Lady Justice , often used as a personification of the law, holding a sword in one hand and scales in the other.Law enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a legislature , resulting in statutes ; by the executive through decrees and regulations ; or by judges' decisions, which form precedent in common law jurisdictions. An autocrat may exercise those functions within their realm. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.
Legal systems vary between jurisdictions , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Religious law is in use in some religious communities and states, and has historically influenced secular law.
The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law , administrative law , and criminal law ; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts , property , torts , delicts and commercial law . This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts ; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. (Full article...
The Constitution of 3 May 1791 Government Act , was a written constitution for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that was adopted by the Great Sejm that met between 1788 and 1792. The Commonwealth was a dual monarchy comprising the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ; the new constitution was intended to address political questions following a period of political agitation and gradual reform that began with the Convocation Sejm of 1764 and the election that year of the Commonwealth's last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski . It was the first codified, modern constitution (possessing checks and balances and a tripartite separation of powers) in Europe and the second in the world, after that of the United States .
The Constitution sought to implement a more effective constitutional monarchy , introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the government's protection, mitigating the worst abuses of serfdom . It banned pernicious parliamentary institutions such as the liberum veto Frederick William II of Prussia broke the Prussian alliance with the Commonwealth, joining with Imperial Russia under Catherine the Great and the anti-reform Targowica Confederation of Polish magnates, to defeat the Commonwealth in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 .
The 1791 Constitution was in force for less than 19 months. It was declared null and void by the Grodno Sejm that met in 1793, though the Sejm's legal power to do so was questionable. The Second and Third Partitions of Poland (1793, 1795) ultimately ended Poland's sovereign existence until the close of World War I in 1918. Over those 123 years, the 1791 Constitution helped keep alive Polish aspirations for the eventual restoration of the country's sovereignty. In the words of two of its principal authors, Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj , the 1791 Constitution was "the last will and testament of the expiring Homeland". (Full article...
Alfred Thompson Denning, Baron Denning OM PC DL barrister and judge. He was called to the bar of England and Wales in 1923 and became a King's Counsel in 1938. Denning became a judge in 1944 when he was appointed to the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice , and transferred to the King's Bench Division in 1945. He was made a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1948 after less than five years in the High Court. He became a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary in 1957 and after five years in the House of Lords returned to the Court of Appeal as Master of the Rolls in 1962, a position he held for twenty years. In retirement he wrote several books and continued to offer opinions on the state of the common law through his writing and his position in the House of Lords .
Margaret Thatcher said that Denning was "probably the greatest English judge of modern times". One of Lord Denning's successors as Master of the Rolls, Lord Bingham , called him "the best known and best loved judge in our history". Denning's appellate work in the Court of Appeal did not concern criminal law. Mark Garnett and Richard Weight argue that Denning was a conservative Christian who "remained popular with morally conservative Britons who were dismayed at the postwar rise in crime and who, like him, believed that the duties of the individual were being forgotten in the clamour for rights. He had a more punitive than redemptive view of criminal justice, as a result of which he was a vocal supporter of corporal and capital punishment." However, he changed his stance on capital punishment in later life.
Denning became one of the highest profile judges in England in part because of his report on the Profumo affair . He was known for his bold judgments running counter to the law at the time. During his 38-year career as a judge, he made large changes to the common law, particularly while in the Court of Appeal, and although some of his decisions were overturned by the House of Lords several of them were confirmed by Parliament, which passed statutes in line with his judgments. Appreciated for his role as "the people's judge" and his support for the individual, Denning attracted attention for his occasionally flexible attitude to the common law principle of precedent . He commented controversially about the Birmingham Six and Guildford Four . (Full article...
A statute legislative body, a stage in the process of legislation . Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy . Statutes are laws made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent , which is decided by courts , regulations issued by government agencies , and oral or customary law .[better source needed Statutes may originate with the legislative body of a country, state or province, county, or municipality . (Full article...
The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , which form part of the constitution of the United Kingdom . Section 2(2) of the Parliament Act 1949 provides that the two Acts are to be construed as one.
