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Northeastern elite accent

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A Northeastern elite accent is any of the related American English accents used by members of the Northeastern elite, born between the 19th century and early 20th century, which shares significant features with Eastern New England English and Received Pronunciation (RP), the standard British accent.[1][2][3][4] The late 19th century first produced recordings of and commentary about such accents used by wealthy East Coast and Northern Americans, particularly New Yorkers and New Englanders, sometimes directly associated with their education at private preparatory schools.[5] Scholars traditionally describe these upper-class accents as prescribed or affected ways of speaking taught in elite schools of that era,[1][2][6] though the linguist Geoff Lindsey argues that they emerged naturally;[7] a middle-ground view is expressed by the linguist John McWhorter.[8]

No consistent name exists for this class of accents. It has also been called Northeastern standard[4] or cultivated American speech,[2] and is sometimes recognized as a Mid-Atlantic accent,[9][10] a term that in American popular culture tends to refer to speech used by early 20th-century actors and announcers. A similar accent that resulted from different historical processes emerged in Canada, Canadian dainty, existing for a century before waning in the 1950s.[11]

History

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In the 19th century through the early 20th century, formal public speaking in the United States primarily focused on song-like intonation, lengthily and tremulously uttered vowels (including overly articulated weak vowels), and a booming resonance.[12] Moreover, since at least the mid-19th century, upper-class communities on the East Coast of the United States increasingly adopted several phonetic qualities of Received Pronunciation[2][4][6][13]—the standard accent of the British upper class—as evidenced in recorded public speeches of the time. One of these qualities is non-rhoticity, sometimes called "R-dropping", in which speakers delete the phoneme /r/ except before a vowel sound (thus, in pair but not pairing). This is also shared by the traditional regional dialects of Eastern New England (including Boston), New York City, and some areas of the South. The precise amount of variation depends on location, social class, and other demographic factors. Sociolinguists like William Labov describe that non-rhoticity, "following Received Pronunciation, was taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II".[6]

Early recordings of prominent Americans born in the middle of the 19th century provide some insight into their adoption, or not, of a carefully employed non-rhotic elite speaking style. President William Howard Taft, who attended public school in Ohio, and inventor Thomas Edison, who grew up in Ohio and Michigan in a family of modest means, both used natural rhotic accents. However, presidents William McKinley of Ohio and Grover Cleveland of Central New York, who attended private schools, clearly employed a non-rhotic, upper-class quality in their public speeches that does not align with the rhotic accents normally documented in Ohio and Central New York State at the time. Both men even use the distinctive and archaic affectation of a "tapped R" at times when R is pronounced, often when between vowels.[14] This tapped articulation is sometimes heard in recordings of Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's successor from an affluent district of New York City, who used a cultivated non-rhotic accent, but with the addition of the coil-curl merger, once notably associated with New York accents.[14] His distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt also employed a non-rhotic elite accent,[3][15] though without the merger or the tapped R.

In and around Boston, Massachusetts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a similar accent was associated with the local urban elite: the Boston Brahmins. In the New York metropolitan area, particularly in its affluent Westchester County suburbs and the North Shore of Long Island, other terms for the local Transatlantic pronunciation and accompanying facial behavior included "Locust Valley lockjaw" or "Larchmont lockjaw", named for the stereotypical clenching of the speaker's jaw muscles to achieve an exaggerated enunciation quality.[5] The related term "boarding-school lockjaw" has also been used to describe the accent once considered a characteristic of elite New England boarding-school culture.[5] The type of accent is also linked with the Philadelphia Main Line in this time period.

