Right-wing populism

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and U.S. president Donald Trump in 2019

Polish Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán in 2017

Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni speaking at the 2022 CPAC

Inauguration of Javier Milei and Victoria Villarruel as President and Vice President of Argentina in 2023

Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right populism,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[a] is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking to or for the "common people". Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism, social conservatism, economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism.^[5] Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders.^[6] Right-wing populism has associations with authoritarianism,^[7]^[8] while some far-right populists draw comparisons to fascism.^[9]^[10]

Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism,^[11] anti-globalization,^[12]^[13] nativism,^[12]^[14]^[15] and protectionism.^[16] In Europe, the term is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration,^[12]^[17] especially from the Muslim world,^[12]^[18] and for Euroscepticism.^[19] Right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state, but only for those they deem fit to receive it;^[20] this concept has been referred to as "welfare chauvinism".^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] Since the Great Recession,^[26]^[27]^[28] European right-wing populist movements such as the Brothers of Italy and the League in Italy, the National Rally (formerly the National Front) in France, the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, National Alliance in Latvia, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia, the Finns Party, the Sweden Democrats, Danish People's Party, Vox in Spain, Chega in Portugal, the Freedom Party of Austria, Fidesz in Hungary, Law and Justice in Poland, the UK Independence Party, the Alternative for Germany, the Freedom and Direct Democracy in the Czech Republic, Greek Solution, Alliance for the Union of Romanians, Revival in Bulgaria, the Swiss People's Party and Reform UK (formerly the Brexit Party) began to grow in popularity,^[29]^[30] in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.^[31]

From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s.^[32] Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "radical right") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.^[33] American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election and the 2024 United States presidential election after running on platforms founded on right-wing populist themes.^[34]

Definition

Right-wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses neo-nationalism, social conservatism, and economic nationalism.^[35]

Cas Mudde argues that what he calls the "populist radical right" starts with the idea of 'the nation'. He however rejects the use of nationalism as a core ideology of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term "nativism": a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ('the nation'), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state". Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term "anti-immigrant" does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianism—an attitude, not necessarily anti-democratic or autocratic, to prefer "law and order" and the submission to authority^[b]—and populism—a "thin-centered ideology" that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", regardless of human rights or constitutional guarantees.^[c]^[36] Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism, there is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature".^[37]

Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath, writes that "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."^[9] For populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism, it requires a "nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis."^[10]

[P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in the past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism.^[38]

Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that xenophobia, anti-immigration sentiments, nativism, ethno-nationalism are, in different ways, central elements in the ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties."^[39] Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism."^[40] Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits a politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist";^[41] in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'".^[42]

Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right"^[43] or other terms such as new nationalism.^[44] Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'New Right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neo-fascist', 'anti-establishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'anti-government', 'anti-party', 'ultranationalist', 'right-libertarian' and so on".^[45]^{[needs update]} The term 'authoritarian populism' can be used to describe right-wing populism,^[46] though it is also used to refer to left-wing political movements.^[47]^[48]

In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right-wing populism, political psychologist Shawn W. Rosenberg asserts that its "intellectual roots and underlying logic" are best seen as "a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century".

Guided by its roots in ideological fascism ... and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy, [right-wing populism] tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership, more specifically its key leader. This leader embodies the will of the people, renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly. Thus distinctions between the leadership, the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose. (p.5) ... In this political cultural conception, individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status. They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of the collective, the people and the nation. Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality – they are nationals, members of the nation. ... In this conception, the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined, the line between them blurred. As suggested by philosophers of fascism ... the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in the state. It is a symbiotic relation. Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission. In so doing, individuals are at once defined and valued, recognized and glorified. (p.12)^[49]

According to Rosenberg, right-wing populism accepts the primacy of "the people", but rejects liberal democracy's protection of the rights of minorities, and favors ethno-nationalism over the legal concept of the nation as a polity, with the people as its members; in general, it rejects the rule of law. All of these attributes, as well as its favoring of strong political leadership, suggest right-wing populism's fascist leanings.^[50] Historian Federico Finchelstein defines populism as a form of authoritarian democracy while fascism is an ultraviolent dictatorship.^[51]

Motivations and methods

According to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, "National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West. [...] [Their] 'direct' conception of democracy differs from the 'liberal' one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of the West's current economic settlement. They are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas".^[3] Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party.^[52]

Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see "national populism" as an attempt to combine the socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".^[53] As Front National ideologue François Duprat put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If both left and right parties share populism itself, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites".^[54]

Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left – such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism, which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society – and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists can, in the words of sociologist Jens Rydgren, "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists."^[55] Sociologist Hande Eslen-Ziya argues that right-wing populist movements rely on "troll science", namely "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse" that creates an alternative narrative.^[56] In addition to rhetorical methods, right-wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media, including websites and newsletters, social media groups and pages, as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups.^[57]^[58]^[59]

Cultural issues and immigration

While immigration is a common theme at the center of many national right-wing populist movements, the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues, such as religion, gender roles, and sexuality, as is the case with the transnational anti-gender theory movements.^[59]^[60] A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories, rumors, and falsehoods.^[61]^[62]^[63] Some scholars argue that right-wing populism's association with conspiracy, rumor and falsehood may be more common in the digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion.^[64] These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right-wing populism with post-truth politics.^[59]

History

Germany and France (1870–1900)

German and French right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870–1900 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the Völkisch movement and Boulangism.^[65] Völkischen represented a romantic nationalist, racialist, and from the 1900s, antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation" that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites".^[66]^[65] In France, the anti-parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes, led by Boulanger, Déroulède, and Barrès, called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by universal suffrage, and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums.^[65] It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair (1894).^[67]

Denmark and Norway (1970s)

Modern national populism—what Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties"^[68]—emerged in the 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the post–World War II era, symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973. Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s: the Progress Party, the ancestor of the Danish People's Party, and Anders Lange's Party in Norway.^[53]

Netherlands and France (2001)

A new wave of right-wing populism arose after the September 11 attacks. "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List and later followed by Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom and Jean Marie and his daughter Marine Le Pen's National Rally. According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, those parties are not a real syncretism of the left and right, as their ideology and voter base are interclassist.^[d]^[69] Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism, and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration.^[70]^[71]

Hungary (early 2000s)

The roots of the right-wing populist movement in Hungary are deep, and over the past few decades it has significantly influenced politics in the country. Right-wing populism is growing in Hungary at present because its origins can be found in the post-communist era, particularly in the economic and political chaos of the 1990s.

In the early 2000s, the Jobbik Party, formally known as the Movement for a Better Hungary, emerged and rapidly became the country's most successful far-right political party. Jobbik, which was founded in 2003, exploited anti-Semitic and anti-Roma feelings to rally support, as well as strong nationalist rhetoric and hostility to capitalism and liberalism. The party's successful use of internet channels to attract and mobilize young people resulted in tremendous popularity and influence.^[72]

Viktor Orbán's Fidesz Party is also a prominent factor in Hungarian right-wing populism. Since taking office in 2010, Orbán has changed Fidesz from a center-right party to a right-wing populist organization. Under Orbán's leadership, the party has stressed national sovereignty, anti-immigrant policies, and conservative social values, frequently battling with the EU on a variety of topics. Orbán's administration has centralized authority, controlled media, and altered legal frameworks to keep power.^[73]^[72]

Movements by country

Piero Ignazi [it], an Italian political scientist, divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union, and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement. In contrast, he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.^[68]^[74]

Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation.^[75] The U.S. Republican Party and the Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions.

Africa

Nigeria

Rabiu Kwankwaso, as well as his New Nigeria People's Party, are generally as populist^[76] and ultraconservative.^[77] Styling himself off of Aminu Kano, Kwankwaso has voiced support for the welfare state and building more universities, while also increasing the size of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Nigerian Police Force.^[78] Kwankwaso is seen as being strongly culturally conservative and a deeply pious Muslim, although he is no Islamist.^[79] Even with Kwankwaso's cultural conservatism, he has expressed support for women's rights in Nigeria.^[80]

South Africa

According to John Campbell from the Council on Foreign Relations, Freedom Front Plus is a white and coloured dominated political party that promotes Afrikaner nationalism. The current party manifesto, written by Pieter Groenewald, calls for an end to affirmative action and Black Economic Empowerment while supporting proportional representation.^[81] Freedom Front Plus has always promoted policies which are conservative in nature and support Afrikaans-speakers and Christians from the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa.^[81]

Uganda

President Yoweri Museveni and his party, National Resistance Movement, are usually considered right-wing populist,^[82]^[83] anti-LGBT,^[84]^[85] and Ugandan nationalist. According to Corina Lacatus, "Museveni came to power in 1986 as a populist figure who adopted an authoritarian leadership style and converted over the years in an authoritarian leader. Over the years, he has continued to rely on a tried-and-tested populist discourse that granted him political success in the first place, to continue the advancement of his regime and to promote his election campaigns."^[86]

Americas

Argentina

Javier Milei, the incumbent president of Argentina, is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence. Milei's views distinguish him in the Argentine political landscape and have garnered him significant public attention and polarizing reactions. He has been described politically as a right-wing libertarian and right-wing populist, that supports laissez-faire economics, aligning specifically with minarchist and anarcho-capitalist principles. Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. He supports freedom of choice on drug policy, firearms, prostitution, same-sex marriage, sexual preference, and gender identity, while opposing abortion and euthanasia. In foreign policy, he advocates closer relations with the United States, supporting Ukraine in response to the Russian invasion of the country. He is also distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China.^[87] He has been variously described as far right,^[88]^[89]^[90] far-right populist,^[91]^[92]^[93] right-wing libertarian,^[94]^[95]^[96] ultraconservative,^[97]^[98]^[99] and ultra-liberal.^[100]^[101]^[102] A philosophical anarcho-capitalist who is for practical purposes a minarchist, Milei advocates minimal government, focusing on justice and security,^[103] with a philosophy rooted in life, liberty, and property, and free market principles. He criticizes socialism and communism,^[104] advocating economic liberalization and the restructuring of government ministries.^[105] He opposes the Central Bank of Argentina and current taxation policies.^[106]^[107]

Economically, Milei is influenced by the Austrian school of economics and admires former president Carlos Menem's policies.^[108] He supports capitalism, viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion.^[104] Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms, criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending.^[109]^[110] He has praised the economic policies of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and called her "a great leader".^[111]^[112]^[113]

Brazil

In Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election.^[114] In the Brazilian general election of 2014, Levy Fidelix, from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party,^[115] presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him, the only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, and same-sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families.^[116] In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote.^[117] Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In the second round, Fidelix supported candidate Aécio Neves.^[118]

In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military, the police, and the religious right. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas in opposition to the left-wing policies of the Workers' Party. At the same time, right-libertarians, such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement, emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation, there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".^[119]

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,^[120] facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and racketeering against him.^[121] He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the National Congress of Brazil.^[120]^[121] On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros, acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and a member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement, was removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.^[122]

In March 2016, after entering the Social Christian Party, far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota, but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party and, supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, he won the 2018 presidential election, followed by left-wing former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.^[123]^[124]^[125] Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned.^[126]^[127] Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,^[128] xenophobic,^[129] misogynistic,^[130] and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, and queer identity, and support for tax cuts, militarism, catholicity, and evangelicalism.^[131]^[132]

Canada

Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada, partly due to the idea of Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan but fell into obscurity by the 1970s.

In the late 1980s, the Reform Party of Canada, led by Preston Manning, became another right-wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which alienated many Blue Tories and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada. Initially motivated by a single-issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada, the Reform Party expanded its platform to include a blend of socially conservative and right-wing populist policies. It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the Canadian Alliance. The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada, after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas.

In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch; businessman Kevin O'Leary; Quebec Premier François Legault; the former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford.^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136]

In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada, which has self-described as "smart populism" and been described as a "right of centre, populist" movement.^[137] Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian federal elections, and the People's Party scored just above 1% of the vote; however, in the 2021 election, it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5% of the popular vote.^[138]

Pierre Poilievre, who has been described as populist by some journalists,^[139]^[140] won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz,^[140] however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex marriage positions.^[141]^[142]^[143]^[144]^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148]

Costa Rica

In the 2018 political campaign, both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz^[149]^[150] and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro Fernández^[151]^[152] were described as examples of right-wing populists.

United States

In the United States, right-wing populism is frequently aligned with evangelical Christianity,^[153] segregationism,^[154] nationalism, nativism^[154] anti-intellectualism^[154] and anti-Semitism.^[155]^[156] The Republican Party (United States), particularly supporters of Donald Trump, includes right-wing populist factions.^[157]

Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.^[158] Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson (D-GA), Strom Thurmond,^[e] Joseph McCarthy (R-WI), Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), George Wallace (D-AL), and Pat Buchanan (R-VA).^[155]

Several of the prominent members of the Populist Party of the 1890s and 1900s, while economically liberal, supported social aspects of right-wing populism.^[154] Watson, the Vice-Presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900, eventually embraced white supremacy and anti-Semitism.^[159] William Jennings Bryan, the 1896 Populist presidential nominee, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism. Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative Social Gospeler".^[154]^[160] An article by National Public Radio's Ron Elving likens the populism of Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump.^[154]

In 2010, Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the Tea Party movement as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement". They added: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".^[161] In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".^[162] Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.^[163]^[164]^[165] In the U.S. House of Representatives, the Freedom Caucus, associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.^[166]^[167]

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-establishment, anti-immigration, and protectionist rhetoric, was characterized as right-wing populist.^[168]^[169] The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has also been described as such.^[170] Donald Trump's policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right-wing populist by academics and political commentators.^[171]^[172]

Asia-Pacific countries

Australia

Right-wing populism has also been represented by Pauline Hanson's One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for Queensland^[173] and typically preferences votes to the mainstream Liberal-National Coalition.,^[174] and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.^[175]^[176]

Furthermore, the main center-right party the Coalition has certain members belonging to the right-wing populist faction known as National Right including the current opposition leader Peter Dutton.^[177]

China

The wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis has caused a wave of anti-immigration sentiment on the Chinese internet, and many narratives very similar to those of the populist right have since been observed, such as anti-"western leftism", Islamophobia, and anti-multiculturalism.^[178]

India

Right-wing politics in India primarily centers around nationalism, cultural conservatism, and economic reform aimed at self-reliance and growth. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is the leading right-wing party, closely associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organization. The BJP and the RSS promote the idea of Hindutva, or “Hinduness,” which emphasizes India’s Hindu cultural heritage. This ideology is often contrasted with secularism and is sometimes seen as favoring policies that strengthen Hindu identity in the nation’s cultural and political fabric.

Key figures in right-wing Indian politics include Narendra Modi, known for his policies on economic reform, digital infrastructure, and a strong stance on national security, and Amit Shah, the BJP’s chief strategist. The party’s policies often prioritize military modernization, anti-corruption measures, and regional development projects.

The Bharatiya Janata Party has successfully gained support through welfare programs aimed at the rural population, as well as through appeals to traditional values and the narrative of a strong, unified India. This approach has reshaped Indian politics by shifting the focus toward nationalist and development-oriented policies, making the BJP a dominant force in recent decades.

Israel

Japan

Right-wing populism in Japan encompasses two distinct factions. One faction includes conservatives such as Nippon Ishin no Kai, who are either unaffiliated with or opposed to the Liberal Democratic Party's (LDP) 1955 System.^[179] The other faction resembles Western far-right populists^[how?] and includes parties such as Japan First Party, Sanseito, and the Conservative Party of Japan.^[180]

New Zealand

Right-wing populism is thought to have emerged in New Zealand with Robert Muldoon, the New Zealand National Party prime minister from 1975 to 1984. A economic nationalist and social conservative, Muldoon has been cited as having appealed to the masses through his animosity towards the media and leftists and his own abrasive and colourful public persona.^[181] He also often made rude or unusually frank comments about foreign leaders, including American president Jimmy Carter and Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser,^[181] whom he ridiculed and even bullied.^[182]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf (PTI) has recently been described as centrist-populist while sharing some characteristics with right-wing populists.^[183] Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions.^[183] British journalist Ben Judah, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric.^[184]

South Korea

Conservatism in South Korea has traditionally been more inclined toward elitism than populism. However, since the 2016 South Korean political scandal, Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public.^[185]

Hong Joon-pyo and Lee Un-ju of the People Power Party are leading right-wing populists advocating anti-homosexuality, anti-immigration and social conservative views.^[186]^[187] Yoon Suk Yeol, president of South Korea and candidate for the PPP in the 2022 South Korean presidential election, has been criticized as a "populist" for using hostile sentiment toward feminism and proposing unrealistic economic policies.^[188]

South Korean right-wing circles insist that the impeachment of former president Park Geun-hye is wrong, stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the Park Chung Hee administration.^[189] It also shows a radical anti-North Korea, anti-Chinese and anti-communist stance.^[190]

Taiwan

Taiwan's right-wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country's 'Taiwan' and emphasize their identity as a 'Republic of China'. Taiwan's left-wing Taiwanese nationalists have strong pro-American tendencies, so Taiwan's major and minor conservatives are critical of this.^[191] In particular, Taiwan's right-wing populists demand that economic growth and right-wing Chinese nationalist issues be more important than liberal democracy and that they become closer to the People's Republic of China. Some of Taiwan's leading right-wing populists include Terry Gou, Han Kuo-yu, and Chang Ya-chung.^[192]^[193]^[194]

European countries

In May 2019, Foreign Policy magazine described Ireland, Malta and Portugal as the only three European Union countries without far-right populist parties in their parliament.^[195] Portugal subsequently elected the Chega party to its parliament in October 2019.^[196] The French-speaking Belgian region of Wallonia is also described as a rare place in Europe without a significant right-wing populism presence, in part due to a media cordon sanitaire which prohibits far-right candidates from live media appearances.^[197]^[198]

In 2016, Senior European Union diplomats cited growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had scrutinized possible links with Moscow.^[199] Also in 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia was trying to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting right-wing populist politicians across the bloc.^[200] However, as there in the United States of America, there seems to be an underlying problem that is not massively discussed in the media. That underlying problem is that of housing. A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties.^[201] In that study, it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop were much more likely to vote for Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election. Those who saw the price of their house rise were much more likely to vote for Emmanuel Macron. The same pattern emerged in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, in which those that saw the price of their house rise voted to Remain. Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop voted to Leave.

Austria

The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ), established in 1955, claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager) beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism, although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political center. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised a considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g., the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair).

From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more moderate stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria. The liberal interlude, however, ended when Jörg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters through his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude. Nevertheless, he also obtained votes from large sections of the population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing the corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.

Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FPÖ), with 26.9% of the votes cast, became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers and the impossibility of agitation against members of his cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÖ's loss of reputation with the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) relaunch to carry on his government. The remaining FPÖ members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election, both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÖ lost a measurable amount of support.

The FPÖ regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election, though he narrowly lost the election. After the 2017 legislative elections, the FPÖ formed a government coalition with the Austrian People's Party but lost seats in 2019.

The FPÖ won 2024 legislative elections for the first time in history with over 29% of vote.