The Parliament Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 13) asserted the supremacy of the House of Commons by limiting the legislation-blocking powers of the House of Lords (the suspensory veto ). Provided the provisions of the Act are met, legislation can be passed without the approval of the House of Lords. Additionally, the 1911 Act amended the Septennial Act 1716 to reduce the maximum life of a Parliament from seven years to five years. The Parliament Act 1911 was amended by the Parliament Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 103), which further limited the power of the Lords by reducing the time that they could delay bills, from two years to one.
The Parliament Acts have been used to pass legislation against the wishes of the House of Lords on seven occasions since 1911, including the passing of the Parliament Act 1949. Some constitutional lawyers had questioned the validity of the 1949 Act. These doubts were rejected in 2005 when members of the Countryside Alliance unsuccessfully challenged the validity of the Hunting Act 2004 , which had been passed under the auspices of the Act. In October 2005, the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords dismissed the Alliance's appeal against this decision, with an unusually large panel of nine Law Lords (out of then-existing twelve) holding that the 1949 Act was a valid Act of Parliament. (Full article...
... that although Elizabeth Richards Tilton (pictured) was a central figure in a six-month-long trial, she was never allowed to speak in court?
Case law common law , is a law that is based on precedents , that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions , statutes , or regulations . Case law uses the detailed facts of a legal case that have been resolved by courts or similar tribunals . These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent. Stare decisis —a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions. (Full article...
Ex parte Crow Dog landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that followed the death of one member of a Native American tribe at the hands of another on reservation land. Crow Dog was a member of the Brulé band of the Lakota Sioux. On August 5, 1881 he shot and killed Spotted Tail , a Lakota chief; there are different accounts of the background to the killing. The tribal council dealt with the incident according to Sioux tradition, and Crow Dog paid restitution to the dead man's family. However, the U.S. authorities then prosecuted Crow Dog for murder in a federal court. He was found guilty and sentenced to hang.
The defendant then petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus , arguing that the federal court had no jurisdiction to try cases where the offense had already been tried by the tribal council. The court found unanimously for the plaintiff and Crow Dog was therefore released. This case was the first time in history that an Indian was held on trial for the murder of another Indian. The case led to the Major Crimes Act in 1885, which placed some major crimes (initially seven, now 15) under federal jurisdiction if committed by an Indian against another Indian on a reservation or tribal land. This case was the beginning of the plenary power legal doctrine that has been used in Indian case law to limit tribal sovereignty . (Full article...
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The following are images from various law-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Gratian (from
Judiciary )
Image 2 Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-styled legal realist. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 3 Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?" (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 4 Plato (left) and
Aristotle (right), a detail of
The School of Athens (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 5 Corpus Iuris Civilis , 1607 (from
Judiciary )
Image 6 Image of pages from the
Decretum of
Burchard of Worms , an 11th-century book of canon law (from
Canon law )
Image 8 Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 9 Lady Justice (Latin:
Justicia ), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee (from
Judiciary )
Image 11 Mill believed law should create happiness. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 12 Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century. (from
Jurisprudence )
Image 13 "With law shall land be built", from the
Code of Jutland (1241) above the
Copenhagen Court House ,
Denmark (from
Legal history )
Image 14 King John of England signs the Magna Carta (from
Legal history )
Image 15 The
Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words (from
Legal history )