Decline

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The accent rapidly declined following the end of World War II, presumably as a result of cultural and demographic changes in the U.S. entering the postwar era.[16] This American version of a "posh" accent has disappeared even among the American upper classes, as Americans have increasingly dissociated from the speaking styles of the East Coast elite.[15] If anything, the accent is now subject to ridicule in American popular culture.[17] The clipped, non-rhotic English accents of George Plimpton and William F. Buckley Jr. were vestigial examples.[18][3]

Marianne Williamson, a self-help author and a 2020 and 2024 Democratic presidential candidate raised and educated in Texas, has a unique accent that was widely discussed following her participation in the first 2020 Democratic presidential debates in June 2019.[19][20][21] For instance, an article from The Guardian stated that Williamson "speaks in a beguiling mid-Atlantic accent that makes her sound as if she has walked straight off the set of a Cary Grant movie".[22]

Notable speakers

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Wealthy or highly educated Americans known for being life-long speakers of a Northeastern elite accent include William F. Buckley Jr.,[3][23] Gore Vidal,[24] H. P. Lovecraft,[25] Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Averell Harriman,[26][27] Dean Acheson,[28] George Plimpton,[29][18] John F. Kennedy,[30] Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (who began affecting it permanently while at Miss Porter's School),[31][32] Louis Auchincloss,[33] Norman Mailer,[34] Diana Vreeland (though her accent is somewhat unique),[35] C. Z. Guest,[36] Joseph Alsop,[37][38][39] Robert Silvers,[40][41] Julia Child[42] (though, as the lone non-Northeasterner in this list, her accent was consistently rhotic), Cornelius Vanderbilt IV,[43] and Gloria Vanderbilt.[5] Except for Child, all of these example speakers were raised, educated, or both in the Northeastern United States. This includes just over half who were raised specifically in New York (most of them in New York City) and five who were educated specifically at the independent boarding school Groton in Massachusetts: Franklin Roosevelt, Harriman, Acheson, Alsop, and Auchincloss.

Examples of individuals described as having a cultivated New England accent or "Boston Brahmin accent" include Henry Cabot Lodge,[44] Charles Eliot Norton,[45] Samuel Eliot Morison,[46] Harry Crosby,[47] John Brooks Wheelwright,[48] George C. Homans,[49] Elliot Richardson,[50] George Plimpton (though he was actually a life-long member of the New York City elite),[51] and John Kerry,[52] the last of whom has noticeably reduced this accent since his early adulthood toward a more General American one.[53]

Excerpt of FDR's "Fear Itself" speech

U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who came from a privileged New York City family, had a non-rhotic accent, though it was not an ordinary New York accent but rather an elite East Coast one.[3][4] In one of Roosevelt's most frequently heard speeches, the "Fear Itself" speech, he uses non-rhotic pronunciations of words like assert and firm along with a falling diphthong in the word fear, all of which distinguish his accent from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States.[10] Also, in the same speech, linking R appears in his delivery of the words "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; this pronunciation of R is also famously recorded in his Pearl Harbor speech.[54]

Phonology

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Monophthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).[4] Here /ɑː/ includes the vowels of PALM and LOT and /ɔː/ includes the vowels of THOUGHT and CLOTH. The vowel /ɜː/ is pronounced as a rhotic vowel. The FLEECE, GOOSE, FOOT, THOUGHT and PALM vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, respectively [i̞i, u̟u, ʊɤ, ɔɐ, ɑɐ]
Closing diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt from Urban (2021).[4]
Centering diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).[4]
  • Non-rhoticity, or "R-dropping", occurs in words like oar, start, there, etc.[3][15]
  • Trap–bath split: the vowels in trap and bath were often not the same, most consistently a feature of the New England upper class, the Boston Brahmins. However, unlike in RP, the BATH vowel does not retract and merge with the back vowel of PALM [ɑ]. It is only lowered from the near-open vowel [æ] to the fully open vowel [a].
  • Father–bother variability: The "a" in father is traditionally unrounded, while the "o" in bother may be rounded, like in RP. Therefore, father and bother may fail to rhyme for some speakers, like in New England for example, but it rhymes for others, like Franklin Roosevelt from New York, who merges the two vowels.[4]
  • Lot–cloth split: Speakers like Franklin Roosevelt tended to have a LOT-CLOTH split, with the CLOTH vowel aligning to the THOUGHT vowel.[4] This deviates from modern RP, which has a merger.
  • Thought–force variability: The vowels in thought and force–north are possibly distinguished by some ([ɔː] versus [ɔə]. However, Franklin Roosevelt and the Boston Brahmins often merged THOUGHT and FORCE and their vowel was often more diphthongal than in RP.[4]
  • Lack of happy tensing: Like in conservative RP, the vowel /i/ at the end of words such as "happy" [ˈhæpɪ] (listenⓘ), "Charlie", "sherry", "coffee", etc. is not necessarily tensed and is pronounced with the kit vowel [ɪ], rather than the fleece vowel [i]. Some speakers though, including some Boston Brahmins, did participate in happy tensing.
  • Dropping of /j/ rarely occurs: only after /r/, and optionally after /s/ and /l/, but not elsewhere. The word duke, for instance, is pronounced like upper-class British [djuːk] rather than middle-class British [dʒuːk] (the first variant versus the second one hereⓘ), and also not like General American /duk/ ⓘ. Similarly, dew is not a homophone of either do or Jew. All of this mirrors (conservative) RP.
  • Intervocalic /t/ is sometimes preserved (thus, more fully pronounced in a word like waiter, so that it does not sound exactly like wader), theoretically avoiding the General American phenomenon of flapping.[3]
F1/F2 values of Franklin D. Roosevelt's vowels in hertz according to Urban (2021).[4]
American and British comparison of lexical sets with low vowels
KEYWORD US UK
General American Boston Northeastern elite Received Pronunciation
TRAP æ æ
BATH a~æ a~ɑ~æ ɑ
START ɑɹ a a~ɑ
PALM ɑ ɑ
LOT ɒ ɑ~ɒ ɒ
CLOTH ɔ~ɑ ɒ~ɔ
THOUGHT ɔ