Belgium

Flag used by the now-defunct Vlaams Blok

Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with a particular focus on Islamic immigration), and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.^[202] However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under the country's anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants.^[203]

In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, initially with a near-identical ideology before moderating parts of its statute. It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country. It also calls for a zero-tolerance stance on illegal immigration and the reinstatement of border controls.^[204] Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.^[205] In Antwerp, sections of the city's significant Jewish population have begun to support the party.^[206] With 23 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish Parliament^[207] and holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives.^[208]

The Flemish nationalist and conservative liberal New Flemish Alliance party has been described as populist or containing right-wing populist elements by foreign media such as the German Die Zeit magazine. However, the party has rebutted the term and does not label itself as such.^[209]

In the French-speaking Wallonia, Mischaël Modrikamen, an associate of Steve Bannon, was chairman of the Parti Populaire (PP), which contested elections in Wallonia. Political analysts have generally observed that right-wing populist parties tend to perform better with the Flemish electorate over French-speaking Belgian voters, on the whole, owing to the Flemish vote moving to the right in recent decades and Flemish parties intertwining Flemish nationalism with other issues.^[123]

As of the 2019 federal, regional, and European elections, Vlaams Belang has surged from 248,843 votes in 2014 to 783,977 on 26 May 2019.^[210]

Bulgaria

There are several right-wing populist parties in Bulgaria, including VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, Conservative Bulgaria, and Attack. For the 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election, they formed the United Patriots electoral alliance, which won 27 seats in Parliament. United Patriots entered a coalition with GERB to form the Third Borisov Government. Volya Movement, another right-wing populist party with 12 seats in Parliament, also supported the government.

Following the 2021 Bulgarian general election, another right-wing populist party, Revival, entered Parliament, while VMRO, Conservative Bulgaria, Attack, and the Volya Movement failed to win any seats.

Cyprus

The ELAM was formed in 2008.^[211] Its platform includes advocating for Unification with Greece, opposition to further European integration, immigration, and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).^{[citation needed]}

Denmark

In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.^[212] In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.^[213] In the following years, its support dwindled, but the Danish People's Party replaced it in the 1990s, becoming an important support party for the governing coalition in the 2000s.^[214] At the height of its popularity, it won 21% of the vote (corresponding to 37 seats) in the 2015 Danish general election,^[215] becoming the second-largest party in the Folketing and serving once again as support party for two minority governments 2015–2019 before being reduced to 16 seats in the 2019 Danish general election and 5 seats (2.6% of the vote) in 2022.^[216] In 2015 the New Right party was founded,^[217] which gained six seats (3.7% of the vote) at the 2022 election.^[216] In 2022 the Denmark Democrats were founded as the most recent right-wing populist party in the Folketing, gaining 8% of the vote and 14 seats at the 2022 general election.^[218]

Finland

In Finland, the most popular right wing to far-right party is the Finns Party. The most recent parliamentary election took place on 2 April 2023. After the 2023 election the Orpo Cabinet was formed by the National Coalition, Finns and Swedish People's Party as well as the Christian Democrats.^[219]^[220]^[221]^[222]

France

Gaullism is considered part of (right-wing) populism because it is based on charisma, popular mobilization, French nationalism, and exceptionalism. Gaullism is deeply embedded in modern right-wing politics in France.^[223]^[224]

France's National Front (NF) – renamed in 2018 as the "National Rally" – has been cited as the "prototypical populist radical right-wing party".^[37] The party was founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen as the unification of several French nationalist movements of the time; he developed it into a well-organized party.^[37] After struggling for a decade, the party reached its first peak in 1984. By 2002, Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency, becoming the first NF candidate to qualify for a presidential runoff election. After Le Pen's daughter, Marine Le Pen, took over as the head of the party in 2011, the National Front established itself as one of the main political parties in France. Marine Le Pen's policy of "de-demonizing" or normalizing the party resulted in her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015. Marine Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron, which was held on 7 May 2017. However, polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population considers the party to be a threat to democracy.^[225]

Right-wing populism in France has also congealed around cultural issues such as the anti-gay marriage and anti-gender theory movements exemplified by La Manif pour tous.^[59]

Germany

Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany, which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.

Right-wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (Bürger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner), led by Franz Schönhuber, entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg twice in 1992 and 1996. However, after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favor of the far-right German People's Union and the Neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).

In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro-movement appeared as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations, and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against extremism^[226] and immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero-tolerance policy and combat corruption. Their politics extend to far-right positions with the denial of a multiethnic society (Überfremdung) and the spread of Islam. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party, founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU), and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").

The AfD has grown in popularity, particularly in eastern Germany, where it has benefited from economic dissatisfaction and immigration fears. According to studies, the AfD will be the second most popular party in Germany by 2023, with rising influence at both the national and provincial levels.Their stance has gotten more radical, advocating for Germany's exit from the EU and NATO and opposing climate protection measures.^[227] The party's popularity might be attributed to internal disputes and policy debates inside Germany's ruling coalition, which have eroded public trust in traditional parties.^[228]

In 2024, AfD won state election in Thuringia and finished closely second in Saxony and Brandenburg.

Greece

The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).^[229]^[230] Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections, ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.^[231]

The Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexing territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and İzmir.^[232] Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens, which only supplied Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.^[233]

The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalization, lower taxes for small businesses, and opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia and immigration only for Europeans.^[234] Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.^[235]

The Greek Solution is right-wing to far-right and has been described as ideologically ultranationalist and right-wing populist. The party garnered 3.7% of the vote in the 2019 Greek legislative election, winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament and 4.18% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament election in Greece, winning one seat in the European Parliament.

Hungary

The 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election result was a victory for the Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with Viktor Orbán remaining prime minister. Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Italy

In Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party in the last twenty years was Lega, formerly Lega Nord (Northern League),^[236] whose leaders reject the right-wing label,^[237]^[238]^[239] though not the "populist" one.^[240] The League is a federalist, regionalist, and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism, and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society, and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the North–south divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education, or criminality.^[241]^[242]^[243]^[244] Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "terrone", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.^[241]^[242]^[245] As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance.

With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone and is considered a Eurosceptic movement and, as such, is a part of the Identity and Democracy(ID) group in the European Parliament. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 2001–2006, 2008–2011, and 2018–2019. Most recently, the party, including among its members the presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 17.4% of the vote in the 2018 general election, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the centre-right coalition). In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini, it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has, to some extent, embraced Italian nationalism and emphasized Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration, and other "populist" policies while allying with right-wing populist parties in Europe.^[246]^[247]^[248]

Silvio Berlusconi, leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 1994 to 1995, 2001–2006, and 2008–2011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.^[249]^[250]

Between the late 2010s and the early 2020s, another right-wing populist movement emerged within the centre-right coalition. The nationalist and national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), led by Giorgia Meloni, gained 4.4% of votes in the 2018 election and, four years later, it became the most voted party in the 2022 general election, gaining 26% of votes. Meloni was appointed prime minister on 22 October, at the head of what it was considered as the most rightist Italian government since 1945.^[251]^[252]

Some national conservative, nationalist, and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong, especially in Lazio, the region around Rome, and Southern Italy. Most of them originated due to the Italian Social Movement (a national-conservative party whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in the 1996 general election). In addition to Brothers of Italy, they include New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%), Social Idea Movement (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%).

Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol, the local second-largest party, Die Freiheitlichen, is often described as a right-wing populist party.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982 when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election. Ideologically, the LPF differed somewhat from other European right-wing populist movements by holding more liberal stances on certain social issues such as abortion, gay rights, and euthanasia (Fortuyn himself was openly gay) while maintaining an uncompromising stance on immigration, law and order, and the European Union. Fortuyn was also credited with shifting the Dutch political landscape by bringing the topics of multiculturalism, immigration, and the integration of immigrants into the political mainstream.^[253] However, the coalition had broken up by 2003, and the LPF went into steep decline until it was dissolved.

Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives and described as inheriting the mantle of the Pim Fortuyn List. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main program revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder and abandoning the euro.^[254]

The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures. This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government.

In the 2017 Dutch general election, Wilders' PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives, bringing their total to 20 seats.^[255]

From 2017 onwards, the Forum for Democracy (FvD) emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands. The FvD also advocates a stricter immigration policy and a referendum on Dutch membership of the EU.^[256]^[257]

The Farmer–Citizen Movement, described as a right-wing populist party,^[258] won the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, winning the popular vote and receiving the most seats in all twelve provinces.^[259]^[260] The party has been supported by local pundits such as Eva Vlaardingerbroek.^[261]^[262]

Poland

The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds the presidency. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.^[264]

The Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by Michał Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by the abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education, and Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.^[265]^[266] The party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists.^[267]^[268]

Romania

The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), a right-wing populist party,^[269] became the fourth-largest political force in Romania after the 2020 Romanian parliamentary election.^[270]

Russia

Spain

In Spain, the appearance of right-wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 election for the Parliament of Andalusia, in which the right-wing populist party VOX managed to obtain 12 seats^[271] and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right People's Party and Citizens, even though the Socialist Party won the elections.^[272] VOX, which has been frequently described as far-right, both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press,^[273]^[274] promotes characteristic policies of the populist right,^[275] such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country -even of legal immigrants who commit crimes-, a generalized criminal tightening, combined with traditional claims of right-wing conservatives, such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the Autonomous Communities, and has harshly criticized the laws against gender violence, approved by the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, but later maintained by the PP executive of Mariano Rajoy, accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying "gender totalitarianism".^[276]

Party official Javier Ortega Smith is being investigated for alleged hate speech after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about "the Islamist invasion".^[277] The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far-right-inspired policies with right-libertarianism in tax and social security matters.

After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in Andalusia^[278] and other regions,^[279] in the 2019 Spanish general election, VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the Congress of Deputies, with 10.26% of the vote, falling short of expectations^[280] after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events. Although the People's Party and Citizens leaders, Pablo Casado and Albert Rivera, had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX to reach the government,^[281] the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility, giving the government to the social democrat Pedro Sánchez.^[282]

Madrilenian president Isabel Díaz Ayuso, despite being a member of the centre-right People's Party, has been sustained in government by VOX and adopted many policies championed by the party.^[283] She has embraced populist rhetoric,^[284] defended Spanish imperialism,^[285] dismissed climate change,^[286] and opposed Covid-19 lockdowns.^[287] She has been to compared to Donald Trump by several of her critics.^[288]^[289]

Sweden

In Sweden, the first openly populist movement to be represented in the Riksdag (Swedish parliament), New Democracy was founded in 1994 by businessman Bert Karlsson and aristocrat Ian Wachtmeister. Although New Democracy promoted economic issues as its foremost concern, it also advocated restrictions on immigration and welfare chauvinism. The party saw a sharp rise in support in 1994 before declining soon after.^[290]^[291]

In 2010, the Sweden Democrats entered parliament for the first time. The Sweden Democrats originally had connections to white nationalism during its early days but later began expelling hardline members and moderated its platform to transform itself into a more mainstream movement. The party calls for more robust immigration and asylum policies, compulsory measures to assimilate immigrants into Swedish society, and stricter law and order policies. The Sweden Democrats are currently the second largest party in Sweden, with 20.5% of the popular vote in the 2022 Swedish general election, and the second most seats in the Swedish parliament with 72 seats.^[212]^[292]

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered national conservative,^[293]^[294] but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"^[295] and "radical right-wing populist",^[296] reflecting a spectrum of ideologies among its members. Its far-right wing includes members such as Ulrich Schlüer and Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.^[297]^[298]

In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979, and grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from the fourth largest party to the largest and gained a second seat in the Swiss Federal Council in 2003 with the prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.^[299]^[300]^[301]^[302]

Turkey

The Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have been in power since 2002.

The Victory Party is a patriotic and Kemalist political party in Turkey founded on 26 August 2021, under the leadership of Ümit Özdağ. It is represented in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey by two deputies. The party is the continuation of the Ayyıldız Movement initiated by Ümit Özdağ, the founding petition of the party was submitted to the Ministry of the Interior on 26 August 2021, and then the party was officially established. The party leader Özdağ and his deputies aim to re-institute Kemalist and Turkish nationalist ideologies in the government and aim to send back refugees to their homelands.

United Kingdom

The Scholarly authors Breeze, Bale, Ashkenas and Aisch, and Clarke et al. characterised the UK Independence Party (UKIP), then led by Nigel Farage, as a right-wing populist party.^[303]^[304]^[305]^[306] UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum^[307] and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.^[308]^[309]^[310] In the 2019 general election, UKIP entered candidates in 44 of the 650 available seats, winning none of them, and achieving 0.1% of the popular vote.^[311] In 2013, the Conservative Party, which along with the Liberal Democrats governed from 2010 to 2015 as a coalition government, saw local party campaigners pledging support for UKIP over issues related to the European Union and gay marriage.^[312]

The role of UKIP in the UK underwent a rapid transformation post-Brexit, with Nigel Farage leading the initiative to establish the Brexit Party, which was subsequently rebranded as Reform UK. These entities have consistently been identified as extensions of UKIP,^[313] sharing common populist ideological elements.^[314]

In the Conservative Party, Thatcherism had right-wing populist elements, including nationalism and social conservatism^[315] Although Margaret Thatcher has been characterised by some scholars as a right-wing populist politician in the UK,^[316]^[317]^[318] this has been disputed by other scholars due to its applicability in the context of the 1980s.^[319] Others contend that Thatcher's role was pivotal in steering the party's ideology towards a more populist direction.^[320] The phenomenon is commonly referred to as "Thatcherite populism".^[321]^[316]^[322]^[323] Other prominent right-wing populists in the party include past prime minister Boris Johnson^[324]^[325]^[326] and Jacob Rees-Mogg, the former Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.^[327]^[328]^[329]^[330]

Ingle and Swanson, et al. consider the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to be a right-wing populist party.^[331]^[332]

Right-wing populist political parties

Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions

Notes

^ On the whole, the "right-wing populism" in Europe and the United States are almost identical to "right-wing nationalism", but in Asia and other non-Western regions, "right-wing populism" and "right-wing nationalism" do not necessarily coincide. Japan's former prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is described by experts as a right-wing 'nationalist', but at the same time as not a (right-wing) 'populist'.^[4] Myanmar's right-wing nationalist military regime is cracking down on the activities of the largest populist political party supporting democratization. Some right-wing populist movements in Islamic world are based on Islamic fundamentalism, some of which reject Western ideologies, including nationalism.
^ Mudde: authoritarianism "is the belief in a strictly ordered society, in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely. In this interpretation, [it] includes law and order and "punitive conventional moralism". It does not necessarily mean an anti-democratic attitude, but neither does it preclude one. In addition, the authoritarian's submission to authority, established or not, is "not absolute, automatic, nor blind". In other words, while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept (established) authority than non-authoritarians, they can and will rebel under certain circumstances."
^ "Maximal" right-wing populists here give a preference for the état légal—which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum; against the Rechtsstaat—which limits the power of the democratic state (the majority) to protect the rights of minorities.
^ Neo-populists, contrary to the Marxist worldview, do not oppose the "working class" to the "bourgeoisie" and capitalists, but rather the "people" to the "elites" and immigrants.
^ Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party, but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party until his death in 2003.