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In re Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data In re Summers Incitement to genocide Incitement to terrorism Inclosure Act 1773 Incorporation of terms in English law Indemnity Act 1717 Independence Act of Panama Inderøy District Court Indian Claims Limitations Act Indiana HB 1041 Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act Indianapolis-Marion County City-County Council Proposal 156 Indictments Act 1915 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship May 1998 riots of Indonesia Maria Farida Indrati Industrial Relations Court of Australia Ineligibility Clause Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914 Inner German border Inner Temple Inns of Chancery Insanity in English law Insect indicators of abuse or neglect Insolvency law of Switzerland Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Institutes (Gaius) Internal Security Act (Singapore) International Air Navigation Conference International Airport Centers, L.L.C. v. Citrin International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine Caroline test International Survivors of Suicide Loss Day Internet and Technology Law Desk Reference Internet hunting Interstate Income Act of 1959 Investigatory Powers Tribunal 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 1981 Irish hunger strike Irish nationality law Irving v Penguin Books Ltd Islamic criminal law in Aceh Isle of Man Pure Beer Act Harold Israel Israeli law in the West Bank settlements Iura novit curia Ius civile vigilantibus scriptum est J.S. v. Bethlehem Area School District Howell E. Jackson Roscoe Jackson Jackson v. Indiana Jacoby & Meyers Mahmud Jamal James v. Dravo Contracting Co. Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978 Priscilla Jana Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc. Janowiec and Others v. Russia Jasper Abraham murder case Jencks v. United States Jennifers' Law (Connecticut) Philipp Jenninger Jeon-gwan ye-u John Jeremie Jesinoski v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. Jiang Shigong John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act John of Tynemouth (canon lawyer) Charles A. Johns Gregory Lee Johnson Murders of Nireah Johnson and Brandie Coleman Johnson Tan Han Seng v Public Prosecutor William Johnson (judge) Quintin Johnstone Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton Joint custody (United States) Gabriel Jones (politician) J. Charles Jones Jones Law Office Margaret Jones (Puritan midwife) Pleas Jones Jones v Kaney Jones v. United States (1983) R v Jordan (2016) Josephine Mutzenbacher Judge of Alderney Judges' Council Judicial and Bar Council Judicial independence in Australia Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore Judicial reform of Alexander II Magistrate (England and Wales) Judiciary of Poland Judiciary of the Philippines Justice and Jurisprudence Justice delayed is justice denied Justice of the Common Pleas Justice of the King's Bench Zorobabela Kaʻauwai Cheryl Kagan Ioan Kalinderu Jamie Kalven Kang Woo-kyu Kansas v. Carr Karnataka High Court Kasman Singodimedjo Kawakita v. United States Gerald Kean Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. John W. Keogh Kerry v. Din Kids for cash scandal Betty King The King v. Haas Kinsella v. Krueger Kirin-Amgen Inc v Hoechst Marion Roussel Ltd Gord Kirke Kissinger v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press Bjørn Kjos Klayman v. Obama K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra Commonwealth v. Kneeland Glenn Knight Treaty of Königsberg (1656) Gail Koff Anthony Kohlmann Hugo Krabbe Steven C. Krane Daniel J. Kremer Krimstock hearing Krinsky v. Doe 6 Joe Kryczka Abhilasha Kumari Joseph L. Kun Hans-Karl von Kupsch James Sloan Kuykendall Kuzych v White Russian anti-LGBT law LGBTQ-free zone LVRC Holdings LLC v. Brekka Łaski's Statute Réjane Laberge-Colas Stephen Lachs Lackawanna County District Attorney v. Coss Ladies' night Lady in the Lake trial Lafler v. Cooper Lakshmikanthan murder case Mathew Charles Lamb Lamparello v. Falwell Richard Lane (barrister) Langit Makin Mendung Langley Hawkins murder case Lee B. Laskin Last will and testament of Frederica Evelyn Stilwell Cook LatinoJustice PRLDEF Elihu Lauterpacht Law Against Rehabilitation of Nazism Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honour Law of 4 February 1794 Law of Æthelberht Wantage Code Law of Hlothhere and Eadric Law of Libel Amendment Act 1888 Law of Vanuatu Law of Wihtred Law on South Kalimantan province Law school of Berytus Lawburrows Frederick Geoffrey Lawrence Laws of London Kenneth Lawson Lawyering (book) Lawyers for Liberty Leal Garcia v. Texas Lean (drug) Lee Tai-young Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd and others Legal information retrieval Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez Legal education in Alaska Leges Henrici Primi Legitimate expectation Legitimate expectation in Singapore law Debra Lehrmann Leiden Law School Alton Lemon Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. Leonard Law Mary Leonard Louis Lesser Brian Leveson Albert Levitt Nekima Levy Armstrong John Lewger Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. Lexipol Licence laundering Life Assurance Act 1774 Armistead Abraham Lilly Limitation Act 1963 Mab Copland Lineman Kaj Linna Robert Lipshutz Harry Lipsig List of Chief Justices of Japan List of United States Supreme Court leaks List of United States district and territorial courts List of attorneys general of West Virginia List of coordinating ministers of law and human rights List of justices of the Federal Constitutional Court List of professors at the law school of Berytus Lithuania–Poland border Hans Litten Gary Little Littlehampton libels Living instrument doctrine Frank LoMonte Local and personal acts of Parliament (United Kingdom) Local Government (Religious etc. Observances) Act 2015 Local authorities swaps litigation Lock Han Chng Jonathan v Goh Jessiline Lockhart v. United States (2005) Arlinda Locklear Mats Löfving Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. Loh Kooi Choon v Malaysia Paul Loicq London Partnership Register Londonderry Borough Police Armwell Long Longshoremen v. Allied Int'l, Inc. Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct Los Angeles fetus disposal scandal Lost sales LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking Lotharian legend Lottie Sleigh Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2013) Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018) Ludlow Amendment Treaty of Lübeck Lum v. Rice Pat Lundvall Luo Haocai Dar Lyon Lyon's Inn Michelle Lyons Ma'ale Akrabim massacre Macau national security law Akira Machida Macks Creek Law Charles Fraser MacLean Roderick John MacLeod, Lord Minginish Madhavan Nair v Public Prosecutor Madhouses Act 1774 Maestas vs. George H. Shone Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. Charles H. Mahoney Mail fraud Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act Majdanek trials Makasib Make It 16 Incorporated v Attorney-General Eduardo Maldonado Malian Family Code Mahnaz Malik Richard Malka Malkin Tower Malmedy massacre trial Mancusi v. DeForte Mandera Prison Vladimír Mandl Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co. Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day Maoist Youth Union Marcus Junius Gracchanus Marcus v. Search Warrant Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp. Marriage (Wales) Act 2010 Amanda Marshall (attorney) Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal Thurgood Marshall Marshall v. Holmes Martial law in Pierce County John Martin (judge) Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act Richard Martin (Recorder of London) Thomas Bryan Martin Martin of Pattishall Martin v. Hearst Corporation Maryland Child Victims Act Maryland Constitution of 1864 Maryland Toleration Act Maryland v. West Virginia Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu Mashpee Tribe v. New Seabury Corp. Thokozile Masipa Massacre of Phocaea Timothy Massad Mathura rape case Matson Trial Mahmood Hussein Mattan Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act Warren Matthews Edwin Maxwell (attorney general) May 1915 Triple Entente declaration May God have mercy upon your soul Mazurek v. Armstrong Valentino Mazzia Howard Lee McBain Zaila McCalla Henry McCardie Marshall F. McComb Anthony McCowan Angus William McDonald McFall v. Shimp James A. McIntyre McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission Jeremy McMullen McNally v R Meaza Ashenafi Medellín v. Texas Robert Megarry Theresa Meikle Thayer Melvin Memphis massacre of 1866 Menominee Tribe of Wis. v. United States Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe Metallica v. Napster, Inc. Methamphetamine Michael H. v. Gerald D. Michigan prosecution of fake electors Michigan v. EPA Michigan v. Jackson Micro Star v. FormGen Inc. Microsoft Corp. v. Shah Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. Midnight regulations Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc. Migrant detentions under the Trump administration Milgram v. Orbitz Military courts of the United Kingdom Miller Arnold case Leon P. Miller Paul Steven Miller Miller v. Bonta Miller v Jackson Dorothy Miner (attorney) Patsy Mink Minnesota Constitution Sherman Minton Missouri, Kansas, & Texas Railway Co. of Texas v. May Missouri v. Frye Missouri v. Iowa Jemma Mitchell case Mitigating factor Dunstan Mlambo Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani Mohegan Indians v. Connecticut Monastery death Mondelez v AMWU Mongolian nationality law Alexander W. Monroe Montanile v. Board of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan Montauk Point land claim Montenegrin nationality law Moot hill Killing of Sara-Nicole Morales Nicholas More A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights Murder of Michele LeAnn Morgan Brian Morris (judge) Death of Nizah Morris Morris v. United States Mortgage Specialists, Inc. v. Implode-Explode Heavy Industries, Inc. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp. Sybil Moses Dick Moss Motte v Faulkner Kendrick Moxon Moyer v. Peabody Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle Beatrice Mtetwa Mudawana Mug shot of Donald Trump Muhammad al-Shaybani Mishkat al-Mumin Cara Mund Cecilia Muñoz-Palma George Munroe (basketball) Bredo Henrik von Munthe af Morgenstierne Murder conviction without a body Murphy v. Millennium Radio Group LLC Hugh Murray (judge) Dahiru Musdapher Musharraf high treason case Music plagiarism Mutiny Acts Chanju Samantha Mwale My Grandfather's Son My Life in Court Holger Mühlbauer NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co. NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp. NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc. NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co. Nabozny v. Podlesny Nakaz Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina Naming law in Sweden Naming laws in China Namus Albert Napier Napue v. Illinois Narragansett land claim National Black Law Students Association National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. National Council of the Judiciary (Poland) National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 National Industrial Relations Court National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra National Intelligence Law of the People's Republic of China National Kidney Foundation Singapore scandal NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co. National Registry of Exonerations National without household registration Native American Languages Act of 1990 Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act, 1953 Natural justice Navarette v. California Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves Nebraska v. One 1970 2-Door Sedan Rambler (Gremlin) Necessary in a democratic society James C. Nelson Net.wars Nevsun Resources Ltd v Araya New York Court of Common Pleas New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble Frank C. Newman Newspaper Libel and Registration Act 1881 Newspaper theft Demetrius Newton Pania Newton Nguyen v. INS J. C. Nicholson Margaret Nicholson Nik Russian con Nine familial exterminations Ninetieth Minnesota State Senate v. Dayton Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp. Clotilde Niragira Niz-Chavez v. Garland Nobility privileges in Poland Nobody's Victim Michael Nolan, Baron Nolan Nominated Member of Parliament Non-constituency Member of Parliament Non-combatant casualty value Non-fatal offences against the person in English law Nonintercourse Act North Bloomfield Mining and Gravel Company North Preston's Finest North West Lancashire Health Authority v A, D and G Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2014 Notarial Archives Novak v. City of Parma Novartis v. Union of India & Others Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998 Nuisance in English law Nuisance ordinance O'Connor v. Ortega O'Donnabhain v. Commissioner O'Halloran and Francis v. United Kingdom OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs Michelle O'Bonsawin Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean Obscene Publications Act 1959 Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox Obstructing an official proceeding Ocasio v. United States Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States) Occupied Territories Bill Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 Occupiers' Liability Act 1984 Odex's actions against file-sharing Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore Offences against military law in the United Kingdom Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom) Old Supreme Court Chamber Omnia sunt communia Oñate treaty Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida Ong Ah Chuan v Public Prosecutor Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act Online Streaming Act City of Ontario v. Quon Open Government Licence Open verdict Oprahization Oracle Corp. v. SAP AG Orders, decorations, and medals of the Republic of Ireland Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts John Ordronaux (doctor) Oregon Constitutional Convention Oregon State Bar Oregon Supreme Court Building Oregon black exclusion laws Organic Laws of Oregon Osmanoğlu and Kocabaş v. Switzerland Ouster clause Outlawries Bill Sannie Overly Irene Ovonji-Odida Pacific States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Oregon Herbert L. Packer Pactum Warmundi Trial of Thomas Paine Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 Richard Painter Pakistani nationality law Palace of the Inquisition (Cartagena, Colombia) Palacio de Justicia de Caracas Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Camilla Palmer John S. Palmore Pan Handian Sakharam Ganesh Pandit Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland Paraphrasing of copyrighted material Peace of Paris (1783) Parliament of Singapore Parliamentary Entitlements Act 1990 Partnership for Civil Justice Fund Party Processions Act 1850 Morris Pashman Marilyn Hall Patel Patent war Pathetic dot theory Dan Paul Paul v. United States Rachel Paulose Pay Our Military Act Paycheck Fairness Act Peace of Rueil Peace of Szeged Pell v The Queen Penalties in English law Penn v Lord Baltimore Pennsylvania budget impasses Pennsylvania College Cases Pensionado Act 2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks Penumbra (law) People v. Beardsley People v. Croswell People v. Diaz People v. Marquan M. People v. Salem Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart Perkins v. Elg Permanent Court of International Justice Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor's Office Perp walk Perpetual Peace (532) Perry Mason syndrome Perry Mason moment Thomas Erskine Perry Perry v. Louisiana Person having ordinary skill in the art Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney Vance Peterson Olga Petit Petition for review Petty treason Pharmacist-to-pharmacy technician ratio Phase I environmental site assessment Philippine nationality law Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin Rubel Phillips Timothy N. Philpot Pigford v. Glickman Pilate's court Pinckney's Treaty Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 Plumhoff v. Rickard Ronnie L. Podolefsky Natalia Poklonskaya Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 Police child protection powers in England and Wales Police officer certification and licensure in the United States Police reform in the United States Policing and Crime Act 2009 Polish decrees Political history of Zimbabwe Mark F. Pomerantz Poole v. Fleeger N. Porsenna Portillo Cáceres v Paraguay Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act Christian Heinrich Postel Powers of the president of Singapore Pragmatic Sanction of 1712 Pratt–Yorke opinion Prawo Jazdy (alleged criminal) Precedent fact errors in Singapore law Pregnant patients' rights in the United States Ljuba Prenner List of presidents of India Presidential Council for Minority Rights Presidential elections in Singapore Presidential immunity in the United States Sylvia Pressler Preußisches Obertribunal Prevention of Crime Act 1953 Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Manufacturing Co. Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 Privity in English law The Problem We All Live With Procedural impropriety in Singapore administrative law Proclamation of Połaniec Profane Oaths Act 1745 Profaning a monument Prohibition of dying Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC Prostitution in Pakistan Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act Protection Court Protection from Harassment Act (Singapore) Protection of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1788 Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States The Psycho Ex-Wife Public Domain Day Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 Public Prosecutor v Khong Teng Khen Public Prosecutor v Taw Cheng Kong Public executions in Iran Thomas Puccio Pulpit Freedom Sunday Puna de Atacama dispute Purpose trusts in English law Quantity of Books v. Kansas Fred Quilt inquiry Quistclose trusts in English law R2C2 R (GC) v Comr of Police of the Metropolis R (on the application of Farrakhan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department R v ACR Roofing Pty Ltd R v Baillie R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate Ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No.1) R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet R v Chaytor R. v Gowan R v Incedal R v Ingram, C., Ingram, D. and Whittock, T. R. v. North and East Devon Health Authority, ex parte Coughlan R v Penguin Books Ltd R v R R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Bancoult (No 2) R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p O'Brien R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Northumbria Police Authority RMK-BRJ RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Renee Rabinowitz Racism-Turanism trials Türkan Rado Radovich v. National Football League K. S. Rajah Anne Ramberg Margaret Ramsay-Hale Thomas Jefferson Ramsdell Ramses–Hattusili Treaty Marc Randazza Randolph County High School Rantzen v Mirror Group Newspapers (1986) Ltd and others Rape during the Rwandan genocide Rape during the Vietnam War Rape in Germany Rape in Pakistan Rat tribe Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island Re A (conjoined twins) Re Bristol South-East Parliamentary Election Re Burley Reasonable suspicion Rechthuis (Bellingwolde) Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy Recreational Charities Act 1958 Rector v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media Joseph Redding Redistributive change Reed v. Town of Gilbert Eleri Rees Regional regulation (Indonesia) Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford) Regulation of flamethrowers in the United States Reichsgesetzblatt Reichsoberhandelsgericht Relevant and irrelevant considerations in Singapore administrative law Pre-trial detention Remand (imprisonment) Remedies in Singapore administrative law Remedies in Singapore constitutional law Rennie v. Klein Reno v. Condon Reorganization Act of 1939 Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 Repatriation tax avoidance Report of 1800 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations William A. Reppy Representation of Sheppard re Powell Representative democracy in Singapore Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc. Research Works Act Residence Act Resulting trusts in English law Revenge porn Reverse search warrant Rex v Bourne Le Roy le veult Rice v. Collins Richard Richards (judge) John Ricord Riggins v. Nevada Right to truth Rights of nature Thomas S. Riley Robert Rinder Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation Wrongful conviction of Juan Rivera Ana Irma Rivera Lassén Jack L. Rives Rizal Law Road Demon Robbins v. Lower Merion School District Aled Roberts George Morison Robertson Robin Hood v. United States Camille Robinson-Regis Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc. Leif Rode Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc. Rodriguez v. United States John Rolph Ronald Reagan Day Rose v Royal College of Physicians Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc. Rough sex murder defense Richard Rougier Royal Mail Case Royal baccarat scandal Royal fish Edgar P. Rucker Ruiz v. Estelle Rule of law in Singapore Rural Cemetery Act Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (945) Russian police reform Wiley Rutledge Ryan White CARE Act S.A.S. v. France SEC v. Rajaratnam Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer Wojciech Sadurski Safety-valve institution Safford Unified School District v. Redding Sailors and Soldiers (Gifts for Land Settlement) Act 1916 Salary Grab