References

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  1. ^ a b Hubbell, Allan Forbes. "GENERAL OBSERVATIONS; LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY". The Pronunciation of English in New York City: Consonants and Vowels, New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 1950, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.7312/hubb94024-002
  2. ^ a b c d White, E. J. (2020). You Talkin' to Me?: The Unruly History of New York English. Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Tsai, Michelle (28 February 2008). "Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that?". Slate. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Urban, Mateusz (2021). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the American Theatre Standard: The low vowels". Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, 2021(4), 227-245.
  5. ^ a b c d Safire, William (18 January 1987). "On Language". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  6. ^ a b c Labov, William et al. (2006). "The restoration of post-vocalic /r/". The Atlas of North American English Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruter: "The basic vernacular of New York City was consistently r-less in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. r-less pronunciation, as a characteristic of British Received Pronunciation, was also taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II. It was the standard model for most radio announcers and used as a high prestige form by Franklin Roosevelt".
  7. ^ Lindsey, Geoff. "Hollywood's "Fake" Mid-Atlantic Myth DEBUNKED!" YouTube, uploaded by Dr Geoff Lindsey, June 2024, Video on YouTube
  8. ^ McWhorter, John (2015). "On American r-lessness". Language Log.
  9. ^ Del Signore, John (2008). "New York City Accents Changing with the Times". Gothamist. New York Public Radio.
  10. ^ a b Robert MacNeil; William Cran; Robert McCrum (2005). Do you speak American?: a companion to the PBS television series. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-385-51198-8. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty". CBC News, 1 July 2017.
  12. ^ Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997). The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 159.
  13. ^ LaBouff, Kathryn (2007). Singing and communicating in English: a singer's guide to English diction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 241–42. ISBN 978-0-19-531138-9.
  14. ^ a b Metcalf, A. (2004). Presidential Voices. Speaking Styles from George Washington to George W. Bush. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 144–148.
  15. ^ a b c Millar, Robert McColl (2012). English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-4181-9.
  16. ^ Knight, 1997, p. 171.
  17. ^ Taylor, Trey (2013). "The Rise and Fall of Katharine Hepburn's Fake Accent". The Atlantic.
  18. ^ a b "The Last Gentleman". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  19. ^ Saraiya, Sonia. "Marianne Williamson Explains Her Magical Thinking". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  20. ^ Stieb, Matt (28 June 2019). "Marianne Williamson's Weirdest, Most Wonderful Debate Moments". Intelligencer. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  21. ^ Pareene, Alex (28 June 2019). "Take Marianne Williamson Seriously". The New Republic. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  22. ^ Arwa, Mahdawi (2 July 2019). "Marianne Williamson is a superstar in the world of woo. Is she also the next US president?". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  23. ^ Konigsberg, Eric (29 February 2008). "On TV, Buckley Led Urbane Debating Club". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  24. ^ Shapiro, Ari (host); Nosowitz, Dan (guest) (November 25, 2016). "'Atlas Obscura' Explores Roots Of The So-Called Mid-Atlantic Accent". All Things Considered.
  25. ^ Eckhardt, Jason C. (1991). The Cosmic Yankee. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 9780838634158. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  26. ^ Murphy, Charles J.V. (30 December 1946). "W. Averell Harriman". Life. pp. 57–66. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  27. ^ LLC, New York Media (2 September 1991). "New York Magazine". New York Media, LLC – via Google Books.