References

Citations

^ Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021). "The Causes of Populism in the West". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503.
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.
^ ^a ^b Eatwell, Roger; Goodwin, Matthew (25 October 2018). National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. Penguin UK. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-241-31201-8.
^ Japan's rising right-wing nationalism Vox (26 May 2017).
^ Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.
^ Akkerman, Agnes (2003) "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?" Acta Politica n.38, pp.147–159
^ Weyland, Kurt (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift". Journal of Democracy. 24 (3): 18–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0045. S2CID 154433853.
^ Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2018). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian-populism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-108-42607-7.
^ ^a ^b Eatwell, Roger (2017) "Populism and Fascism" in Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira; Taggart, Paul; Espejo, Paulina Ochoa; and Ostiguy, Pierre eds. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."
^ ^a ^b Brown, Drew (31 October 2018) "Where Does 'Right-Wing Populism' End, and Fascism Begin?" Vice
^ Bierbach, Mara (26 February 2019). "Climate protection: Where do the EU's right-wing populists stand?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kallis, Aristotle (2018). "Part I: Ideology and Discourse – The Radical Right and Islamophobia". In Rydgren, Jens (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford and New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–60. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9. LCCN 2017025436.
^ North, Bonnie. "The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe". Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "The political lexicon of a billionaire populist". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "The End of Reaganism". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Sharpe, Matthew. "The metapolitical long game of the European New Right". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Traub, James. "The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Buruma, Ian (10 March 2017). "How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2 March 2021). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF). West European Politics. 45: 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497. hdl:20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 233843313.
^ Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2022). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF). West European Politics. 45 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497. hdl:20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f. S2CID 233843313.
^ Enggist, Matthias; Pinggera, Michael (2022). "Radical right parties and their welfare state stances – not so blurry after all?". West European Politics. 45 (1): 102–128. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115. PMC 8489900. PMID 34621097.
^ Edsall, Thomas (16 December 2014). "The Rise of 'Welfare Chauvinism'". New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^ Rippon, Haydn (4 May 2012). "The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?". The Conversation. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^ Matlack, Carol (20 November 2013). "The Far-Left Economics of France's Far Right". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^ Judis, John B. (5 October 2016). The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-0-9971264-4-0.
^ Cooper, Ryan (15 March 2017). "The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right-wing populism". The Week. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Sarmadi, Dario (20 October 2015). "Far-right parties always gain support after financial crises, report finds". EURACTIV. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ "The map which shows how Ukip support is growing in every constituency but two". The Independent. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Hunt, Alex (21 November 2014). "UKIP: The story of the UK Independence Party's rise". BBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Lowe, Josh; Matthews, Owen; AM, Matt McAllester On 11/23/16 at 9:02 (23 November 2016). "Why Europe's populist revolt is spreading". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154. ISSN 2075-4698.
^ Kaplan & Weinberg 1998, pp. 1–2.
^ "Trump's 6 populist positions". POLITICO. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.
^ Mudde, Cas (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–31. ISBN 978-0-511-34143-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mudde, Cas; Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-19-023487-4.
^ Federico Finchelstein, Federico (2019) From Fascism to Populism in History Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.5–6 ISBN 978-0-520-30935-7
^ Berggren, Erik and Neergard, Andres "Populism: Protest, democratic challenge and right wing sxtremism" in Dahlstedt, Magnus and Neergaard, Andres eds. (2015) International Migration and Ethnic Relations: Critical Perspectives/ New York: Routledge. p.179. ISBN 978-1-317-65590-9
^ Shenkman, Rick (8 September 2019) "The Shocking Paper Predicting the End of Democracy" Politico Magazine
^ Rydgren, Jens (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9.
^ Rooduijn, Matthijs (2014). "Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public?". Nations and Nationalism. 20 (1): 82. doi:10.1111/nana.12054. ISSN 1469-8129.
^ Kaplan & Weinberg 1998, pp. 10–11.
^ "From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Norris 2005, p. 44.
^ AKGEMCİ, Esra (2022). "Authoritarian Populism as a Response to Crisis: The Case of Brazil". Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations. 19 (74). Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi İktisadi İşletmesi: 37–51. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1113367. ISSN 1304-7310. JSTOR 27130875. Retrieved 24 October 2024. One could argue that authoritarian populism can also be combined with left-wing social policy. Still, I assert that the phenomenon was born to address specific conditions in which far-right leaders appealed to the "people" with populist attitudes to promote authoritarian measures. A leftist leader can also be both authoritarian and populist, but the term "authoritarian populism," which Stuart Hall coined, can be applied as a distinctive version of far-right populism.
^ "Authoritarian Populism Index 2024" (PDF). Timbro. 2024. p. 12. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
^ Corrales, Javier (19 August 2024). "Why Populism is the Sugar, Salt, and Fat of Our Politics. . . with Variations: A Reflection". American Behavioral Scientist. SAGE Publications. doi:10.1177/00027642241268275. ISSN 0002-7642. For comparable arguments for left-wing authoritarian populism, see Corrales (2011, 2018),. Carrión (2021), Cleary and Öztürk (2022).
^ Rosenberg cites Gentile, G. (1928) The philosophic basis of fascism. Foreign Affairs, v.6, n.2 pp.290–304
^ Rosenberg, Shawn W. (2019) "Democracy Devouring Itself: The Rise of the Incompetent Citizen and the Appeal of Right Wing Populism" in Hur, Domenico Uhng and Sabucedo, José Manuel eds. (forthcoming) Psychology of Political and Everyday Extremisms
^ Finchelstein, Federico (2019). From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface (First ed.). Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-520-30935-7. Populism is a form of authoritarian democracy, while Fascism is an ultraviolet dictatorship.
^ Bisbee, James; Mosley, Layna; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Rosendorff, B. Peter (2 July 2020). "Decompensating domestically: the political economy of anti-globalism". Journal of European Public Policy. 27 (7): 1090–1102. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1678662. S2CID 211341396.
^ ^a ^b Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.
^ Rydgren, Jens (2005) "Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family" European Journal of Political Research n.44, pp.413–37
^ Eslen-Ziya, Hande (2020). "Right-wing populism in New Turkey: Leading to all new grounds for troll science in gender theory". HTS Teologiese Studies. 76 (3). doi:10.4102/hts.v76i3.6005. hdl:11250/2682420. S2CID 224856495.
^ "Juan Branco, le populisme par le complotisme". Libération (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Boulianne, Shelley; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Bimber, Bruce (April 2020). "Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Western democracies". New Media & Society. 22 (4): 683–699. doi:10.1177/1461444819893983. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 215801488.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harsin, Jayson (1 March 2018). "Post-Truth Populism: The French Anti-Gender Theory Movement and Cross-Cultural Similarities". Communication, Culture and Critique. 11 (1): 35–52. doi:10.1093/ccc/tcx017. ISSN 1753-9129.
^ Kuhar, Roman; Paternotte, David (7 August 2017). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-78660-001-1.
^ Kay, Jack; Ziegelmueller, George W.; Minch, Kevin M. (February 1998). "From Coughlin to contemporary talk radio: Fallacies & propaganda in American populist radio". Journal of Radio Studies. 5 (1): 9–21. doi:10.1080/19376529809384526. ISSN 1095-5046.
^ Mammone, Andrea; Godin, Emmanuel; Jenkins, Brian (7 May 2013). Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-16750-8.
^ Jamin, Jérôme (2009). L'imaginaire du complot: discours d'extrême droite en France et aux Etats-Unis (in French). Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-8964-048-2.
^ Harsin, Jayson. "The Rumour Bomb: Theorising the Convergence of New and Old Trends in Mediated US Politics". Southern Review. 39 (1): 84–110.
^ ^a ^b ^c Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–14, 16–17. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.
^ Stéphane François (24 August 2009). "Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?". Fragments sur les Temps Présents (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2019.
^ Drake, D. (5 April 2005). French Intellectuals and Politics from the Dreyfus Affair to the Occupation. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-230-00609-6.
^ ^a ^b Ignazi 2002, p. 26.
^ Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 48–49, 178–179, 198. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.
^ Wodak, Ruth. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse.
^ ^a ^b "Populism in Europe: Hungary". www.opensocietyfoundations.org. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^ Gross, Stephen G. (August 2023). "Understanding Europe's Populist Right: The State of the Field". Contemporary European History. 32 (3): 489–497. doi:10.1017/S0960777322000261. ISSN 0960-7773.
^ Mudde, C. (2002). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6446-3. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ Norris 2005, pp. 68–69, 72.
^ "Nigeria • Africa Elects". Africa Elects.
^ "Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers". Al Jazeera.
^ Olurounbi, Eromo Egbejule, Ruth. "How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race". Al Jazeera.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers". Al Jazeera.
^ Ezeama, Victor (3 February 2023). "Nigeria election 2023: Who is Rabiu Kwankwaso of the NNPP?". BBC.
^ ^a ^b Campbell, John. "Right-Wing White Party Releases Election Manifesto in South Africa". Council on Foreign Relations.
^ Kazeem, Yomi (9 November 2016). "Africa's populists and strongmen are some of the first to welcome a Trump presidency". Quartz.
^ Lacatus, Corina (20 January 2023). "Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election". Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (1). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksac081. ISSN 2634-3797.
^ "Ugandan court upholds anti-LGBTQ law but says some rights infringed". Reuters.
^ "Uganda's President Signs Repressive Anti-LGBT Law | Human Rights Watch". 30 May 2023.
^ Lacatus, Corina (20 January 2023). "Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election". Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (1). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksac081. ISSN 2634-3797.
^ "Argentinian President Javier Milei's Stance: Anti-Abortion, Anti-Socialism and More". The Statesman. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Buschschlüter, Vanessa (19 November 2023). "Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election". BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Phillips, Tom (20 November 2023). "Who is Javier Milei? Argentina's new far-right president 'El Loco' takes the stage". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Oner, Imdat (22 November 2023). "Javier Milei's Victory: A New Chapter for Right-Wing Populism in Argentina?". Populism Studies. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Kahn, Carrie (19 November 2023). "Javier Milei, a radical libertarian populist, elected president of Argentina". NPR. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Argentina elects far-right populist Javier Milei 'the madman' as new president". ITV News. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Far-right populist Javier Milei becomes Argentina's new president". Euronews. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Analyst View Argentine far-right libertarian Milei sweeps to victory". Reuters. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Argentina election: What's next after Javier Milei's victory?". Al Jazeera. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Meredith, Sam (21 November 2023). "China says it stands ready to work with Argentina despite Milei criticism". CNBC. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Feldman, Ella (16 October 2023). "As inflation skyrockets, Argentina must choose: Far-right outsider or status quo for president?". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Criales, José Pablo (13 November 2023). "Sergio Massa drags Javier Milei through the mud in Argentina's last presidential debate: 'Is Margaret Thatcher your role model?'". El País English. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Bulbul, Nuray (20 November 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new hard-right president?". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Genoux, Flora (8 November 2023). "Argentina: Far-right candidate Javier Milei leaves the business community skeptical". Le Monde. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Fest, Sebastián (19 November 2023). "Javier Milei, el ultraliberal que promete poner patas arriba a Argentina y llevar a mínimos el vínculo con España". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Chitre, Manjiri (20 November 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new 'shock therapy' libertarian President?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina". Il Post (in Italian). 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b "La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo". Cronista (in Spanish). 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ "Punto por punto: el plan de gobierno que presentó Javier Milei". La Nación (in Spanish). 4 August 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ Centenera, Mar; Criales, José Pablo (14 August 2023). "Ultra-conservative Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins Argentina's primaries". El País English. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ Gillespie, Patrick; Tobías, Manuela (14 August 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, the Central Bank-Hating Economist Who Upended Argentine Polls?". Bloomberg Línea. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
^ Fiore Viani, Gonzalo (10 September 2021). "Milei y los libertarios: una corriente (no tan) nueva en la política argentina". Agenda Pública (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
^ Viriglio, Veronique (16 August 2023). "Il 'Trump argentino' che sfida Kirchner" [The "Argentine Trump" who challenges Kirchner] (in Italian). AGI. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ EM-electomania.es [@electo_mania] (16 August 2023). "La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via Twitter.
^ Goñi, Uki (13 November 2023). "Argentina's far-right Milei angers Falklands veterans with Thatcher praise". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Margaret Thatcher 'a great leader', Argentine candidate declares". The Times. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ Heath, Maximilian (17 November 2023). "Argentina's Javier Milei: the radical who could blow up political status quo". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ Boulos, Guilherme. "Onda Conservadora". Retrieved 11 October 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "PRTB oficializa candidatura de Levy Fidelix à Presidência da República". Eleições 2014 em São Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 June 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ "Levy se assume como candidato da direita e promete defender ditadura – Notícias – Política". Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ "Apuração de votos e resultado das Eleições 2014 (Fonte: TSE): Presidente e candidatos eleitos – UOL Eleições 2014". UOL Eleições 2014 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ "Levy Fidelix anuncia apoio a Aécio Neves no segundo turno". Eleições 2014 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 October 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ Soares, José Manoel Montanha da Silveira (2017). "A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil". Revista Em Pauta. 15 (39). doi:10.12957/rep.2017.30390 (inactive 13 November 2024). ISSN 2238-3786.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ ^a ^b Phillips, Don (17 October 2017). "Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Watson, Kay. "Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial". BBC. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ "Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges". The Guardian. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ ^a ^b Pepe Escobar (9 October 2018). "Future of Western Democracy Being Played Out in Brazil". Consortium News. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "Trump Cements Alliance With Far-Right Brazilian President Bolsonaro". The Globe Post. 19 March 2019.
^ "Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha". Poder. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ Fonseca, Alana; Gimenes, Erick; Kaniak, Thais; Dionísio, Bibiana (12 July 2017). "Lula é condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ "Urgente: Lula É Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4". O Antagonista. 24 January 2018.
^ Gavin Fernando (29 April 2016). "Is this the world's most repulsive politician?". News.com.au.
^ Simon Romero (7 May 2016). "Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent". The New York Times.
^ "The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro – The Intercept". The Intercept. 11 December 2014.
^ "A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right wing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^ Watts, Jonathan (18 April 2016). "Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^ "'Irresponsible' populism: Lisa Raitt slams Kevin O'Leary, Kellie Leitch".
^ "Could Trumpism Take Root in Canada?". Pacific Standard. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "Patrick Brown returns to Queen's Park for budget speech". Toronto Star. 28 March 2018.
^ "Anti-elitist politicians in Canada are courting immigrants". The Economist. 19 April 2018.
^ Maxime Bernier says his new party offers 'smart populism'. YouTube. Canadian Press. 11 October 2018. Event occurs at 1:56.
^ ^a ^b "Maxime Bernier Launches 'The People's Party of Canada'". Complex. 14 September 2018.
^ Blatchford, Andy (25 May 2022). "Conservative frontrunner deploys populist strike on Ottawa's elites". Politico. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau". CBS News. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ "NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre". National Post. 5 August 2022. Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking."
^ Forrest, Maura (12 September 2022). "The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader". Politico. He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice.
^ "Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party?: Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada". The Hub. 9 August 2022. And second, what parts of his program—which, to be fair to him, he is pro-immigration, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-choice—do you take exception to?
^ McConkey, David (23 October 2022). "Pierre Poilievre, populist politician?". The Brandon Sun. In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration.
^ Campbell, Clark (16 September 2022). "The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer". The Globe and Mail. But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally.
^ "Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader". The Economist. 15 September 2022. His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration.
^ Moore, Samuel (4 November 2022). "Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister?". Cherwell. Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping".
^ Oliver, Joe (7 September 2022). "Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave". Financial Post. The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration.
^ Editorial Board (2018). "Costa Rica shows an admirable resistance to demagoguery". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Henley, Jon (2 April 2018). "Costa Rica: Carlos Alvarado wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Costa Rica's Election: It Wasn't the Economy, Stupid!". Q. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Arco, Eduardo (9 February 2018). "Costa Rica's Rollercoaster Election Was About More Than Gay Marriage". WPR. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Marcia Pally (7 October 2022). "White Evangelicals and Right-wing Populism".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ron Elving (20 May 2023). "Ghost of William Jennings Bryan haunts Trump's next run for the White House". National Public Radio.
^ ^a ^b Stark, Steven (February 1996). "Right-Wing Populist". The Atlantic.
^ David French (19 November 2023). "An Old Hate Cracks Open on the New Right". New York Times.
^ Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154. ISSN 2075-4698.
^ Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History vol 24#4 (1996) pp. 555–73, quote at p. 561
^ Pierannunzi, Carol (23 January 2004). "Thomas E. Watson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
^ Longfield, Bradley J. (1993). The Presbyterian Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508674-4. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) quotes on p. 19
^ David Barstow, "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right," New York Times Feb 6, 2010
^ "What On Earth Is Ted Cruz Doing?". Vanity Fair. 23 September 2016.
^ "Playing with fear". The Economist. 12 December 2015.
^ Maltsev, Yuri (2013). The Tea Party Explained: From Crisis to Crusade. Open Court. p. 26.
^ "In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match". The Atlantic. 7 April 2017.
^ Matthew N. Lyons, Chip Berlet. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort.
^ Dolgert 2016; Greven 2016.
^ Neiwert, David (2016). "Trump and Right-Wing Populism: A Long Time Coming" (PDF). The Public Eye. No. 86. Somerville, Massachusetts: Political Research Associates. pp. 3, 19. ISSN 0275-9322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ "The future of Bannonism". The Economist. 25 August 2017.
^ Campani; Concepción; Soler; Savín (2 November 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154.
^ "Trump, Bolsonaro, Meloni and the New Wave of Populism". The Washington Post. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "The rise of populist politics in Australia". BBC. 1 March 2017.
^ "Pauline Hanson's One Nation emerges as government's most reliable Senate voting partner". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 March 2017.
^ "The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?". The Conversation. 28 August 2013.
^ "Bernardi's alliance intends to bloc Xenophon". The Australian. 27 April 2017.
^ "The Libs are all right". May 2023.
^ Zhang, Chenchen (March 2020). "Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online". European Journal of International Relations. 26 (1): 97–100. doi:10.1177/1354066119850253. S2CID 181854953. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ McCurry, Justin (1 November 2021). "Japan election: rightwing populists sweep vote in Osaka". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
^ Patrik Hermansson; David Lawrence; Joe Mulhall, eds. (2020). The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century?. Routledge.
^ ^a ^b Cowen, Tyler (13 February 2017). "Feisty, Protectionist Populism? New Zealand Tried That". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
^ "NZ and Australia: Standing together, and apart". NZ Herald. 31 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Populism visits Pakistan – Daily Times". Daily Times. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "The limits of populism". Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ Jang Hoon. "Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future". JoongAng Ilbo. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ "이언주는 '젊은 세대'로서 '자국민 중심주의'를 외친다". 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "홍준표 "중소기업 외국인노동자도 최저임금 올려줘야 하나"". 이데일리.
^ ""혐오를 이용하는 치졸한 정치, 이제는 멈추자"" ["Cheap politics that uses hatred. Let's stop now".]. 프레시안. 13 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ "한국당 '당권 레이스' 마지막까지 '극우 포퓰리즘' (LKP is an 'extreme right populism' until the end of the 'party race')". 프레시안(Pressian). 27 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "자유도 시장도 몰라 우파 유튜버의 황당 세상 (The absurd world of right-wing YouTubers who don't know freedom or market)". 시사IN. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "마잉주 전 대만 총통 "차이잉원 친미노선 전쟁 위험 야기" (Former Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou said, "Tsai Ing-wen's pro-American line poses a war risk.")". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 22 August 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Can Taiwan's President fend off a populist wave?". The Interpreter. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections". The Diplomat. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021. These supporters, called "Han maniacs," elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han's political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support.
^ ""중국과 평화냐 전쟁이냐 묻겠다"…'대만판 트럼프' 신드롬" ["Is it peace or war with China?" ... 'Taiwanese version of Trump' syndrome.]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ Hockenos, Paul (9 May 2019). "Is There a Secret Recipe for Preventing Far-Right Populism?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
^ Chiappa, Claudia (12 March 2024). "Chega: 5 things to know about Portugal's surging far-right party". POLITICO. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
^ de Jonge, Léonie (2021). "The Curious Case of Belgium: Why is There no Right-Wing Populism in Wallonia?" (PDF). Government and Opposition. 56 (4): 598–614. doi:10.1017/gov.2020.8. ISSN 0017-257X.
^ Kasteel, Jean van (11 June 2024). "The Walloons do not send any far-right elected officials either to the Region, nor to the Federal, nor to Europe". DHnet (in French). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
^ "EU leaders to hold talks on Russian political meddling". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ "Czech Republic accuses Putin of backing EU's rightwing". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ Adler, David; Ansell, Ben (2019). "Housing and populism". West European Politics. 43 (2): 344–365. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1615322.
^ "Elections 2004 – Flemish Council – List Results". polling2004.belgium.be. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist". BBC News. 9 November 2004.
^ Vlaams Belang (7 January 2005). "Programmaboek 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ Liphshiz, Cnaan (12 December 2008). "Advertisement". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ Smith, Craig S. (12 February 2005). "Fear of Islamists Drives Growth of Far Right in Belgium". The New York Times. Antwerp. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
^ "Vlaams Parlement". vlaamsparlement.be. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "De Belgische Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers". www.dekamer.be. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". zeit.de. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ "Vlaams Parlement 2019". Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
^ Katsourides, Yiannos (December 2013). "Determinants of extreme right reappearance in Cyprus: The National Popular Front (ELAM), Golden Dawn's sister party". South European Society and Politics. 18 (4): 567–589. doi:10.1080/13608746.2013.798893. S2CID 153418352.
^ ^a ^b Jens Rydgren. "Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark" West European Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 474–502."
^ Givens, Terri E. (2005). Voting radical right in Western Europe. Cambridge University. pp. 136–39. ISBN 978-0-521-85134-3.
^ "Head of Danish Populist Party to Resign". Associated Press. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Eddy, Melissa (18 June 2015). "Anti-Immigrant Party Gains in Denmark Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Resultater – Hele landet – Folketingsvalg tirsdag 1. november 2022 – Danmarks Statistik". www.dst.dk. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ "Her er Danmarks nye borgerlige parti: Vil udfordre DF og LA" (in Danish). TV 2 News. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
^ Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina (11 May 2023). "Danmarksdemokraterne – Politisk parti stiftet 2022 – lex.dk". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ "Prime Minister Orpo's Government appointed". Valtioneuvosto. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Finland's conservative party picks ministers for right-wing coalition government – The Seattle Times". www.seattletimes.com. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ "Petteri Orpo to be Finland's new prime minister". POLITICO. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ Kumar, Natasha (18 June 2023). "Here are the ministers of basic Finns – Speaker from Halla-ahota". The Times Hub. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ Rene Remond, ed. (2016). The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle. University of Pennsylvania Press.
^ Geoffrey K. Roberts; Bill Jones; Patricia Hogwood, eds. (2003). The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5421-1. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French Gaullist Party adopted a populist approach, appealing to the nation to support the personal leadership of General de Gaulle.
^ Nossiter, Adam (10 March 2018). "'Let Them Call You Racists': Bannon's Pep Talk to National Front". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
^ "Salafists and Right-Wing Populists Battle in Bonn". Spiegel. 5 July 2012.
^ "AfD's success: A turning point for Germany's far right – DW – 07/27/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^ "Far-right surge triggers alarm in Germany". POLITICO. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Boyka M. Stefanova (14 November 2014). The European Union beyond the Crisis: Evolving Governance, Contested Policies, and Disenchanted Publics. Lexington Books. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4985-0348-8.
^ Christian Karner; Bram Mertens (30 September 2013). The Use and Abuse of Memory: Interpreting World War II in Contemporary European Politics. Transaction Publishers. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4128-5203-6.
^ "Greece anti-bailout leader Tsipras made prime minister". BBC News. 26 January 2015.
^ "Greek far-right leader vows to 'take back' İstanbul, İzmir". todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ Squires, Nick (2 May 2013). "Golden Dawn's 'Greeks only' soup kitchen ends in chaos". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ "Laos.gr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
^ "Tribunes and Patricians: Radical Fringe Parties in the 21st Century" (PDF). carleton.ca. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Continent of Fear: The Rise of Europe's Right-Wing Populists". Spiegel Online. spiegel.de. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Così la Lega conquista nuovi elettori (non solo al nord)". ilfoglio.it. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Lega Nord: Maroni ne' destra ne' sinistra, alleanze dopo congresso". asca.it. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "INTERVISTA Matteo Salvini (Lega): "Renzi? Peggio di Monti, vergognoso con la Merkel". termometropolitico.it. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Lega Nord". leganord.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b Tambini, Damian (6 December 2012). Nationalism in Italian Politics: The Stories of the Northern League, 1980–2000. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54001-3.
^ ^a ^b Russo Bullaro, Grace (2010). From Terrone to Extracomunitario: New Manifestations of Racism in Contemporary Italian Cinema: Shifting Demographics and Changing Images in a Multi-cultural Globalized Society. Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. 179–81. ISBN 978-1-84876-176-6.
^ Willey, David (14 April 2012). "The rise and fall of Northern League founder Umberto Bossi". BBC News. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Pullella, Philip (8 March 2011). "Italy unity anniversary divides more than unites". Reuters. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Garau, Eva (17 December 2014). Politics of National Identity in Italy: Immigration and 'Italianità'. Routledge. pp. 110–11. ISBN 978-1-317-55766-1. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ "Italy's Northern League Is Suddenly In Love With the South". Bloomberg.com. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Rivoluzione nella Lega: cambiano nome e simbolo". 24 July 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Lega, nuovo simbolo senza "nord". Salvini: "Sarà valido per tutta Italia"". 27 October 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Liang, Christina (2016), Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Routledge, p. 187