Act Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees Salinger v. Random House, Inc. Salleh Abas Sallekhana Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States San Diego Journal of Climate and Energy Law San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee Sandiganbayan Sandugo Richard Santagati Santosky v. Kramer Lotika Sarkar Dominick Sarsfield, 1st Viscount Sarsfield P. Sathasivam Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Satyashodhak Communist Party 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution John Saunders (English judge) Eli Savit Henry W. Sawyer Saxbe fix Aaron Saxton Schillinger v. United States Schio massacre Schmerber v. California Schmuck v. United States Schneiderman v. United States Bruce Schroeder David Schuman Claud Schuster, 1st Baron Schuster Schwartzbard trial Scientific jury selection Scissor Sisters (convicted killers) Richard J. Scott Scott sisters Marguerite Scypion Seamen's and Soldiers' False Characters Act 1906 Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. Secret Treaty of Dover Secret trusts in English law Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs v Rahmatullah Section 20A Section 21 notice Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code Section 171 of the Criminal Code of Cyprus Secured transactions in the United States Sedition Act 1948 Sedition Act (Singapore) Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 Self-deportation Seling v. Young Sell v. United States Senatus consultum ultimum Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy Seongsu Bridge disaster Separate Car Act Separation of powers in Singapore Treaty of Seringapatam Sessions v. Dimaya Leila Seth Settled insanity Murder of Wendy Sewell Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 Sex workers' rights Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Shadow docket Shadrake v Attorney-General Shafer v. South Carolina Re Shankar Alan s/o Anant Kulkarni David I. Shapiro Sharesleuth Shark Conservation Act Barry Shaw (barrister) Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon Sheffield Improvement Act 1818 Elliott Fitch Shepard William Shernoff Shia Personal Status Law Orfa Jean Shontz Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. Bei Bei Shuai Teresa Bagioli Sickles Killing of Palmira Silva Simele massacre Simon of Pattishall Aravella Simotas Simplified Acquisition Procedures Richard M. Sims Jr. Singaporean nationality law Choor Singh Singh v Canada Single subject amendment Sinn Féin Funds case Boudewijn Sirks Siruv Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India James John Skinner Slade's Case Bill Slater (politician) Slovak nationality law Small claims court Brian Smedley Smiley v. Citibank (South Dakota), N. A. Smiley v. Holm Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders Addie Viola Smith Smith and Grady v United Kingdom Brad Smith (American lawyer) Smoking Smyth v. Ames Snaresbrook Crown Court Snowflake (software) Socialism in Bangladesh Society of Authors, Composers and Music Publishers in Israel Society of Gentleman Practisers in the Courts of Law and Equity Folake Solanke Solicitor General of Ohio Sōshi-kaimei Nasrin Sotoudeh South Africa's genocide case against Israel South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. South Carolina v. North Carolina South China Sea Arbitration South Dakota v. Fifteen Impounded Cats South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. Southern District of New York action against online poker players Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 Southland Corp. v. Keating Soviet atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II Speakers' Corner, Singapore Special motion to strike Specialized Criminal Court Spite house Spondent quas non exhibent Joseph Sprigg Beaton Squires Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972 Stadium ban decision Stambovsky v. Ackley Joseph Stamler Stanley Plan Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche Starvation (crime) State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. United States ex rel. Rigsby State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 State Security Law in Bahrain State liability State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain State v. Elliott State v. Linkhaw States of emergency in Venezuela Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia Statute forbidding Bearing of Armour Statute of Anne Statute of Enrolments Statute of York Statutes of Casimir the Great Stay of exit Steaming process in Lancashire cotton mills Stem cell laws Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology Mark Stephens (solicitor) Robert F. Stephens Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman Steven J. Baum P.C. Melford Stevenson Bertrand Stewart Stilk v Myrick John Joseph Stockdale Stöðulög Stogner v. California Stolen Valor Act of 2005 Stoner v. California Stop Child Abuse – Trace an Object Stopping the clock Craig Stowers Stradling Yocca Carlson & Rauth John Strange (English politician) Straub v. BMT by Todd Streetdirectory.com Janet Stumbo Sturgeon v. Frost Su Huiyu Substantial similarity Subtitle B of Title III of the Patriot Act Sue v Hill Suhl card reader case Suitable age and discretion Clyde Summers Sumpul River massacre Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 