I'd be grateful for a reference. Hart (Sep 2, 2022): Bulgakov, The Bride of the Lamb
- ^ Gottshall, Charles Andrew (1 May 2017). "Sergius Bulgakov on Evolution and the Fall: A Sophiological Solution". Eclectic Orthodoxy. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ Behr, John (15 January 2018). "Origen and the Eschatological Creation of the Cosmos". Eclectic Orthodoxy. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
Our beginning in this world and its time can only be thought of as a falling away from that eternal and heavenly reality, to which we are called.
- ^ Chenoweth, Mark (Summer 2022). "The Redemption of Evolution: Maximus the Confessor, The Incarnation, and Modern Science". Jacob’s Well. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "The Anathemas Against Origen".
- ^ Origen. "Argument from the Prayer of Joseph, to Show That the Baptist May Have Been an Angel Who Became a Man". Commentary on John. Vol. Book II, Section 25.
If, then, when they were not yet born, and had not done any-thing either good or evil, in order that God's purpose according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth, if at such a period this was said, how if we do not go back to the works done before this life, can it be said that there is no unrighteousness with God when the elder serves the younger and is hated (by God) before he has done anything worthy of slavery or of hatred?
- ^ Origen. De Principiis. Vol. I.VII.4.
- ^ "The Anathemas against Origen".
- ^ Book of Mormon, Ether 3:15-16. Vol. Ether 3:15-16. 26 March 1830.
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants. Vol. 93:29. 6 May 1833.
- ^ "Chapter 2 Verse 12". Bhagavad-gītā As It Is.
- ^ Quran 7:172
External links
[edit]
- Metempsychosis: From the Catholic Encyclopedia—see CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Metempsychosis.
- Origen of Alexandria (185-254 CE), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- "Reincarnation as Taught by Early Christians", by I. M. Oderberg, from Sunrise magazine, May 1973, Copyright © 1973 by Theosophical University Press.
- The Fifth Ecumenical Council, from online site Kuriakon: Infinity, section "Reincarnation".