^ Feffer, John (23 November 2016). "What Europe Can Teach Us about Trump". Foreign Policy in Focus.
^ Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
^ "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
^ "In pictures: Death of Pim Fortuyn". BBC News. 7 May 2002.
^ "Far-right outcast Geert Wilders vows to 'de-Islamise' the Netherlands after taking lead in Dutch polls". The Independent. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Lauren Said-Moorhouse; Bryony Jones. "Dutch elections: Wilders' far-right party beaten, early results show". CNN. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b "The Dutch defeat 'the wrong kind of populism'". Heinrich Böll Foundation. 22 March 2017.
^ Faber, Sebastiaan (5 April 2018). "Is Dutch Bad Boy Thierry Baudet the New Face of the European Alt-Right?". The Nation. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "Column (Maarten van Nieuw Amerongen): Het populisme van van der Plas en Boswijk". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ Corder, Mike (16 March 2023). "Populist Farmer Citizen Movement wins big in Dutch election". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ Camut, Nicolas (16 March 2023). "Dutch pro-farmers party wins big in provincial elections". Politico. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ "'Vlaardingerbroek weg bij Zaterdagmatinee wegens discriminatie en wangedrag'". BNNVARA (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 March 2023.
^ "Eva Vlaardingerbroek: Our farmers are fighting against the worst kind of injustice". World News Network. 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
^ "Can Europe's new xenophobes reshape the continent?". The Guardian. 3 February 2018.
^ "In Poland, a right-wing, populist, anti-immigrant government sees an ally in Trump". LA Times. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "Korwin-Mikke: Feudalizmie wróć! | Najwyższy Czas!". nczas.com. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Program KNP". nowaprawicajkm.pl. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Korwin-Mikke – guru nonsensu Gazeta wSieci". wsieci.pl. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Wirus korwinizmu – Krzysztof Derebecki – Mój lewicowy punkt widzenia". lewica.pl. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Romanian opposition takes narrow lead after election". BBC News. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020.
^ McGrath, Stephen (8 December 2020). "How a far-right party came from nowhere to shock in Romania's election". Euronews.
^ Gálvez, José María Jiménez (3 December 2018). "Vox: the far-right party that made shock gains in the regional polls". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Marcos, José; Sáiz, Eva; Blas, Elsa García de; Junquera, Natalia (3 December 2018). "Spain's center-right mulls deal with Vox to gain control of Andalusia". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Loucaides, Sohail Jannessari, Darren (27 April 2019). "Spain's Vox Party Hates Muslims—Except the Ones Who Fund It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Pardo, Pablo (27 April 2019). "Make Spain Great Again". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ "Programa electoral". VOX (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Rodríguez, Jorge A. (3 December 2018). "Far-right Spanish political party Vox: What are its policies?". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ González, Miguel (4 April 2019). "Vox party official under scrutiny for alleged hate speech against Muslims". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
^ Lucio, Lourdes; Sáiz, Eva; País, El (15 January 2019). "Protests outside Andalusian parliament as investiture debate begins". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Valdés, Isabel; Mora, Antonio J. (16 January 2019). "Thousands of women march across Spain against far-right party Vox". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ González, Miguel (29 April 2019). "Vox enters Congress for the first time but falls short of expectations". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Jones, Sam (23 April 2019). "Spain's general election 2019: all you need to know". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ "'The future has won,' says Spain's Socialist party leader after election victory – video report". The Guardian. Reuters. 29 April 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Wilkinson, Isambard (7 July 2023). "Isabel Díaz Ayuso, the charismatic populist tipped as a future national leader". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ "Madrid's loose-cannon populist is an asset and a worry for Spain's conservatives". POLITICO. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ Riviera, Carolina (25 March 2019). "España rechaza con "toda firmeza" carta de AMLO sobre disculpa por la Conquista". Milenio (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2021.
^ "Barcelona students to take mandatory climate crisis module from 2024". the Guardian. 12 November 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^ Hernández-Morales, Aitor (13 June 2022). "Spain's pop polarizer: The unlikely rise of Isabel Díaz Ayuso". Politico. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ Madrid, Isambard Wilkinson (7 July 2023). "Isabel Díaz Ayuso: patron saint or Spanish Trumpista?". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ Bautista, José (25 May 2023). "Meet The Woman Spain Can't Stop Listening To". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ Rydgren, 2006, pp. 33–34.
^ Rydgren, 2006, p. 54.
^ Jake Wallis Simons (14 May 2014). "EU elections 2014: 'I can hear the boots of the 1930s marching through Europe'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
^ Skenderovic 2009, p. 124: "... and prefers to use terms such as 'national-conservative' or 'conservative-right' in defining the SVP. In particular, 'national-conservative' has gained prominence among the definitions used in Swiss research on the SVP".
^ Geden 2006, p. 95.
^ Ignazi 2006, p. 234.
^ H-G Betz, 'Xenophobia, Identity Politics and Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe', L. Panitch & C. Leys (eds.), Socialist Register 2003 – Fighting Identities: Race, Religion and Ethno-nationalism, London: Merlin Press, 2002, p. 198
^ "Antisemitism And Racism in Switzerland 2000-1". Archived from the original on 21 April 2002. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Antisemitism and Racism in Switzerland 1999–2000". tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ "Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right'". The Daily Telegraph. Reuters. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ "Anti-immigration SVP wins Swiss election in big swing to right". BBC News. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ Larson, Nina (19 October 2015). "Swiss parliament shifts to right in vote dominated by migrant fears". Yahoo!. AFP. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ "Amid rising fears over refugees, far-right party gains ground in Swiss election". Deutsche Welle. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ Breeze, Ruth (2 January 2019). "Positioning "the people" and Its Enemies: Populism and Nationalism in AfD and UKIP". Javnost – the Public. 26 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339. ISSN 1318-3222. S2CID 150034518.
^ Bale, Tim (2018). "Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism". Politics. 38 (3): 263–277. doi:10.1177/0263395718754718. ISSN 0263-3957.
^ Ashkenas, Jeremy; Aisch, Gregor (5 December 2016). "European Populism in the Age of Donald Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Clarke, Harold; Whiteley, Paul; Borges, Walter; Sanders, David; Stewart, Marianne (2 April 2016). "Modelling the dynamics of support for a right-wing populist party: the case of UKIP". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 26 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1080/17457289.2016.1146286. ISSN 1745-7289. S2CID 67831605.
^ "Who wants to leave the European Union?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Goodwin & Milazzo 2015, pp. 172, 231; Heywood 2015, p. 139.
^ Merrick, Jane; Rentoul, John (19 January 2014). "Ukip tops Independent on Sunday poll as the nation's favourite party". The Independent. London.
^ "Poll says Labour still on course for 2015 victory – but UKIP is now Britain's 'favourite' political party". mirror.co.uk. 18 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
^ "Election Result Conservatives win historic majority". The Telegraph. 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ Ross, Tim (19 May 2013). "Tories begin defecting to Ukip over 'loons' slur". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ McManus, Ian (2021), Falkenbach, Michelle; Greer, Scott L. (eds.), "The Case of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)", The Populist Radical Right and Health, Cham: Springer International, pp. 139–155, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70709-5_8, ISBN 978-3-030-70708-8, S2CID 239723344, retrieved 19 August 2023
^ Quinn, Ben (25 December 2022). "Senior Tories risk losing seats if Nigel Farage returns to politics, experts say". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ Mamonova, Natalia; Franquesa, Jaume. "Populism, Neoliberalism and Agrarian Movements in Europe. Understanding Rural Support for Right-Wing Politics and Looking for Progressive Solutions". Sociologia Ruralis. 60 (4): 710–731. doi:10.1111/soru.12291. ISSN 0038-0199. S2CID 213444041.
^ ^a ^b Gifford, Chris (2006). "The rise of post-imperial populism: The case of right-wing Euroscepticism in Britain". European Journal of Political Research. 45 (5): 851–869. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x. ISSN 0304-4130.
^ Kenny, Sue; Ife, Jim; Westoby, Peter, eds. (2014). Populism, Democracy and Community Development. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-5387-4. The most recognised right-wing UK populist politician of recent time was Margaret Thatcher, who became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, and in 1979 the first British woman prime minister.
^ Tournier-Sol, Karine (5 January 2021). "From UKIP to Brexit: The Right-Wing Populist Surge in the UK". The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53889-7_1. ISBN 978-3-030-53889-7. S2CID 234301640 – via Springer Link. Thatcher's "right-wing populism" was thus instrumental in marginalizing the extreme right.
^ Fry, Geoffrey K. (1998). "Parliament and 'morality': Thatcher, Powell and Populism". Contemporary British History. 12 (1): 139–147. doi:10.1080/13619469808581473. ISSN 1361-9462.
^ Fontana, Cary; Parsons, Craig (2015). "'One Woman's Prejudice': Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britain's Anti-Europeanism?: 'One woman's prejudice'". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 53 (1): 89–105. doi:10.1111/jcms.12205. S2CID 142854825.
^ Featherstone, David; Karaliotas, Lazaros (1 August 2019). "Populism". Soundings. 72 (72): 31–47. doi:10.3898/SOUN.72.02.2019. ISSN 1362-6620. S2CID 241858940.
^ Mouffe, Chantal (2018). For a Left Populism (1st ed.). London: Verso. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-518-12729-2.
^ Wood, Brennon (1998). "Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony". The British Journal of Sociology. 49 (3): 399–414. doi:10.2307/591390. ISSN 0007-1315. JSTOR 591390.
^ Taraktaş, Başak; Esen, Berk; Uskudarli, Suzan (18 August 2022). "Tweeting through a Public Health Crisis: Communication Strategies of Right-Wing Populist Leaders during the COVID-19 Pandemic". Government and Opposition. 59: 207–228. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.34. ISSN 0017-257X. S2CID 251674349.
^ Levitz, Eric (30 June 2016). "Boris Johnson Brexit But Won't Buy it". New York.
^ Lacatus, Corina; Meibauer, Gustav (27 May 2022). "'Saying it like it is': Right-wing populism, international politics, and the performance of authenticity". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 24 (3): 437–457. doi:10.1177/13691481221089137. hdl:2066/250225. ISSN 1369-1481. S2CID 249137812.
^ Worth, Owen (4 July 2023). "The great moving Boris show: Brexit and the mainstreaming of the far right in Britain". Globalizations. 20 (5): 814–828. Bibcode:2023Glob...20..814W. doi:10.1080/14747731.2021.2025291. ISSN 1474-7731. S2CID 247062067.
^ "Populism's Latest Twist: An Aristocrat Could Be Britain's Prime Minister". New York Observer. 14 July 2017.
^ Way, Lyndon C. S. (27 May 2021). "Populism in musical mash ups: recontextualising Brexit". Social Semiotics. 31 (3): 489–506. doi:10.1080/10350330.2021.1930857. ISSN 1035-0330.
^ Collins, Harry; Evans, Robert; Durant, Darrin; Weinel, Martin (2020), Collins, Harry; Evans, Robert; Durant, Darrin; Weinel, Martin (eds.), "What is Populism?", Experts and the Will of the People: Society, Populism and Science, Cham: Springer International, pp. 35–46, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26983-8_4, ISBN 978-3-030-26983-8, S2CID 211313997
^ ^a ^b Ingle, Stephen (2008). The British Party System: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 156.
^ ^a ^b Swanson, David; Gherghina, Sergiu (26 June 2023). "From opposition to government: how populist parties change their political communication in Northern Ireland". Irish Political Studies. 38 (4): 489–515. doi:10.1080/07907184.2023.2227570. ISSN 0790-7184.
^ "Javier Milei, el libertario radical 'outsider' que desafiará a la "casta política" en Argentina" [Javier Milei, the radical Liberterian 'outsider' who will challenge the "political castes" in Argentina]. Milenio (in Spanish). 14 November 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ EPE (15 November 2021). "La libertad avanza: el nuevo partido libertario que ha entrado en el Congreso de Argentina". El Periódico de Aragón (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ "Javier Milei. Un fenómeno libertario con prédica antisistema". La Nación. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions?". 20 March 2021.
^ "The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?". The Conversation. 28 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". In Johannes Jäger; Elisabeth Springler (eds.). Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4.
^ Tessa Szyszkowitz (8 October 2019). "Austria: The Successful Populist". Royal United Services Institute.
^ "Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh behind attack on Hindus". The Economic Times. 23 November 2016.
^ "'6 congressmen's letter ignores violence against Hindus by BNP-Jamaat in 2001'". 15 June 2023.
^ "The "Ershad Syndrome"". 18 January 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.
^ "Прокуратурата поиска заличаване и разпускане на партия "Възраждане"". 20 July 2020.
^ "The monster within: how Bulgaria's political crisis is evolving". Foundation for European Progressive Studies. 19 June 2024. the right-wing populist party of former TV host Slavi Trifonov
^ "How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war – Macleans.ca". macleans.ca. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
^ "Groundswell of right-wing populism will test our Canadian resolve, readers say". The Toronto Star. 26 November 2016.
^ "The popular comeback of populist politics". Toronto Sun.
^ "Kellie Leitch latches on to Trump victory – Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca.
^ Blackman, Jesse (24 November 2016). "The Conservative Party of Canada is ripe for a populist takeover".
^ "Chile Prepares to Choose a New Direction". Foreign Policy. 16 November 2021.
^ "Populismo religioso en las urnas". El País. 2019.
^ Reid, Michael (2018). "La sombra de la vuelta al populismo". El País.
^ "Populismo de derechas". Thinking Heads. 2018.
^ Zúñiga Umaña, Fernando (2018). "Elecciones políticas en Costa Rica: vísperas de caos". Mundo.
^ Prnjak, Hrvoje (7 March 2020). "Projekt za vlast Miroslava Škore: novi vođa populista nada se Plenkovićevoj pobjedi, a nakon toga aktivirat će uhodani plan za 30 zastupnika u Saboru". slobodnadalmacija.hr. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
^ Wölfl, Adelheid. "Kroatischer Premier will Pandemie für vorgezogene Wahlen nutzen". Der Standart. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ "After Loss in Austria, a Look at Europe's Right-wing Parties". Haaretz. 24 May 2016.
^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Czechia". Parties and Elections in Europe.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Pausch, Robert (4 February 2015). "Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa". Die Zeit. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b Daniele Caramani; Yves Mény (2005). Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region. Peter Lang. p. 151. ISBN 978-90-5201-250-6.
^ "Contentious politics in the Baltics: the 'new' wave of right-wing populism in Estonia". openDemocracy. 28 April 2016.
^ Ivaldi, Gilles (2018). "Crowding the market: the dynamics of populist and mainstream competition in the 2017 French presidential elections". p. 6.
^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Greece". Parties and Elections in Europe.
^ "Athens' youngest mayor: I'm interested in real life, not utopias". The Guardian. 4 June 2019.
^ Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (The New Politics of Resentment). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-312-08390-8. the majority of radical right-wing populist parties are radical in their rejection of the established socio-cultural and socio-political system
^ Wodak, Ruth (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 23.
^ Prakash, Gyan (2010). Mumbai Fables. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-14284-5.
^ Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford University Press.
^ Carlo Ruzza; Stefano Fella (2009). Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial Politics, Populism and 'post-fascism'. Routledge. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-134-28634-8.
^ Liang, Kristina (2016). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Routledge. p. 187.
^ Langford, Barry (2017). All Together Now. Biteback Publishing. Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing populist party Likud, ran for re-election
^ "Right-wing Populism Wins in Britain and Israel". Haaretz. 3 July 2016.
^ "Opinion | To remain prime minister, Netanyahu might have to work with Israeli Arabs". The Washington Post. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ Jönsson, Anton (1 October 2020). Populism in Israel: A study of the manifestation of populist rhetoric among Israeli right-wing political actors between 2015 and 2020 (Master thesis). Lund University.
^ Rogenhofer, Julius Maximilian; Panievsky, Ayala (2020). "Antidemocratic populism in power: Comparing Erdoğan's Turkey with Modi's India and Netanyahu's Israel". Democratization. 27 (8): 1394–1412. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1795135. S2CID 225557801.
^ Narayanan Ganesan, ed. (2015). Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 67.
^ Hofmann, Reto (22 June 2018). "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 March 2021. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
^ "Political factors and limitations that made the Abe administration the longest ever. (Japanese)". Newsweek Japan. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2020. 一方で、日本維新の会は小さな政府論に右派的なポピュリズムを加えた政党ですが ...(On the other hand, the Japan Restoration Party is a political party that has added right-wing populism to its small government theory ...)
^ Tom Lansford (2019). Political Handbook of the World 2018–2019. "... the JRP was a right-wing, populist grouping that advocated deregulation, educational reform, ..."
^ "演説とSNSで支持伸ばした「参政党」とは。どんな党？なぜ勢力拡大？主張には危うさも… 参院選で議席獲得". BuzzFeed. 10 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ "「庶民感覚」「自民党ぎらい」の受け皿に…河村たかし氏ら率いる日本保守党が「意外と伸びる」かもしれないワケ" (in Japanese). 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ "百田尚樹氏ら「安倍応援団」が自民党批判に転じた理由は？「日本保守党」国政選の初陣へ衆院東京15区補選" (in Japanese). 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ Auers; Kasekamp, Comparing Radical-Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia, pp. 235–236
^ "In Liechtenstein, 38,378 of the world's wealthiest go to the polls". 7 February 2021.
^ Doing Identity in Luxembourg. Transaction Publishers. 2014. p. 55.
^ "Rechts-populistische partijen: De verschillen en overeenkomsten". 14 March 2021.
^ Valk, Guus (19 March 2023). "Waar staat BBB op het politieke spectrum? Drie politicologen aan het woord". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ Theulings; van Oost (23 March 2023). "Een beetje links, een beetje rechts én agrarisch populisme: dit is waar de BoerBurgerBeweging voor staat".
^ "Ook populistische partijen BBB, JA21, BVNL en PVV voeden steeds de haat tegen journalisten – Joop – BNNVARA". Joop (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ "Race issues emerge in New Zealand's election". www.reuters.com. Reuters. 3 October 2023.
^ Ljupcho Petkovski. Authoritarian Populism and Hegemony: Constructing 'the People' in Macedonia's illiberal discourse (PDF). Centre of Southeast European Studies.
^ Wolfram Nordsieck (2013). "Parties and Elections in Europe: Norway". www.parties-and-elections.eu. Parties and Elections in Europe.
^ Lambert, Peter (9 August 2012). "The Lightning Impeachment of Paraguay's President Lugo". E-International Relations. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
^ "Rafael López Aliaga: Derecha Popular no es corrupta ni tampoco mercantilista". La Razón (in Spanish). 21 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa". BPB.de. Federal Agency for Civic Education. December 2016.
^ "Portugal's Socialists win election, now eye alliances". Star Tribune. 7 October 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Henceroth, Nathan (2019). "Open Society Foundations". In Ainsworth, Scott H.; Harward, Brian M. (eds.). Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America. ABC-CLIO. p. 739.
^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Kuhrt, Natasha (2014). Russia and the World. Routledge. p. 25.
^ "A Conservative Populist Charged with Pimping Girls". Beta Briefing. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^ "The state of global right-wing populism in 2019". Quartz. 30 December 2019.
^ "ANC holds onto power in South Africa as other parties increase vote share". Times of India. 11 May 2019.
^ "Appendix A: Classifying European populist parties". Pew Research Center. 14 October 2019.
^ Mazzoleni, Oskar (2007), "The Swiss People's Party and the Foreign and Security Policy Since the 1990s", Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Ashgate, p. 223, ISBN 978-0-7546-4851-2
^ "Les populistes brillent aux élections genevoises". Swissinfo (in French). 11 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^ "Cross-Border Issues Cloud Geneva Election Result". Swissinfo. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ "NFP 40+ "Rechtsextremismus – Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen" – SNF". www.snf.ch.
^ Gunes, Cengiz, ed. (2013). The Kurdish Question in Turkey. Routledge. p. 270.
^ Abadan-Unat, Nermin (2011). Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84545-425-8. ...the fascist Nationalist Movement Party...
^ "Istanbul: Erdogans Widersacher". 20 April 2018.
^ Kuzio, Taras (November–December 2010), "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context" (PDF), Problems of Post-Communism, 57 (6): 3–18, doi:10.2753/ppc1075-8216570601, S2CID 154825950, retrieved 16 October 2012, Anti-Semitism only permeates Ukraine's far-right parties, such as Svoboda… Ukraine's economic nationalists are to be found in the extreme right (Svoboda) and centrist parties that propagate economic nationalism and economic protectionism.
^ Ivaldi, Gilles (2011), "The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979-2009", The Extreme Right in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 20, ISBN 978-3-525-36922-7
^ Panitch, Leo (2015). The Politics of the Right. NYU Press. p. ix.
^ Cassidy, John (29 February 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker.
^ Gould, J.J. (2 July 2016). "Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?". The Atlantic.
^ Cottle, Michelle (7 April 2017). "In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match". The Atlantic.
^ "Der Rückfall ins Nationale". Deutsche Welle. 2011.
^ ^a ^b Eric Micklin (2015). "The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential". In Claudia Hefftler; Christine Neuhold; Olivier Rosenberg; et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-137-28913-1.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Mapping Global Populism - Panel #9: Civilizational Populism and Religious Authoritarianism in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives". European Center for Populism Studies. 16 January 2024.
^ Cas Mudde; Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2012). Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat Or Corrective for Democracy?. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-107-02385-7. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ "European Election Database (EED)". uib.no. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ "Botswana • Africa Elects". Africa Elects. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8108-6295-6, p. 104.
^ Smilova, Ruzha; Smilov, Daniel; Ganev, Georgi (2012). "Democracy and the Media in Bulgaria: Who Represents the People?". Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 48–49.
^ Nathan Kerrigan; Philomena de Lima (2023). "Introduction". In Nathan Kerrigan; Philomena de Lima (eds.). The Rural-Migration Nexus: Global Problems, Rural Issues. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 11. ISBN 9783031180422.
^ Florence Cartigny (2009). "Are Rural Communities in Saskatchewan a New Forgotten Solitude?". In Pierre Anctil; André Loiselle; Christopher Rolfe (eds.). Canada Exposed. Peter Lang. p. 226. ISBN 9789052015484.
^ Charles W. Smith (2018). "Active Incrementalism and the Politics of Austerity in the "New" Saskatchewan". In Bryan M. Evans; Carlo Fanelli (eds.). The Public Sector in an Age of Austerity: Perspectives from Canada's Provinces and Territories. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780773554191.
^ Mach, Jiří (11 June 2024). "Motoristé úspěch těžko zopakují, míní sociolog". Novinky (in Czech). Borgis. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
^ Pavelka, Kryštof (10 June 2024). "Turek přejel Okamuru a startuje směr Brusel. Motoristé s Přísahou jsou SPD pro mladé". Reflex (in Czech). Czech News Center. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
^ "Rechtspopulistische Parteien in Tschechien. – Vile Netzwerk". vile-netzwerk.de. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 49
^ Christina Schori Liang (2013). "'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Right After Reunification". In Christina Schori Liang (ed.). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4094-9825-4.
^ Lokaler Aktionsplan für Demokratie, Toleranz und für ein weltoffenes Chemnitz (LAP). Archived 8 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 275 kB) Fortschreibung 2012. Stand: November 2011, veröffentlicht auf chemnitz.de
^ Swen Uhlig: NPD plant Aufmarsch in Chemnitz, freiepresse.de, 16. Februar 2010.
^ Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism(PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone"
^ Gemenis, Kostas (2008) "The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece", Mediterranean Politics 13: 95–101 and Gemenis, Kostas and Dinas, Elias (2009) "Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece^{[permanent dead link‍]}", Comparative European Politics.
^ Art, David (2011), Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, p. 188, ISBN 978-1-139-49883-8
^ Tamadonfar, Mehran (2013). Religion and Regimes. Lexington Books. p. 125.
^ ^a ^b Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ "BürgerUnion bei Wahlauftakt der Tiroler FPÖ" (in German). Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Herr Pöder, was tun Sie bei Pegida?", Salto.bz (in German), 13 January 2015, retrieved 27 January 2018
^ "Nicht wählen ist keine Lösung.", Brennerbasisdemokratie.eu (in German), 25 February 2018, retrieved 27 January 2018
^ Henningsen, Bernd; Etzold, Tobias; Hanne, Krister (15 September 2017). The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide. BWV Verlag. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-8305-1727-6.
^ "Latvia".
^ "Gobzema partija – dāvana valdošajai politiskajai šķirai". neatkariga.nra.lv.
^ Balcere, Ilze (2011), Comparing Populist Political Parties in the Baltic States and Western Europe (PDF), European Consortium for Political Research, pp. 5–6^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Berend, Iván T. (2010), Europe Since 1980, Cambridge University Press, p. 134
^ "Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Wodak, Ruth; Mral, Brigitte (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 19.
^ "Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ "Desni populisti i ekstremisti u Europi". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
^ Passarelli, Gianluca (2019). "The Presidentialisation of Political Parties in the Western Balkans". In Passarelli, Gianluca (ed.). Cham: Springer International. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97352-4_1. ISBN 978-3-319-97351-7. S2CID 158687714. Retrieved 19 March 2022. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Slowakei: Rechte wollen Fico verhindern". Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ Alica Rétiová. "A Hero Is Coming! The master narrative of Marián Kotleba in the Slovak regional election of 2013". Masaryk University. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ "A right-wing extremist or people's protector? Media coverage of extreme right leader Marian Kotleba in 2013 regional elections in Slovakia | Kluknavská | Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics". Intersections.tk.mta.hu. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ Golder, M. (2003). "Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 36 (4): 432. doi:10.1177/0010414003251176. S2CID 55841713.
^ Evans, Jocelyn A.J. (April 2005). "The dynamics of social change in radical right-wing populist party support". Comparative European Politics. 3 (1): 76–101. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.199.7394. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110050. S2CID 7805751.
^ "Lords by party, type of peerage and gender". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ Simon Langlois; Jean-Paul Baillargeon; Gary Caldwell; Guy Fréchet; Madeleine Gauthier; Jean-Pierre Simard (1992). Recent Social Trends in Quebec, 1960–1990. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-7735-0879-8.
^ Garth Stevenson (2004). Unfulfilled Union, 5th Edition: Canadian Federalism and National Unity. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7735-3632-6.
^ Theodore R. Marmor; Richard Freeman; Kieke G. H. Okma (2009). Comparative Studies and the Politics of Modern Medical Care. Yale University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-300-15595-2.
^ Amir Abedi (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-134-36369-8.
^ Carol Gould; Pasquale Paquino (2001). Cultural Identity and the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8476-9677-2.
^ Ian Budge; David Robertson; Derek Hearl (1987). Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5.
^ Denis Pilon (2015). "British Columbia: Right-Wing Coalition Politics and Neoliberalism". In Bryan M. Evans; Charles W Smith (eds.). Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era. University of Toronto Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-4426-9593-1.
^ Nathalie Tocci (2007). "Greece, Turkey and Cyprus". European Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
^ Stefan Engert (2010). EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus. Routledge. p. 146.
^ "Croatia's conservatives reject rightwing populism with new leader". Financial Times. 18 July 2016.
^ Klausmann, Alexandra (21 May 2010). "Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien". Wiener Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
^ "Czech elections: An angry electorate", The Economist, 25 October 2013
^ Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Europe. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-15432-6.
^ Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.): Rechtspopulismus als "Bürgerbewegung". Kampagnen gegen Islam und Moscheebau und kommunale Gegenstrategien. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15919-5.
^ "Obdachlose Rechtspopulisten", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 11 January 2011, retrieved 30 August 2011
^ "Pro Köln unterliegt vor Gericht", FOCUS, 10 July 2009, retrieved 19 October 2011
^ "Pro Deutschland protestiert vor Norwegen-Botschaft", Berliner Morgenpost, 25 July 2011, archived from the original on 2 April 2015, retrieved 19 October 2011
^ Kristian Frigelj: Rechtspopulisten planen Anti-Minarett-Kampagne. In: Die Welt, 14. Dezember 2009.
^ ^a ^b Christina Bergqvist, ed. (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.
^ De Lange, Sarah L. (2008), Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership (PDF), p. 9
^ Foster, Malcolm (16 December 2012). "Japan Elections 2012: LDP Wins Majority In Parliamentary Elections". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ Soble, Jonathan (17 December 2012). "Portrait of Japan's main political parties". Financial Times. Nikkei, Inc. Retrieved 6 November 2020. Politics: Populist right
^ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (15 December 2012). "Japan loses faith in traditional politics". BBC News. Retrieved 6 November 2012. There is growing support here for non-traditional parties, particularly right-wing populists who promise strong leadership and bold answers. The most prominent is the Japan Restoration Party led by two political mavericks – Toru Hashimoto, the Mayor of Osaka, and 80-year-old Shintaro Ishihara, the former governor of Tokyo.
^ ^a ^b David Art (2011). "Memory Politics in Western Europe". In Uwe Backes; Patrick Moreau (eds.). The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 361. ISBN 978-3-647-36922-8.
^ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
^ "Serbien: Wahl im Schatten Vucics". 21 June 2020.
^ Jang Hoon (4 April 2018). "Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future". JoongAng Ilbo. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic" Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Minuto Digital (Spanish)