  28. ^ Kagan, Robert. "How Dean Acheson Won the Cold War: Statesmanship, Morality, and Foreign Policy". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  29. ^ New York City Accents Changing with the Times Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine[verification needed]. Gothamist (25 February 2008). Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  30. ^ "John F. Kennedy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
  31. ^ Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier, Barbara A. Perry
  32. ^ Whipp, Glenn (January 26, 2017). "Natalie Portman's four steps — some simple, some not — to becoming Jackie Kennedy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
  33. ^ Louis Auchincloss, the Last of the Gentlemen Novelists, New York Magazine (5 January 2005)
  34. ^ Wiegand. With Mailer's death, U.S. loses a colorful writer and character – SFGate. Articles.sfgate.com (11 November 2007). Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  35. ^ Empress of fashion : a life of Diana Vreeland Los Angeles Public Library Online (28 December 2012). Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  36. ^ Sally Quinn (May 1, 1977). "C.Z. Guest: The Rich Fight Back". The Washington Post.
  37. ^ Sally Bedell Smith (15 August 2011). Grace & Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House. Aurum Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84513-722-9.
  38. ^ "How to Talk Fancy". SPY magazine. May 1988. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  39. ^ Joseph Alsop on C-SPAN's Washington Politics program, episode airing on 19 November 1984. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  40. ^ "Robert B. Silvers (1929–2017) | Joan Didion". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  41. ^ Tucker, Neely (November 6, 2013). "The New York Review of Books turns 50". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  42. ^ "Her voice sounded like money ... " (July 17, 2008). The Atlantic.
  43. ^ Greenhouse, Emily (May 2013). "The First American Anti-Nazi Film, Rediscovered". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  44. ^ Henry Cabot Lodge on the Treaty of Versailles. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  45. ^ Barbara W. Tuchman (31 August 2011). Proud Tower. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-307-79811-4. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  46. ^ "Listen to Samuel Eliot Morison, 1936 - Harvard Voices by Harvard University in Harvard Voices playlist online for free on SoundCloud".[self-published]
  47. ^ "Harry Grew Crosby". The AFS Story. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  48. ^ Alan M. Wald (1983). The revolutionary imagination: the poetry and politics of John Wheelwright and Sherry Mangan. UNC Press Books. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8078-1535-9. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  49. ^ A. Javier Treviño (April 2006). George C. Homans: history, theory, and method. Paradigm Publishers. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-59451-191-2. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  50. ^ William Thaddeus Coleman; Donald T. Bliss (26 October 2010). Counsel for the situation: shaping the law to realize America's promise. Brookings Institution Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8157-0488-1. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  51. ^ Larry Gelbart; Museum of Television and Radio (New York, N.Y.) (1996). Stand-up comedians on television. Harry N. Abrams Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8109-4467-1. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  52. ^ Bill Sammon (1 February 2006). Strategery: How George W. Bush Is Defeating Terrorists, Outwitting Democrats, and Confounding the Mainstream Media. Regnery Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-59698-002-0. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  53. ^ Worth, Robert F. (October 10, 2004). "Wealth of Others Helped to Shape Kerry's Life". The New York Times. Saint-Briac-sur-Mer, France. Retrieved January 5, 2025. Mr. Kerry ... exudes a Brahmin reserve. His accent is no longer the upper-class drawl of his youth, but his soft vowels and formal diction still hint at a privileged lineage.
  54. ^ Pearl Harbor speech by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (sound file)
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