Sunday Observance Act 1695 Sunlight before signing Sunshine Protection Act Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 Supreme Court of Estonia Supreme Court of Ireland Supreme Court of Maryland Supreme Court of Namibia Supreme Court of Pakistan Supreme Court of Sweden Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Supreme People's Procuratorate Svalbard Act Yvonne Swan George Sweeney Trial Rigby Swift Swift raids Swift v. Zynga Henry Swinburne (lawyer) Swords in courts-martial Carey Wentworth Styles Synod of Oxford Francis Szpiner TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp. Dorothy Talbye trial Tan Boon Teik Bridget Tan Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted killing Suardi Tasrif Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 Taylor Force Act Telford Taylor William L. Taylor Taylor v. Beckham Taylor v. Illinois Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 The Teddy Bear Master Telegraph Act 1870 Tellico Dam Temple of Justice (Washington) Temporary Protection Directive Tennard v. Dretke Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden Alice Teodorescu Måwe Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 Tania Tetlow Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc. Teva Canada Ltd v Pfizer Canada Inc Texas Capitol View Corridors University of Texas School of Law Texas two-step bankruptcy Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou That Portion of the Cayuga Indians Residing in Canada v. State The Indigo Book Gordon R. Thompson Thomson Snell & Passmore Susan Thomson Justine Thornton Rannveig Þorsteinsdóttir Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law Throffer TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp. Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc. Tignon law Elizabeth Richards Tilton Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Times Film Corporation v. City of Chicago Timothy's Law Sivakant Tiwari Tolzey Court Tomlin order Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc. Toothpaste tube theory Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia Totality of the circumstances Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England Town of Mt. Pleasant v. Chimento Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. 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Trial of Neumann and Sass Trial of Penenden Heath Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 Triple Alliance (1788) Trop v. Dulles Trustee Act 2000 Truth in Music Advertising Samuel Wilbert Tucker Tom Tureen Turnaround ADR Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. Mike Tyson's tattoos U.S.–UAE 123 Agreement for Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy Cooperation UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC USA Freedom Act Ultimate issue Unconstitutional constitutional amendment Unitary patent (Switzerland and Liechtenstein) United Public Workers v. Mitchell United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire 1877 U.S. Patent Office fire United States Solicitor of Labor United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. United States v. 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Lee (1882) United States v. Lovett United States v. McMahon United States v. More United States v. Morris (1991) United States v. One Solid Gold Object in Form of a Rooster United States v. One Tyrannosaurus Bataar Skeleton United States v. Oppenheimer United States v. Rahimi United States v. Ramsey (1926) United States v. Scheinberg United States v. Spy Factory, Inc. United States v. Strong United States v. Throckmorton United States v. Vampire Nation United States v. Washington United States v. Wheeler (1920) Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd. University of North Texas at Dallas College of Law Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 Irwin Untermyer Unus testis, nullus testis Upper Tribunal The Urban Lawyer Urban survival syndrome Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act Vandalism Act Srinivas Varadachariar Variation of Trusts Act 1958 Vellama d/o Marie Muthu v. Attorney-General Naum Veqilharxhi Alfred Verdross Verfassungsblog Verizon Communications Inc. v. 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Smith Wik Peoples v Queensland Elizabeth Wilkins Robert L. Wilkins Wilko v. Swan Will v. Michigan Department of State Police Willamette Law Review Willard v. Tayloe Wills Act 1963 Wine law Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle Wisconsin Department of Revenue v. William Wrigley Jr. Co. Witch hunt Witchcraft Suppression Act, 1957 Witches of Belvoir Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide Willem Witteveen Andrew Wodrow Wolk v. Kodak Imaging Network, Inc. Women's suffrage in film Walton J. Wood Woodroffe-Hedley v Cuthbertson Bonnie Woods Woodson Law Office Stanley Woodward (attorney) Wool Products Labeling Act Walter Woon 2015 Wootton Bassett rail incident World Courts of Women Wrangell Bombardment Julian M. Wright Writ of mandate (California) Francis Wythens Xiao Yang (judge) YSL Records racketeering trial Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement Yasui v. United States Ye Htoon Year and a day rule Yong Pung How Young v. Facebook, Inc. Zacchini v. 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