Bibliography

Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-568-1, ISBN 1-57230-562-2.
Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 ISBN 0-312-08390-4.
Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 ISBN 978-0-312-21338-1,
Dolgert, Stefan (2016). "The Praise of Ressentiment: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Donald Trump". New Political Science. 38 (3): 354–370. doi:10.1080/07393148.2016.1189030. S2CID 147965459.
Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3720-5.
Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5.
Geden, Oliver (2006). Diskursstrategien im Rechtspopulismus: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs und Schweizerische Volkspartei zwischen Opposition und Regierungsbeteiligung [Discourse Strategies in Right-Wing Populism: Freedom Party of Austria and Swiss People's Party between Opposition and Government Participation] (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90430-6. ISBN 978-3-531-15127-4.
Goodwin, Matthew; Milazzo, Caitlin (2015). UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873611-0.
Greven, Thomas (2016). The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
Heywood, Andrew (2015). Essentials of UK Politics (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-53074-5.
Ignazi, Piero (2002). "The Extreme Right: Defining the Object and Assessing the Causes". In Schain, Martin; Zolberg, Aristide R.; Hossay, Patrick (eds.). Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29593-6.
——— (2006) [2003]. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929159-5.
Kaplan, Jeffrey; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2564-8.
Norris, Pippa (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84914-2.
Skenderovic, Damir (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945–2000. New York: Berghahn Books. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcntn. ISBN 978-1-84545-580-4. JSTOR j.ctt9qcntn. S2CID 152401505.

External links

Media related to Right-wing populism at Wikimedia Commons
"Fact check: The rise of right-wing populism in Europe". Channel 4 News (UK). 28 September 2017.

[5] On the whole, the "right-wing populism" in Europe and the United States are almost identical to "right-wing nationalism", but in Asia and other non-Western regions, "right-wing populism" and "right-wing nationalism" do not necessarily coincide. Japan's former prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is described by experts as a right-wing 'nationalist', but at the same time as not a (right-wing) 'populist'.^[4] Myanmar's right-wing nationalist military regime is cracking down on the activities of the largest populist political party supporting democratization. Some right-wing populist movements in Islamic world are based on Islamic fundamentalism, some of which reject Western ideologies, including nationalism.

[37] Mudde: authoritarianism "is the belief in a strictly ordered society, in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely. In this interpretation, [it] includes law and order and "punitive conventional moralism". It does not necessarily mean an anti-democratic attitude, but neither does it preclude one. In addition, the authoritarian's submission to authority, established or not, is "not absolute, automatic, nor blind". In other words, while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept (established) authority than non-authoritarians, they can and will rebel under certain circumstances."

[38] "Maximal" right-wing populists here give a preference for the état légal—which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum; against the Rechtsstaat—which limits the power of the democratic state (the majority) to protect the rights of minorities.

[72] Neo-populists, contrary to the Marxist worldview, do not oppose the "working class" to the "bourgeoisie" and capitalists, but rather the "people" to the "elites" and immigrants.

[163] Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party, but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party until his death in 2003.

[Berman-1] Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021). "The Causes of Populism in the West". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503.

[2] Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.

[:2-3] Eatwell, Roger; Goodwin, Matthew (25 October 2018). National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. Penguin UK. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-241-31201-8.

[4] Japan's rising right-wing nationalism Vox (26 May 2017).

[6] Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.

[7] Akkerman, Agnes (2003) "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?" Acta Politica n.38, pp.147–159

[JODweyland2-8] Weyland, Kurt (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift". Journal of Democracy. 24 (3): 18–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0045. S2CID 154433853.

[9] Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2018). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian-populism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-108-42607-7.

[:6-10] Eatwell, Roger (2017) "Populism and Fascism" in Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira; Taggart, Paul; Espejo, Paulina Ochoa; and Ostiguy, Pierre eds. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."

[:7-11] Brown, Drew (31 October 2018) "Where Does 'Right-Wing Populism' End, and Fascism Begin?" Vice

[12] Bierbach, Mara (26 February 2019). "Climate protection: Where do the EU's right-wing populists stand?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 June 2019.

[Rydgren_2018-13] Kallis, Aristotle (2018). "Part I: Ideology and Discourse – The Radical Right and Islamophobia". In Rydgren, Jens (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford and New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–60. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9. LCCN 2017025436.

[14] North, Bonnie. "The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe". Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[15] "Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[16] "The political lexicon of a billionaire populist". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[17] "The End of Reaganism". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[18] Sharpe, Matthew. "The metapolitical long game of the European New Right". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[19] Traub, James. "The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[20] Buruma, Ian (10 March 2017). "How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[21] Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2 March 2021). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF). West European Politics. 45: 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497. hdl:20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 233843313.

[22] Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2022). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF). West European Politics. 45 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497. hdl:20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f. S2CID 233843313.

[23] Enggist, Matthias; Pinggera, Michael (2022). "Radical right parties and their welfare state stances – not so blurry after all?". West European Politics. 45 (1): 102–128. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115. PMC 8489900. PMID 34621097.

[24] Edsall, Thomas (16 December 2014). "The Rise of 'Welfare Chauvinism'". New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[25] Rippon, Haydn (4 May 2012). "The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?". The Conversation. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[26] Matlack, Carol (20 November 2013). "The Far-Left Economics of France's Far Right". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[27] Judis, John B. (5 October 2016). The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-0-9971264-4-0.

[28] Cooper, Ryan (15 March 2017). "The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right-wing populism". The Week. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

[29] Sarmadi, Dario (20 October 2015). "Far-right parties always gain support after financial crises, report finds". EURACTIV. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

[30] "The map which shows how Ukip support is growing in every constituency but two". The Independent. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[31] Hunt, Alex (21 November 2014). "UKIP: The story of the UK Independence Party's rise". BBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[32] Lowe, Josh; Matthews, Owen; AM, Matt McAllester On 11/23/16 at 9:02 (23 November 2016). "Why Europe's populist revolt is spreading". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[33] Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154. ISSN 2075-4698.

[FOOTNOTEKaplanWeinberg19981–2-34] Kaplan & Weinberg 1998, pp. 1–2.

[35] "Trump's 6 populist positions". POLITICO. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[36] Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.

[39] Mudde, Cas (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–31. ISBN 978-0-511-34143-4.

[short-40] Mudde, Cas; Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-19-023487-4.

[41] Federico Finchelstein, Federico (2019) From Fascism to Populism in History Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.5–6 ISBN 978-0-520-30935-7

[42] Berggren, Erik and Neergard, Andres "Populism: Protest, democratic challenge and right wing sxtremism" in Dahlstedt, Magnus and Neergaard, Andres eds. (2015) International Migration and Ethnic Relations: Critical Perspectives/ New York: Routledge. p.179. ISBN 978-1-317-65590-9

[43] Shenkman, Rick (8 September 2019) "The Shocking Paper Predicting the End of Democracy" Politico Magazine

[44] Rydgren, Jens (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9.

[45] Rooduijn, Matthijs (2014). "Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public?". Nations and Nationalism. 20 (1): 82. doi:10.1111/nana.12054. ISSN 1469-8129.

[FOOTNOTEKaplanWeinberg199810–11-46] Kaplan & Weinberg 1998, pp. 10–11.

[47] "From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[FOOTNOTENorris200544-48] Norris 2005, p. 44.

[d214-49] AKGEMCİ, Esra (2022). "Authoritarian Populism as a Response to Crisis: The Case of Brazil". Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations. 19 (74). Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi İktisadi İşletmesi: 37–51. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1113367. ISSN 1304-7310. JSTOR 27130875. Retrieved 24 October 2024. One could argue that authoritarian populism can also be combined with left-wing social policy. Still, I assert that the phenomenon was born to address specific conditions in which far-right leaders appealed to the "people" with populist attitudes to promote authoritarian measures. A leftist leader can also be both authoritarian and populist, but the term "authoritarian populism," which Stuart Hall coined, can be applied as a distinctive version of far-right populism.

[u165-50] "Authoritarian Populism Index 2024" (PDF). Timbro. 2024. p. 12. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

[y618-51] Corrales, Javier (19 August 2024). "Why Populism is the Sugar, Salt, and Fat of Our Politics. . . with Variations: A Reflection". American Behavioral Scientist. SAGE Publications. doi:10.1177/00027642241268275. ISSN 0002-7642. For comparable arguments for left-wing authoritarian populism, see Corrales (2011, 2018),. Carrión (2021), Cleary and Öztürk (2022).

[52] Rosenberg cites Gentile, G. (1928) The philosophic basis of fascism. Foreign Affairs, v.6, n.2 pp.290–304

[rosenberg-53] Rosenberg, Shawn W. (2019) "Democracy Devouring Itself: The Rise of the Incompetent Citizen and the Appeal of Right Wing Populism" in Hur, Domenico Uhng and Sabucedo, José Manuel eds. (forthcoming) Psychology of Political and Everyday Extremisms

[54] Finchelstein, Federico (2019). From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface (First ed.). Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-520-30935-7. Populism is a form of authoritarian democracy, while Fascism is an ultraviolet dictatorship.

[55] Bisbee, James; Mosley, Layna; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Rosendorff, B. Peter (2 July 2020). "Decompensating domestically: the political economy of anti-globalism". Journal of European Public Policy. 27 (7): 1090–1102. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1678662. S2CID 211341396.

[:0-56] Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.

[57] Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.

[58] Rydgren, Jens (2005) "Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family" European Journal of Political Research n.44, pp.413–37

[59] Eslen-Ziya, Hande (2020). "Right-wing populism in New Turkey: Leading to all new grounds for troll science in gender theory". HTS Teologiese Studies. 76 (3). doi:10.4102/hts.v76i3.6005. hdl:11250/2682420. S2CID 224856495.

[60] "Juan Branco, le populisme par le complotisme". Libération (in French). Retrieved 18 May 2023.

[61] Boulianne, Shelley; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Bimber, Bruce (April 2020). "Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Western democracies". New Media & Society. 22 (4): 683–699. doi:10.1177/1461444819893983. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 215801488.

[:3-62] Harsin, Jayson (1 March 2018). "Post-Truth Populism: The French Anti-Gender Theory Movement and Cross-Cultural Similarities". Communication, Culture and Critique. 11 (1): 35–52. doi:10.1093/ccc/tcx017. ISSN 1753-9129.

[63] Kuhar, Roman; Paternotte, David (7 August 2017). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-78660-001-1.

[64] Kay, Jack; Ziegelmueller, George W.; Minch, Kevin M. (February 1998). "From Coughlin to contemporary talk radio: Fallacies & propaganda in American populist radio". Journal of Radio Studies. 5 (1): 9–21. doi:10.1080/19376529809384526. ISSN 1095-5046.

[65] Mammone, Andrea; Godin, Emmanuel; Jenkins, Brian (7 May 2013). Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-16750-8.

[66] Jamin, Jérôme (2009). L'imaginaire du complot: discours d'extrême droite en France et aux Etats-Unis (in French). Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-8964-048-2.

[67] Harsin, Jayson. "The Rumour Bomb: Theorising the Convergence of New and Old Trends in Mediated US Politics". Southern Review. 39 (1): 84–110.

[:1-68] Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–14, 16–17. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.

[:1322-69] Stéphane François (24 August 2009). "Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?". Fragments sur les Temps Présents (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2019.

[70] Drake, D. (5 April 2005). French Intellectuals and Politics from the Dreyfus Affair to the Occupation. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-230-00609-6.

[FOOTNOTEIgnazi200226-71] Ignazi 2002, p. 26.

[73] Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.

[74] Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 48–49, 178–179, 198. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.

[75] Wodak, Ruth. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse.

[:8-76] "Populism in Europe: Hungary". www.opensocietyfoundations.org. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

[77] Gross, Stephen G. (August 2023). "Understanding Europe's Populist Right: The State of the Field". Contemporary European History. 32 (3): 489–497. doi:10.1017/S0960777322000261. ISSN 0960-7773.

[google-78] Mudde, C. (2002). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6446-3. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[FOOTNOTENorris200568–69,_72-79] Norris 2005, pp. 68–69, 72.

[80] "Nigeria • Africa Elects". Africa Elects.

[81] "Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers". Al Jazeera.

[82] Olurounbi, Eromo Egbejule, Ruth. "How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race". Al Jazeera.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[83] "Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers". Al Jazeera.

[84] Ezeama, Victor (3 February 2023). "Nigeria election 2023: Who is Rabiu Kwankwaso of the NNPP?". BBC.

[:5-85] Campbell, John. "Right-Wing White Party Releases Election Manifesto in South Africa". Council on Foreign Relations.

[86] Kazeem, Yomi (9 November 2016). "Africa's populists and strongmen are some of the first to welcome a Trump presidency". Quartz.

[87] Lacatus, Corina (20 January 2023). "Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election". Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (1). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksac081. ISSN 2634-3797.

[88] "Ugandan court upholds anti-LGBTQ law but says some rights infringed". Reuters.

[89] "Uganda's President Signs Repressive Anti-LGBT Law | Human Rights Watch". 30 May 2023.

[90] Lacatus, Corina (20 January 2023). "Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election". Global Studies Quarterly. 3 (1). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksac081. ISSN 2634-3797.

[91] "Argentinian President Javier Milei's Stance: Anti-Abortion, Anti-Socialism and More". The Statesman. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[92] Buschschlüter, Vanessa (19 November 2023). "Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election". BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[93] Phillips, Tom (20 November 2023). "Who is Javier Milei? Argentina's new far-right president 'El Loco' takes the stage". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[94] Oner, Imdat (22 November 2023). "Javier Milei's Victory: A New Chapter for Right-Wing Populism in Argentina?". Populism Studies. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[95] Kahn, Carrie (19 November 2023). "Javier Milei, a radical libertarian populist, elected president of Argentina". NPR. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[96] "Argentina elects far-right populist Javier Milei 'the madman' as new president". ITV News. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[97] "Far-right populist Javier Milei becomes Argentina's new president". Euronews. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[98] "Analyst View Argentine far-right libertarian Milei sweeps to victory". Reuters. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[99] "Argentina election: What's next after Javier Milei's victory?". Al Jazeera. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[100] Meredith, Sam (21 November 2023). "China says it stands ready to work with Argentina despite Milei criticism". CNBC. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[101] Feldman, Ella (16 October 2023). "As inflation skyrockets, Argentina must choose: Far-right outsider or status quo for president?". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[102] Criales, José Pablo (13 November 2023). "Sergio Massa drags Javier Milei through the mud in Argentina's last presidential debate: 'Is Margaret Thatcher your role model?'". El País English. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[103] Bulbul, Nuray (20 November 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new hard-right president?". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[104] Genoux, Flora (8 November 2023). "Argentina: Far-right candidate Javier Milei leaves the business community skeptical". Le Monde. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[105] Fest, Sebastián (19 November 2023). "Javier Milei, el ultraliberal que promete poner patas arriba a Argentina y llevar a mínimos el vínculo con España". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[106] Chitre, Manjiri (20 November 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new 'shock therapy' libertarian President?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[Il_Post_2023-107] "Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina". Il Post (in Italian). 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.

[Cronista_2019-108] "La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo". Cronista (in Spanish). 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[109] "Punto por punto: el plan de gobierno que presentó Javier Milei". La Nación (in Spanish). 4 August 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.

[Centenera_&_Criales_2023-110] Centenera, Mar; Criales, José Pablo (14 August 2023). "Ultra-conservative Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins Argentina's primaries". El País English. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

[111] Gillespie, Patrick; Tobías, Manuela (14 August 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, the Central Bank-Hating Economist Who Upended Argentine Polls?". Bloomberg Línea. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.

[Fiore_Viani_2021-112] Fiore Viani, Gonzalo (10 September 2021). "Milei y los libertarios: una corriente (no tan) nueva en la política argentina". Agenda Pública (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.

[Viriglio_2023-113] Viriglio, Veronique (16 August 2023). "Il 'Trump argentino' che sfida Kirchner" [The "Argentine Trump" who challenges Kirchner] (in Italian). AGI. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.

[114] EM-electomania.es [@electo_mania] (16 August 2023). "La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via Twitter.

[115] Goñi, Uki (13 November 2023). "Argentina's far-right Milei angers Falklands veterans with Thatcher praise". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[116] "Margaret Thatcher 'a great leader', Argentine candidate declares". The Times. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[117] Heath, Maximilian (17 November 2023). "Argentina's Javier Milei: the radical who could blow up political status quo". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[118] Boulos, Guilherme. "Onda Conservadora". Retrieved 11 October 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[119] "PRTB oficializa candidatura de Levy Fidelix à Presidência da República". Eleições 2014 em São Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 June 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

[120] "Levy se assume como candidato da direita e promete defender ditadura – Notícias – Política". Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2018.

[121] "Apuração de votos e resultado das Eleições 2014 (Fonte: TSE): Presidente e candidatos eleitos – UOL Eleições 2014". UOL Eleições 2014 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 November 2018.

[122] "Levy Fidelix anuncia apoio a Aécio Neves no segundo turno". Eleições 2014 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 October 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

[auto-123] Soares, José Manoel Montanha da Silveira (2017). "A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil". Revista Em Pauta. 15 (39). doi:10.12957/rep.2017.30390 (inactive 13 November 2024). ISSN 2238-3786.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[phillips2-124] Phillips, Don (17 October 2017). "Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2017.

[watson2-125] Watson, Kay. "Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial". BBC. Retrieved 5 November 2017.

[126] "Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges". The Guardian. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017.

[CN10918-127] Pepe Escobar (9 October 2018). "Future of Western Democracy Being Played Out in Brazil". Consortium News. Retrieved 15 October 2018.

[128] "Trump Cements Alliance With Far-Right Brazilian President Bolsonaro". The Globe Post. 19 March 2019.

[129] "Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha". Poder. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.

[130] Fonseca, Alana; Gimenes, Erick; Kaniak, Thais; Dionísio, Bibiana (12 July 2017). "Lula é condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 23 September 2017.

[131] "Urgente: Lula É Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4". O Antagonista. 24 January 2018.

[Gavin_Fernando-132] Gavin Fernando (29 April 2016). "Is this the world's most repulsive politician?". News.com.au.

[133] Simon Romero (7 May 2016). "Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent". The New York Times.

[134] "The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro – The Intercept". The Intercept. 11 December 2014.

[135] "A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right wing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[136] Watts, Jonathan (18 April 2016). "Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 April 2016.

[137] "'Irresponsible' populism: Lisa Raitt slams Kevin O'Leary, Kellie Leitch".

[138] "Could Trumpism Take Root in Canada?". Pacific Standard. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[dford-139] "Patrick Brown returns to Queen's Park for budget speech". Toronto Star. 28 March 2018.

[economist-140] "Anti-elitist politicians in Canada are courting immigrants". The Economist. 19 April 2018.

[141] Maxime Bernier says his new party offers 'smart populism'. YouTube. Canadian Press. 11 October 2018. Event occurs at 1:56.

[complex-142] "Maxime Bernier Launches 'The People's Party of Canada'". Complex. 14 September 2018.

[143] Blatchford, Andy (25 May 2022). "Conservative frontrunner deploys populist strike on Ottawa's elites". Politico. Retrieved 25 August 2022.

[populism1-144] "Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau". CBS News. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.

[145] "NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre". National Post. 5 August 2022. Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking."

[146] Forrest, Maura (12 September 2022). "The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader". Politico. He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice.

[147] "Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party?: Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada". The Hub. 9 August 2022. And second, what parts of his program—which, to be fair to him, he is pro-immigration, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-choice—do you take exception to?

[148] McConkey, David (23 October 2022). "Pierre Poilievre, populist politician?". The Brandon Sun. In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration.

[149] Campbell, Clark (16 September 2022). "The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer". The Globe and Mail. But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally.

[150] "Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader". The Economist. 15 September 2022. His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration.

[151] Moore, Samuel (4 November 2022). "Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister?". Cherwell. Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping".

[152] Oliver, Joe (7 September 2022). "Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave". Financial Post. The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration.

[153] Editorial Board (2018). "Costa Rica shows an admirable resistance to demagoguery". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[154] Henley, Jon (2 April 2018). "Costa Rica: Carlos Alvarado wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[155] "Costa Rica's Election: It Wasn't the Economy, Stupid!". Q. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[156] Arco, Eduardo (9 February 2018). "Costa Rica's Rollercoaster Election Was About More Than Gay Marriage". WPR. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[157] Marcia Pally (7 October 2022). "White Evangelicals and Right-wing Populism".

[ElvingBryanTrump-158] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ron Elving (20 May 2023). "Ghost of William Jennings Bryan haunts Trump's next run for the White House". National Public Radio.

[RightWingPopAtlantic-159] Stark, Steven (February 1996). "Right-Wing Populist". The Atlantic.

[160] David French (19 November 2023). "An Old Hate Cracks Open on the New Right". New York Times.

[161] Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154. ISSN 2075-4698.

[162] Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History vol 24#4 (1996) pp. 555–73, quote at p. 561

[NGE-164] Pierannunzi, Carol (23 January 2004). "Thomas E. Watson". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 April 2019.

[165] Longfield, Bradley J. (1993). The Presbyterian Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508674-4. Retrieved 17 August 2018.

[166] Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) quotes on p. 19

[167] David Barstow, "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right," New York Times Feb 6, 2010

[168] "What On Earth Is Ted Cruz Doing?". Vanity Fair. 23 September 2016.

[169] "Playing with fear". The Economist. 12 December 2015.

[170] Maltsev, Yuri (2013). The Tea Party Explained: From Crisis to Crusade. Open Court. p. 26.

[171] "In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match". The Atlantic. 7 April 2017.

[172] Matthew N. Lyons, Chip Berlet. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort.

[FOOTNOTEDolgert2016Greven2016-173] Dolgert 2016; Greven 2016.

[174] Neiwert, David (2016). "Trump and Right-Wing Populism: A Long Time Coming" (PDF). The Public Eye. No. 86. Somerville, Massachusetts: Political Research Associates. pp. 3, 19. ISSN 0275-9322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.

[175] "The future of Bannonism". The Economist. 25 August 2017.

[176] Campani; Concepción; Soler; Savín (2 November 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154.

[177] "Trump, Bolsonaro, Meloni and the New Wave of Populism". The Washington Post. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2023.

[178] "The rise of populist politics in Australia". BBC. 1 March 2017.

[179] "Pauline Hanson's One Nation emerges as government's most reliable Senate voting partner". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 March 2017.

[180] "The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?". The Conversation. 28 August 2013.

[181] "Bernardi's alliance intends to bloc Xenophon". The Australian. 27 April 2017.

[182] "The Libs are all right". May 2023.

[183] Zhang, Chenchen (March 2020). "Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online". European Journal of International Relations. 26 (1): 97–100. doi:10.1177/1354066119850253. S2CID 181854953. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

[184] McCurry, Justin (1 November 2021). "Japan election: rightwing populists sweep vote in Osaka". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2024.

[185] Patrik Hermansson; David Lawrence; Joe Mulhall, eds. (2020). The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century?. Routledge.

[:4-186] Cowen, Tyler (13 February 2017). "Feisty, Protectionist Populism? New Zealand Tried That". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[187] "NZ and Australia: Standing together, and apart". NZ Herald. 31 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.

[Daily_Times-188] "Populism visits Pakistan – Daily Times". Daily Times. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[The_limits_of_populism-189] "The limits of populism". Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[190] Jang Hoon. "Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future". JoongAng Ilbo. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

[191] "이언주는 '젊은 세대'로서 '자국민 중심주의'를 외친다". 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.

[192] "홍준표 "중소기업 외국인노동자도 최저임금 올려줘야 하나"". 이데일리.

[193] ""혐오를 이용하는 치졸한 정치, 이제는 멈추자"" ["Cheap politics that uses hatred. Let's stop now".]. 프레시안. 13 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[194] "한국당 '당권 레이스' 마지막까지 '극우 포퓰리즘' (LKP is an 'extreme right populism' until the end of the 'party race')". 프레시안(Pressian). 27 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[195] "자유도 시장도 몰라 우파 유튜버의 황당 세상 (The absurd world of right-wing YouTubers who don't know freedom or market)". 시사IN. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[196] "마잉주 전 대만 총통 "차이잉원 친미노선 전쟁 위험 야기" (Former Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou said, "Tsai Ing-wen's pro-American line poses a war risk.")". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 22 August 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[KMT01-197] "Can Taiwan's President fend off a populist wave?". The Interpreter. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[KMT02-198] "Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections". The Diplomat. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021. These supporters, called "Han maniacs," elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han's political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support.

[199] ""중국과 평화냐 전쟁이냐 묻겠다"…'대만판 트럼프' 신드롬" ["Is it peace or war with China?" ... 'Taiwanese version of Trump' syndrome.]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2021.

[n374-200] Hockenos, Paul (9 May 2019). "Is There a Secret Recipe for Preventing Far-Right Populism?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 October 2024.

[z985-201] Chiappa, Claudia (12 March 2024). "Chega: 5 things to know about Portugal's surging far-right party". POLITICO. Retrieved 22 October 2024.

[n010-202] Jonge, Léonie (2021). "The Curious Case of Belgium: Why is There no Right-Wing Populism in Wallonia?" (PDF). Government and Opposition. 56 (4): 598–614. doi:10.1017/gov.2020.8. ISSN 0017-257X.

[b581-203] Kasteel, Jean van (11 June 2024). "The Walloons do not send any far-right elected officials either to the Region, nor to the Federal, nor to Europe". DHnet (in French). Retrieved 12 June 2024.

[204] "EU leaders to hold talks on Russian political meddling". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[205] "Czech Republic accuses Putin of backing EU's rightwing". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[206] Adler, David; Ansell, Ben (2019). "Housing and populism". West European Politics. 43 (2): 344–365. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1615322.

[belgium-207] "Elections 2004 – Flemish Council – List Results". polling2004.belgium.be. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[208] "Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist". BBC News. 9 November 2004.

[vlaamsbelang-209] Vlaams Belang (7 January 2005). "Programmaboek 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[haaretz-210] Liphshiz, Cnaan (12 December 2008). "Advertisement". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[211] Smith, Craig S. (12 February 2005). "Fear of Islamists Drives Growth of Far Right in Belgium". The New York Times. Antwerp. Retrieved 10 January 2010.

[vlaamsparlement-212] "Vlaams Parlement". vlaamsparlement.be. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[213] "De Belgische Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers". www.dekamer.be. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2020.

[214] "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". zeit.de. Retrieved 15 July 2020.

[215] "Vlaams Parlement 2019". Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.

[katsouridis_elam-216] Katsourides, Yiannos (December 2013). "Determinants of extreme right reappearance in Cyprus: The National Popular Front (ELAM), Golden Dawn's sister party". South European Society and Politics. 18 (4): 567–589. doi:10.1080/13608746.2013.798893. S2CID 153418352.

[Rydgren-217] Jens Rydgren. "Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark" West European Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 474–502."

[teg-218] Givens, Terri E. (2005). Voting radical right in Western Europe. Cambridge University. pp. 136–39. ISBN 978-0-521-85134-3.

[219] "Head of Danish Populist Party to Resign". Associated Press. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.

[220] Eddy, Melissa (18 June 2015). "Anti-Immigrant Party Gains in Denmark Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[DST-221] "Resultater – Hele landet – Folketingsvalg tirsdag 1. november 2022 – Danmarks Statistik". www.dst.dk. Retrieved 24 December 2022.

[222] "Her er Danmarks nye borgerlige parti: Vil udfordre DF og LA" (in Danish). TV 2 News. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2016.

[223] Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina (11 May 2023). "Danmarksdemokraterne – Politisk parti stiftet 2022 – lex.dk". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[224] "Prime Minister Orpo's Government appointed". Valtioneuvosto. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[225] "Finland's conservative party picks ministers for right-wing coalition government – The Seattle Times". www.seattletimes.com. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.

[226] "Petteri Orpo to be Finland's new prime minister". POLITICO. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.

[227] Kumar, Natasha (18 June 2023). "Here are the ministers of basic Finns – Speaker from Halla-ahota". The Times Hub. Retrieved 18 June 2023.

[228] Rene Remond, ed. (2016). The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle. University of Pennsylvania Press.

[229] Geoffrey K. Roberts; Bill Jones; Patricia Hogwood, eds. (2003). The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5421-1. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French Gaullist Party adopted a populist approach, appealing to the nation to support the personal leadership of General de Gaulle.

[Nossiter-230] Nossiter, Adam (10 March 2018). "'Let Them Call You Racists': Bannon's Pep Talk to National Front". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 March 2018.

[231] "Salafists and Right-Wing Populists Battle in Bonn". Spiegel. 5 July 2012.

[232] "AfD's success: A turning point for Germany's far right – DW – 07/27/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

[233] "Far-right surge triggers alarm in Germany". POLITICO. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

[Stefanova2014-234] Boyka M. Stefanova (14 November 2014). The European Union beyond the Crisis: Evolving Governance, Contested Policies, and Disenchanted Publics. Lexington Books. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4985-0348-8.

[KarnerMertens2013-235] Christian Karner; Bram Mertens (30 September 2013). The Use and Abuse of Memory: Interpreting World War II in Contemporary European Politics. Transaction Publishers. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4128-5203-6.

[236] "Greece anti-bailout leader Tsipras made prime minister". BBC News. 26 January 2015.

[todayszaman-237] "Greek far-right leader vows to 'take back' İstanbul, İzmir". todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[238] Squires, Nick (2 May 2013). "Golden Dawn's 'Greeks only' soup kitchen ends in chaos". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[239] "Laos.gr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.

[carleton-240] "Tribunes and Patricians: Radical Fringe Parties in the 21st Century" (PDF). carleton.ca. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[spiegel-241] "Continent of Fear: The Rise of Europe's Right-Wing Populists". Spiegel Online. spiegel.de. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[ilfoglio-242] "Così la Lega conquista nuovi elettori (non solo al nord)". ilfoglio.it. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[asca-243] "Lega Nord: Maroni ne' destra ne' sinistra, alleanze dopo congresso". asca.it. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[termometropolitico-244] "INTERVISTA Matteo Salvini (Lega): "Renzi? Peggio di Monti, vergognoso con la Merkel". termometropolitico.it. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[leganord-245] "Lega Nord". leganord.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[tambini-246] Tambini, Damian (6 December 2012). Nationalism in Italian Politics: The Stories of the Northern League, 1980–2000. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54001-3.

[bullaro-247] Russo Bullaro, Grace (2010). From Terrone to Extracomunitario: New Manifestations of Racism in Contemporary Italian Cinema: Shifting Demographics and Changing Images in a Multi-cultural Globalized Society. Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. 179–81. ISBN 978-1-84876-176-6.

[willey-248] Willey, David (14 April 2012). "The rise and fall of Northern League founder Umberto Bossi". BBC News. Retrieved 28 October 2015.

[pullella-249] Pullella, Philip (8 March 2011). "Italy unity anniversary divides more than unites". Reuters. Retrieved 28 October 2015.

[garau-250] Garau, Eva (17 December 2014). Politics of National Identity in Italy: Immigration and 'Italianità'. Routledge. pp. 110–11. ISBN 978-1-317-55766-1. Retrieved 28 October 2015.

[251] "Italy's Northern League Is Suddenly In Love With the South". Bloomberg.com. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.

[252] "Rivoluzione nella Lega: cambiano nome e simbolo". 24 July 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.

[253] "Lega, nuovo simbolo senza "nord". Salvini: "Sarà valido per tutta Italia"". 27 October 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.

[254] Liang, Christina (2016), Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Routledge, p. 187

[255] Feffer, John (23 November 2016). "What Europe Can Teach Us about Trump". Foreign Policy in Focus.

[256] Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Retrieved 26 September 2022.

[257] "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.

[258] "In pictures: Death of Pim Fortuyn". BBC News. 7 May 2002.

[259] "Far-right outcast Geert Wilders vows to 'de-Islamise' the Netherlands after taking lead in Dutch polls". The Independent. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[260] Lauren Said-Moorhouse; Bryony Jones. "Dutch elections: Wilders' far-right party beaten, early results show". CNN. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[Heinrich_Böll_Foundation-261] "The Dutch defeat 'the wrong kind of populism'". Heinrich Böll Foundation. 22 March 2017.

[262] Faber, Sebastiaan (5 April 2018). "Is Dutch Bad Boy Thierry Baudet the New Face of the European Alt-Right?". The Nation. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.

[263] "Column (Maarten van Nieuw Amerongen): Het populisme van van der Plas en Boswijk". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

[264] Corder, Mike (16 March 2023). "Populist Farmer Citizen Movement wins big in Dutch election". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

[265] Camut, Nicolas (16 March 2023). "Dutch pro-farmers party wins big in provincial elections". Politico. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

[266] "'Vlaardingerbroek weg bij Zaterdagmatinee wegens discriminatie en wangedrag'". BNNVARA (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 March 2023.

[267] "Eva Vlaardingerbroek: Our farmers are fighting against the worst kind of injustice". World News Network. 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.

[268] "Can Europe's new xenophobes reshape the continent?". The Guardian. 3 February 2018.

[269] "In Poland, a right-wing, populist, anti-immigrant government sees an ally in Trump". LA Times. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

[nczas-270] "Korwin-Mikke: Feudalizmie wróć! | Najwyższy Czas!". nczas.com. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[nowaprawicajkm-271] "Program KNP". nowaprawicajkm.pl. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[wsieci-272] "Korwin-Mikke – guru nonsensu Gazeta wSieci". wsieci.pl. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[lewica-273] "Wirus korwinizmu – Krzysztof Derebecki – Mój lewicowy punkt widzenia". lewica.pl. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[ro-274] "Romanian opposition takes narrow lead after election". BBC News. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020.

[275] McGrath, Stephen (8 December 2020). "How a far-right party came from nowhere to shock in Romania's election". Euronews.

[276] Gálvez, José María Jiménez (3 December 2018). "Vox: the far-right party that made shock gains in the regional polls". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[277] Marcos, José; Sáiz, Eva; Blas, Elsa García de; Junquera, Natalia (3 December 2018). "Spain's center-right mulls deal with Vox to gain control of Andalusia". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[278] Loucaides, Sohail Jannessari, Darren (27 April 2019). "Spain's Vox Party Hates Muslims—Except the Ones Who Fund It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[279] Pardo, Pablo (27 April 2019). "Make Spain Great Again". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[280] "Programa electoral". VOX (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[281] Rodríguez, Jorge A. (3 December 2018). "Far-right Spanish political party Vox: What are its policies?". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[282] González, Miguel (4 April 2019). "Vox party official under scrutiny for alleged hate speech against Muslims". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 3 May 2019.

[283] Lucio, Lourdes; Sáiz, Eva; País, El (15 January 2019). "Protests outside Andalusian parliament as investiture debate begins". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[284] Valdés, Isabel; Mora, Antonio J. (16 January 2019). "Thousands of women march across Spain against far-right party Vox". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[285] González, Miguel (29 April 2019). "Vox enters Congress for the first time but falls short of expectations". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[286] Jones, Sam (23 April 2019). "Spain's general election 2019: all you need to know". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[287] "'The future has won,' says Spain's Socialist party leader after election victory – video report". The Guardian. Reuters. 29 April 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[288] Wilkinson, Isambard (7 July 2023). "Isabel Díaz Ayuso, the charismatic populist tipped as a future national leader". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

[289] "Madrid's loose-cannon populist is an asset and a worry for Spain's conservatives". POLITICO. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

[290] Riviera, Carolina (25 March 2019). "España rechaza con "toda firmeza" carta de AMLO sobre disculpa por la Conquista". Milenio (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2021.

[291] "Barcelona students to take mandatory climate crisis module from 2024". the Guardian. 12 November 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

[292] Hernández-Morales, Aitor (13 June 2022). "Spain's pop polarizer: The unlikely rise of Isabel Díaz Ayuso". Politico. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

[293] Madrid, Isambard Wilkinson (7 July 2023). "Isabel Díaz Ayuso: patron saint or Spanish Trumpista?". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

[294] Bautista, José (25 May 2023). "Meet The Woman Spain Can't Stop Listening To". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 9 June 2023.

[r3334-295] Rydgren, 2006, pp. 33–34.

[r54-296] Rydgren, 2006, p. 54.

[telegraphboots-297] Jake Wallis Simons (14 May 2014). "EU elections 2014: 'I can hear the boots of the 1930s marching through Europe'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2018.

[FOOTNOTESkenderovic2009p._124:_"..._and_prefers_to_use_terms_such_as_'national-conservative'_or_'conservative-right'_in_defining_the_SVP._In_particular,_'national-conservative'_has_gained_prominence_among_the_definitions_used_in_Swiss_research_on_the_SVP"-298] Skenderovic 2009, p. 124: "... and prefers to use terms such as 'national-conservative' or 'conservative-right' in defining the SVP. In particular, 'national-conservative' has gained prominence among the definitions used in Swiss research on the SVP".

[FOOTNOTEGeden200695-299] Geden 2006, p. 95.

[FOOTNOTEIgnazi2006234-300] Ignazi 2006, p. 234.

[301] H-G Betz, 'Xenophobia, Identity Politics and Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe', L. Panitch & C. Leys (eds.), Socialist Register 2003 – Fighting Identities: Race, Religion and Ethno-nationalism, London: Merlin Press, 2002, p. 198

[tau.ac.il-302] "Antisemitism And Racism in Switzerland 2000-1". Archived from the original on 21 April 2002. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[303] "Antisemitism and Racism in Switzerland 1999–2000". tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[304] "Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right'". The Daily Telegraph. Reuters. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2015.

[305] "Anti-immigration SVP wins Swiss election in big swing to right". BBC News. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.

[306] Larson, Nina (19 October 2015). "Swiss parliament shifts to right in vote dominated by migrant fears". Yahoo!. AFP. Retrieved 19 October 2015.

[307] "Amid rising fears over refugees, far-right party gains ground in Swiss election". Deutsche Welle. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.

[308] Breeze, Ruth (2 January 2019). "Positioning "the people" and Its Enemies: Populism and Nationalism in AfD and UKIP". Javnost – the Public. 26 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339. ISSN 1318-3222. S2CID 150034518.

[309] Bale, Tim (2018). "Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism". Politics. 38 (3): 263–277. doi:10.1177/0263395718754718. ISSN 0263-3957.

[310] Ashkenas, Jeremy; Aisch, Gregor (5 December 2016). "European Populism in the Age of Donald Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[311] Clarke, Harold; Whiteley, Paul; Borges, Walter; Sanders, David; Stewart, Marianne (2 April 2016). "Modelling the dynamics of support for a right-wing populist party: the case of UKIP". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 26 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1080/17457289.2016.1146286. ISSN 1745-7289. S2CID 67831605.

[312] "Who wants to leave the European Union?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[FOOTNOTEGoodwinMilazzo2015172,_231Heywood2015139-313] Goodwin & Milazzo 2015, pp. 172, 231; Heywood 2015, p. 139.

[314] Merrick, Jane; Rentoul, John (19 January 2014). "Ukip tops Independent on Sunday poll as the nation's favourite party". The Independent. London.

[mirror-315] "Poll says Labour still on course for 2015 victory – but UKIP is now Britain's 'favourite' political party". mirror.co.uk. 18 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

[316] "Election Result Conservatives win historic majority". The Telegraph. 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[317] Ross, Tim (19 May 2013). "Tories begin defecting to Ukip over 'loons' slur". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[318] McManus, Ian (2021), Falkenbach, Michelle; Greer, Scott L. (eds.), "The Case of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)", The Populist Radical Right and Health, Cham: Springer International, pp. 139–155, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70709-5_8, ISBN 978-3-030-70708-8, S2CID 239723344, retrieved 19 August 2023

[319] Quinn, Ben (25 December 2022). "Senior Tories risk losing seats if Nigel Farage returns to politics, experts say". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[320] Mamonova, Natalia; Franquesa, Jaume. "Populism, Neoliberalism and Agrarian Movements in Europe. Understanding Rural Support for Right-Wing Politics and Looking for Progressive Solutions". Sociologia Ruralis. 60 (4): 710–731. doi:10.1111/soru.12291. ISSN 0038-0199. S2CID 213444041.

[Gifford_2006_851–869-321] Gifford, Chris (2006). "The rise of post-imperial populism: The case of right-wing Euroscepticism in Britain". European Journal of Political Research. 45 (5): 851–869. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x. ISSN 0304-4130.

[322] Kenny, Sue; Ife, Jim; Westoby, Peter, eds. (2014). Populism, Democracy and Community Development. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-5387-4. The most recognised right-wing UK populist politician of recent time was Margaret Thatcher, who became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, and in 1979 the first British woman prime minister.

[323] Tournier-Sol, Karine (5 January 2021). "From UKIP to Brexit: The Right-Wing Populist Surge in the UK". The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53889-7_1. ISBN 978-3-030-53889-7. S2CID 234301640 – via Springer Link. Thatcher's "right-wing populism" was thus instrumental in marginalizing the extreme right.

[324] Fry, Geoffrey K. (1998). "Parliament and 'morality': Thatcher, Powell and Populism". Contemporary British History. 12 (1): 139–147. doi:10.1080/13619469808581473. ISSN 1361-9462.

[325] Fontana, Cary; Parsons, Craig (2015). "'One Woman's Prejudice': Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britain's Anti-Europeanism?: 'One woman's prejudice'". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 53 (1): 89–105. doi:10.1111/jcms.12205. S2CID 142854825.

[326] Featherstone, David; Karaliotas, Lazaros (1 August 2019). "Populism". Soundings. 72 (72): 31–47. doi:10.3898/SOUN.72.02.2019. ISSN 1362-6620. S2CID 241858940.

[327] Mouffe, Chantal (2018). For a Left Populism (1st ed.). London: Verso. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-518-12729-2.

[328] Wood, Brennon (1998). "Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony". The British Journal of Sociology. 49 (3): 399–414. doi:10.2307/591390. ISSN 0007-1315. JSTOR 591390.

[329] Taraktaş, Başak; Esen, Berk; Uskudarli, Suzan (18 August 2022). "Tweeting through a Public Health Crisis: Communication Strategies of Right-Wing Populist Leaders during the COVID-19 Pandemic". Government and Opposition. 59: 207–228. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.34. ISSN 0017-257X. S2CID 251674349.

[330] Levitz, Eric (30 June 2016). "Boris Johnson Brexit But Won't Buy it". New York.

[331] Lacatus, Corina; Meibauer, Gustav (27 May 2022). "'Saying it like it is': Right-wing populism, international politics, and the performance of authenticity". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 24 (3): 437–457. doi:10.1177/13691481221089137. hdl:2066/250225. ISSN 1369-1481. S2CID 249137812.

[332] Worth, Owen (4 July 2023). "The great moving Boris show: Brexit and the mainstreaming of the far right in Britain". Globalizations. 20 (5): 814–828. Bibcode:2023Glob...20..814W. doi:10.1080/14747731.2021.2025291. ISSN 1474-7731. S2CID 247062067.

[333] "Populism's Latest Twist: An Aristocrat Could Be Britain's Prime Minister". New York Observer. 14 July 2017.

[334] Way, Lyndon C. S. (27 May 2021). "Populism in musical mash ups: recontextualising Brexit". Social Semiotics. 31 (3): 489–506. doi:10.1080/10350330.2021.1930857. ISSN 1035-0330.

[335] Collins, Harry; Evans, Robert; Durant, Darrin; Weinel, Martin (2020), Collins, Harry; Evans, Robert; Durant, Darrin; Weinel, Martin (eds.), "What is Populism?", Experts and the Will of the People: Society, Populism and Science, Cham: Springer International, pp. 35–46, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26983-8_4, ISBN 978-3-030-26983-8, S2CID 211313997

[dup-336] Ingle, Stephen (2008). The British Party System: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 156.

[Swanson-337] Swanson, David; Gherghina, Sergiu (26 June 2023). "From opposition to government: how populist parties change their political communication in Northern Ireland". Irish Political Studies. 38 (4): 489–515. doi:10.1080/07907184.2023.2227570. ISSN 0790-7184.

[338] "Javier Milei, el libertario radical 'outsider' que desafiará a la "casta política" en Argentina" [Javier Milei, the radical Liberterian 'outsider' who will challenge the "political castes" in Argentina]. Milenio (in Spanish). 14 November 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.

[339] EPE (15 November 2021). "La libertad avanza: el nuevo partido libertario que ha entrado en el Congreso de Argentina". El Periódico de Aragón (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2022.

[340] "Javier Milei. Un fenómeno libertario con prédica antisistema". La Nación. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[341] "Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions?". 20 March 2021.

[aus-342] "The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?". The Conversation. 28 August 2013.

[Bieling2015-343] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". In Johannes Jäger; Elisabeth Springler (eds.). Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4.

[344] Tessa Szyszkowitz (8 October 2019). "Austria: The Successful Populist". Royal United Services Institute.

[345] "Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh behind attack on Hindus". The Economic Times. 23 November 2016.

[346] "'6 congressmen's letter ignores violence against Hindus by BNP-Jamaat in 2001'". 15 June 2023.

[347] "The "Ershad Syndrome"". 18 January 2014.

[StarkeKaasch2013-348] Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.

[349] "Прокуратурата поиска заличаване и разпускане на партия "Възраждане"". 20 July 2020.

[350] "The monster within: how Bulgaria's political crisis is evolving". Foundation for European Progressive Studies. 19 June 2024. the right-wing populist party of former TV host Slavi Trifonov

[351] "How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war – Macleans.ca". macleans.ca. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.

[352] "Groundswell of right-wing populism will test our Canadian resolve, readers say". The Toronto Star. 26 November 2016.

[353] "The popular comeback of populist politics". Toronto Sun.

[354] "Kellie Leitch latches on to Trump victory – Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca.

[355] Blackman, Jesse (24 November 2016). "The Conservative Party of Canada is ripe for a populist takeover".

[356] "Chile Prepares to Choose a New Direction". Foreign Policy. 16 November 2021.

[357] "Populismo religioso en las urnas". El País. 2019.

[358] Reid, Michael (2018). "La sombra de la vuelta al populismo". El País.

[359] "Populismo de derechas". Thinking Heads. 2018.

[360] Zúñiga Umaña, Fernando (2018). "Elecciones políticas en Costa Rica: vísperas de caos". Mundo.

[361] Prnjak, Hrvoje (7 March 2020). "Projekt za vlast Miroslava Škore: novi vođa populista nada se Plenkovićevoj pobjedi, a nakon toga aktivirat će uhodani plan za 30 zastupnika u Saboru". slobodnadalmacija.hr. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[Standard-362] Wölfl, Adelheid. "Kroatischer Premier will Pandemie für vorgezogene Wahlen nutzen". Der Standart. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[Haaretz-363] "After Loss in Austria, a Look at Europe's Right-wing Parties". Haaretz. 24 May 2016.

[364] Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Czechia". Parties and Elections in Europe.

[Zeit-365] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Pausch, Robert (4 February 2015). "Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa". Die Zeit. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[CaramaniMény2005-366] Daniele Caramani; Yves Mény (2005). Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region. Peter Lang. p. 151. ISBN 978-90-5201-250-6.

[367] "Contentious politics in the Baltics: the 'new' wave of right-wing populism in Estonia". openDemocracy. 28 April 2016.

[368] Ivaldi, Gilles (2018). "Crowding the market: the dynamics of populist and mainstream competition in the 2017 French presidential elections". p. 6.

[369] Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Greece". Parties and Elections in Europe.

[370] "Athens' youngest mayor: I'm interested in real life, not utopias". The Guardian. 4 June 2019.

[371] Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (The New Politics of Resentment). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-312-08390-8. the majority of radical right-wing populist parties are radical in their rejection of the established socio-cultural and socio-political system

[Wodak_2013_23-372] Wodak, Ruth (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 23.

[373] Prakash, Gyan (2010). Mumbai Fables. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-14284-5.

[374] Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford University Press.

[RuzzaFella2009-375] Carlo Ruzza; Stefano Fella (2009). Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial Politics, Populism and 'post-fascism'. Routledge. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-134-28634-8.

[376] Liang, Kristina (2016). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Routledge. p. 187.

[377] Langford, Barry (2017). All Together Now. Biteback Publishing. Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing populist party Likud, ran for re-election

[ukisrael-378] "Right-wing Populism Wins in Britain and Israel". Haaretz. 3 July 2016.

[379] "Opinion | To remain prime minister, Netanyahu might have to work with Israeli Arabs". The Washington Post. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

[380] Jönsson, Anton (1 October 2020). Populism in Israel: A study of the manifestation of populist rhetoric among Israeli right-wing political actors between 2015 and 2020 (Master thesis). Lund University.

[381] Rogenhofer, Julius Maximilian; Panievsky, Ayala (2020). "Antidemocratic populism in power: Comparing Erdoğan's Turkey with Modi's India and Netanyahu's Israel". Democratization. 27 (8): 1394–1412. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1795135. S2CID 225557801.

[382] Narayanan Ganesan, ed. (2015). Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 67.

[383] Hofmann, Reto (22 June 2018). "Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 March 2021. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.

[384] "Political factors and limitations that made the Abe administration the longest ever. (Japanese)". Newsweek Japan. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2020. 一方で、日本維新の会は小さな政府論に右派的なポピュリズムを加えた政党ですが ...(On the other hand, the Japan Restoration Party is a political party that has added right-wing populism to its small government theory ...)

[385] Tom Lansford (2019). Political Handbook of the World 2018–2019. "... the JRP was a right-wing, populist grouping that advocated deregulation, educational reform, ..."

[pop-386] "演説とSNSで支持伸ばした「参政党」とは。どんな党？なぜ勢力拡大？主張には危うさも… 参院選で議席獲得". BuzzFeed. 10 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

[387] "「庶民感覚」「自民党ぎらい」の受け皿に…河村たかし氏ら率いる日本保守党が「意外と伸びる」かもしれないワケ" (in Japanese). 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.

[388] "百田尚樹氏ら「安倍応援団」が自民党批判に転じた理由は？「日本保守党」国政選の初陣へ衆院東京15区補選" (in Japanese). 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.

[AuersKase-389] Auers; Kasekamp, Comparing Radical-Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia, pp. 235–236

[390] "In Liechtenstein, 38,378 of the world's wealthiest go to the polls". 7 February 2021.

[391] Doing Identity in Luxembourg. Transaction Publishers. 2014. p. 55.

[392] "Rechts-populistische partijen: De verschillen en overeenkomsten". 14 March 2021.

[393] Valk, Guus (19 March 2023). "Waar staat BBB op het politieke spectrum? Drie politicologen aan het woord". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 April 2023.

[394] Theulings; van Oost (23 March 2023). "Een beetje links, een beetje rechts én agrarisch populisme: dit is waar de BoerBurgerBeweging voor staat".

[BB-NL-395] "Ook populistische partijen BBB, JA21, BVNL en PVV voeden steeds de haat tegen journalisten – Joop – BNNVARA". Joop (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 April 2023.

[396] "Race issues emerge in New Zealand's election". www.reuters.com. Reuters. 3 October 2023.

[397] Ljupcho Petkovski. Authoritarian Populism and Hegemony: Constructing 'the People' in Macedonia's illiberal discourse (PDF). Centre of Southeast European Studies.

[Nordsieck_Norway-398] Wolfram Nordsieck (2013). "Parties and Elections in Europe: Norway". www.parties-and-elections.eu. Parties and Elections in Europe.

[399] Lambert, Peter (9 August 2012). "The Lightning Impeachment of Paraguay's President Lugo". E-International Relations. Retrieved 8 July 2021.

[400] "Rafael López Aliaga: Derecha Popular no es corrupta ni tampoco mercantilista". La Razón (in Spanish). 21 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021.

[BPB-401] "Rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa". BPB.de. Federal Agency for Civic Education. December 2016.

[402] "Portugal's Socialists win election, now eye alliances". Star Tribune. 7 October 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.

[403] Henceroth, Nathan (2019). "Open Society Foundations". In Ainsworth, Scott H.; Harward, Brian M. (eds.). Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America. ABC-CLIO. p. 739.

[Nordsieck_Russia-404] Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 16 March 2015.

[405] Kuhrt, Natasha (2014). Russia and the World. Routledge. p. 25.

[406] "A Conservative Populist Charged with Pimping Girls". Beta Briefing. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.

[407] "The state of global right-wing populism in 2019". Quartz. 30 December 2019.

[408] "ANC holds onto power in South Africa as other parties increase vote share". Times of India. 11 May 2019.

[409] "Appendix A: Classifying European populist parties". Pew Research Center. 14 October 2019.

[410] Mazzoleni, Oskar (2007), "The Swiss People's Party and the Foreign and Security Policy Since the 1990s", Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Ashgate, p. 223, ISBN 978-0-7546-4851-2

[Swissinfo_2009-10-11-411] "Les populistes brillent aux élections genevoises". Swissinfo (in French). 11 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

[Cloud-412] "Cross-Border Issues Cloud Geneva Election Result". Swissinfo. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2016.

[413] "NFP 40+ "Rechtsextremismus – Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen" – SNF". www.snf.ch.

[414] Gunes, Cengiz, ed. (2013). The Kurdish Question in Turkey. Routledge. p. 270.

[415] Abadan-Unat, Nermin (2011). Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84545-425-8. ...the fascist Nationalist Movement Party...

[416] "Istanbul: Erdogans Widersacher". 20 April 2018.

[Kuzio_2010_6,_15-417] Kuzio, Taras (November–December 2010), "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context" (PDF), Problems of Post-Communism, 57 (6): 3–18, doi:10.2753/ppc1075-8216570601, S2CID 154825950, retrieved 16 October 2012, Anti-Semitism only permeates Ukraine's far-right parties, such as Svoboda… Ukraine's economic nationalists are to be found in the extreme right (Svoboda) and centrist parties that propagate economic nationalism and economic protectionism.

[418] Ivaldi, Gilles (2011), "The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979-2009", The Extreme Right in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 20, ISBN 978-3-525-36922-7

[rw_politics-419] Panitch, Leo (2015). The Politics of the Right. NYU Press. p. ix.

[420] Cassidy, John (29 February 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker.

[421] Gould, J.J. (2 July 2016). "Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?". The Atlantic.

[422] Cottle, Michelle (7 April 2017). "In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match". The Atlantic.

[423] "Der Rückfall ins Nationale". Deutsche Welle. 2011.

[Micklin2015-424] Eric Micklin (2015). "The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential". In Claudia Hefftler; Christine Neuhold; Olivier Rosenberg; et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-137-28913-1.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[425] "Mapping Global Populism - Panel #9: Civilizational Populism and Religious Authoritarianism in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives". European Center for Populism Studies. 16 January 2024.

[MuddeKaltwasser2012-426] Cas Mudde; Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2012). Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat Or Corrective for Democracy?. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-107-02385-7. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

[nsd.uib.no-427] "European Election Database (EED)". uib.no. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[428] "Botswana • Africa Elects". Africa Elects. Retrieved 2 October 2023.

[429] Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8108-6295-6, p. 104.

[Magone-430] Smilova, Ruzha; Smilov, Daniel; Ganev, Georgi (2012). "Democracy and the Media in Bulgaria: Who Represents the People?". Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 48–49.

[KerriganDeLima2023-431] Nathan Kerrigan; Philomena de Lima (2023). "Introduction". In Nathan Kerrigan; Philomena de Lima (eds.). The Rural-Migration Nexus: Global Problems, Rural Issues. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 11. ISBN 9783031180422.

[Cartigny2009-432] Florence Cartigny (2009). "Are Rural Communities in Saskatchewan a New Forgotten Solitude?". In Pierre Anctil; André Loiselle; Christopher Rolfe (eds.). Canada Exposed. Peter Lang. p. 226. ISBN 9789052015484.

[Smith2018-433] Charles W. Smith (2018). "Active Incrementalism and the Politics of Austerity in the "New" Saskatchewan". In Bryan M. Evans; Carlo Fanelli (eds.). The Public Sector in an Age of Austerity: Perspectives from Canada's Provinces and Territories. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780773554191.

[434] Mach, Jiří (11 June 2024). "Motoristé úspěch těžko zopakují, míní sociolog". Novinky (in Czech). Borgis. Retrieved 14 August 2024.

[435] Pavelka, Kryštof (10 June 2024). "Turek přejel Okamuru a startuje směr Brusel. Motoristé s Přísahou jsou SPD pro mladé". Reflex (in Czech). Czech News Center. Retrieved 14 August 2024.

[436] "Rechtspopulistische Parteien in Tschechien. – Vile Netzwerk". vile-netzwerk.de. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[Hainsworth-437] Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 49

[Liang2013-438] Christina Schori Liang (2013). "'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Right After Reunification". In Christina Schori Liang (ed.). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4094-9825-4.

[439] Lokaler Aktionsplan für Demokratie, Toleranz und für ein weltoffenes Chemnitz (LAP). Archived 8 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 275 kB) Fortschreibung 2012. Stand: November 2011, veröffentlicht auf chemnitz.de

[440] Swen Uhlig: NPD plant Aufmarsch in Chemnitz, freiepresse.de, 16. Februar 2010.

[euroscrepticism5-441] Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism(PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone"

[Gemenis-442] Gemenis, Kostas (2008) "The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece", Mediterranean Politics 13: 95–101 and Gemenis, Kostas and Dinas, Elias (2009) "Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece^{[permanent dead link‍]}", Comparative European Politics.

[Art-443] Art, David (2011), Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, p. 188, ISBN 978-1-139-49883-8

[444] Tamadonfar, Mehran (2013). Religion and Regimes. Lexington Books. p. 125.

[Nordsieck-445] Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

[446] "BürgerUnion bei Wahlauftakt der Tiroler FPÖ" (in German). Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[447] "Herr Pöder, was tun Sie bei Pegida?", Salto.bz (in German), 13 January 2015, retrieved 27 January 2018

[448] "Nicht wählen ist keine Lösung.", Brennerbasisdemokratie.eu (in German), 25 February 2018, retrieved 27 January 2018

[henningsen-449] Henningsen, Bernd; Etzold, Tobias; Hanne, Krister (15 September 2017). The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide. BWV Verlag. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-8305-1727-6.

[450] "Latvia".

[451] "Gobzema partija – dāvana valdošajai politiskajai šķirai". neatkariga.nra.lv.

[452] Balcere, Ilze (2011), Comparing Populist Political Parties in the Baltic States and Western Europe (PDF), European Consortium for Political Research, pp. 5–6^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[453] Berend, Iván T. (2010), Europe Since 1980, Cambridge University Press, p. 134

[Nordsieck_Serbia-454] "Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[455] Wodak, Ruth; Mral, Brigitte (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 19.

[456] "Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.

[457] "Desni populisti i ekstremisti u Europi". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 December 2018.

[458] Passarelli, Gianluca (2019). "The Presidentialisation of Political Parties in the Western Balkans". In Passarelli, Gianluca (ed.). Cham: Springer International. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97352-4_1. ISBN 978-3-319-97351-7. S2CID 158687714. Retrieved 19 March 2022. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[459] "Slowakei: Rechte wollen Fico verhindern". Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[460] Alica Rétiová. "A Hero Is Coming! The master narrative of Marián Kotleba in the Slovak regional election of 2013". Masaryk University. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[461] "A right-wing extremist or people's protector? Media coverage of extreme right leader Marian Kotleba in 2013 regional elections in Slovakia | Kluknavská | Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics". Intersections.tk.mta.hu. Retrieved 9 December 2016.

[462] Golder, M. (2003). "Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 36 (4): 432. doi:10.1177/0010414003251176. S2CID 55841713.

[463] Evans, Jocelyn A.J. (April 2005). "The dynamics of social change in radical right-wing populist party support". Comparative European Politics. 3 (1): 76–101. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.199.7394. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110050. S2CID 7805751.

[464] "Lords by party, type of peerage and gender". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

[Langlois1992-465] Simon Langlois; Jean-Paul Baillargeon; Gary Caldwell; Guy Fréchet; Madeleine Gauthier; Jean-Pierre Simard (1992). Recent Social Trends in Quebec, 1960–1990. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-7735-0879-8.

[Stevenson2004-466] Garth Stevenson (2004). Unfulfilled Union, 5th Edition: Canadian Federalism and National Unity. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7735-3632-6.

[MarmorFreeman2009-467] Theodore R. Marmor; Richard Freeman; Kieke G. H. Okma (2009). Comparative Studies and the Politics of Modern Medical Care. Yale University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-300-15595-2.

[Abedi2004-468] Amir Abedi (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-134-36369-8.

[GouldPaquino2001-469] Carol Gould; Pasquale Paquino (2001). Cultural Identity and the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8476-9677-2.

[BudgeRobertsonHearl1987-470] Ian Budge; David Robertson; Derek Hearl (1987). Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5.

[Pilon2015-471] Denis Pilon (2015). "British Columbia: Right-Wing Coalition Politics and Neoliberalism". In Bryan M. Evans; Charles W Smith (eds.). Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era. University of Toronto Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-4426-9593-1.

[472] Nathalie Tocci (2007). "Greece, Turkey and Cyprus". European Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 125.

[473] Stefan Engert (2010). EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus. Routledge. p. 146.

[474] "Croatia's conservatives reject rightwing populism with new leader". Financial Times. 18 July 2016.

[475] Klausmann, Alexandra (21 May 2010). "Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien". Wiener Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.

[economistp-476] "Czech elections: An angry electorate", The Economist, 25 October 2013

[Hainsworth2008-477] Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Europe. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-15432-6.

[478] Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.): Rechtspopulismus als "Bürgerbewegung". Kampagnen gegen Islam und Moscheebau und kommunale Gegenstrategien. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15919-5.

[479] "Obdachlose Rechtspopulisten", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 11 January 2011, retrieved 30 August 2011

[FOCUS-480] "Pro Köln unterliegt vor Gericht", FOCUS, 10 July 2009, retrieved 19 October 2011

[Morgenpost-481] "Pro Deutschland protestiert vor Norwegen-Botschaft", Berliner Morgenpost, 25 July 2011, archived from the original on 2 April 2015, retrieved 19 October 2011

[482] Kristian Frigelj: Rechtspopulisten planen Anti-Minarett-Kampagne. In: Die Welt, 14. Dezember 2009.

[Bergqvist1999-483] Christina Bergqvist, ed. (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.

[484] De Lange, Sarah L. (2008), Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership (PDF), p. 9

[485] Foster, Malcolm (16 December 2012). "Japan Elections 2012: LDP Wins Majority In Parliamentary Elections". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[486] Soble, Jonathan (17 December 2012). "Portrait of Japan's main political parties". Financial Times. Nikkei, Inc. Retrieved 6 November 2020. Politics: Populist right

[487] Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (15 December 2012). "Japan loses faith in traditional politics". BBC News. Retrieved 6 November 2012. There is growing support here for non-traditional parties, particularly right-wing populists who promise strong leadership and bold answers. The most prominent is the Japan Restoration Party led by two political mavericks – Toru Hashimoto, the Mayor of Osaka, and 80-year-old Shintaro Ishihara, the former governor of Tokyo.

[Art2011-488] David Art (2011). "Memory Politics in Western Europe". In Uwe Backes; Patrick Moreau (eds.). The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 361. ISBN 978-3-647-36922-8.

[Andeweg,_R_p.49-489] Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49

[490] "Serbien: Wahl im Schatten Vucics". 21 June 2020.

[491] Jang Hoon (4 April 2018). "Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future". JoongAng Ilbo. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

[md-492] Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic" Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Minuto Digital (Spanish)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[a]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[b]

[c]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[d]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

v t e Nationalism
Development	Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure
By type	African Anarchist Blind Bourgeois Business Welfare Civic American French Irish Communist Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cyber- Ecological Economic Ethnic European Expansionist Palingenetic ultranationalism Homo- Integral Left-wing Communist Linguistic Mystic New Pan- Neo- Populist Queer Racial Arab Berber Black Korean White Zionism Religious Christian Catholic Clerico- Mormon Islamic Hindu Hindutva Resource Revolutionary Ethnocacerism National syndicalist Falangism Fascism List of fascist movements Romantic Technological Territorial Terrorism Trans- Ultra-
Organizations	List of nationalist organizations Nationalist Clubs
Related concepts	Anarchism and nationalism Anationalism Anti-nationalism Banal nationalism Cultural nationalism Diaspora politics Eliminationism Exceptionalism Gastronationalism Gender and nationalism Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Jingoism Nation-building National indifference National question National revival Nation state Nationalism studies Natural border Plurinationalism Principle of nationalities [fr] Revanchism State-building