Jump to content

Father of the Nation

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch is often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the divine right of kings espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law.

In Spain, the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch faces severe criminal penalties.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation".[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.[6]

List

The following people are still often called the "Father" or "Mother" of their respective nations.

Name Nation Title (native) Title (translation) Notes
Ahmad Shah Durrani  Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Ahmad Shah the Father[7][8][9] Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire
Mohammad Zahir Shah Father of the Nation Last and longest-reigning king of Afghanistan (1933–1973)[10][11]
Ismail Kemal  Albania Babai Kombit Father of the Nation Led the Albanian national movement against the Ottoman Empire
Ahmed Ben Bella  Algeria Father of the Nation First President of Algeria and first Prime Minister of Algeria
V. C. Bird  Antigua and Barbuda Father of the Nation First prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda and founder of the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party.[12]
Agostinho Neto  Angola Father of the Nation Leader of the MPLA during the Angolan War of Independence and the first President of Angola.
José de San Martín  Argentina
 Chile
Peru Peru 		Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[13] 		Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru 		Primary leader of the Argentine War of Independence and the Spanish American wars of independence in southern South America
María Remedios del Valle  Argentina Madre de la Patria Mother of the Homeland Important officer in the Argentine Army during the War of Independence, referred to as the "Mother of the Homeland" since her lifetime. In 1829, the Chamber of Representatives of the province of Buenos Aires named her "Mother of the Homeland" and granted her the position of sergeant major.[14][15]
Հայկ (Hayk)  Armenia Նահապետ (Nahapet) Head of the Family
Patriarch 		Legendary founder of the Armenian nation
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG  Australia Father of Federation Gave the Tenterfield Oration, which is believed to be pivotal in the process of the Federation of Australia.
Heydar Aliyev  Azerbaijan Böyük Lider Great Leader 3rd President of Azerbaijan from 1993 to his death in 2003, considered the founder of the modern Azerbaijani state.[16]
Sir Lynden Pindling  The Bahamas Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1973.[17]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman  Bangladesh বঙ্গবন্ধু (Bangabandhu) Friend of Bengal Founding leader of Bangladesh. Leader during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[18][19][20]
Errol Barrow  Barbados Father of Independence The third and final premier of Barbados, serving from 1961 to 1966, who lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the first prime minister and served three terms (1966–76, 1986–87) dying in office of illness during his third.[21]
Konstanty Kalinowski  Belarus Стваральнік беларускага народу (Stvaralnik bielaruskaha narodu) Creator of the Belarusian Nation Used among other titles. Military and political leader during the January Uprising.[22][23] Usage opposed by those who view Kalinowski's nationality as Polish, rather than Belarusian.[24]
George Cadle Price  Belize Father of the Nation Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[25][26]
Seretse Khama  Botswana Father of Independence Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
Dom Pedro I, Maria Leopoldina of Austria and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva  Brazil Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822) during the independence of Brazil. Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of Brazil. Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III  Brunei Architect of Modern Brunei. Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914–1986).
Thomas Sankara  Burkina Faso Father of The Nation and Hero of Burkina Faso First president of Burkina Faso. Renamed the country from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso and writer of the national anthem, Ditanyè.
Louis Rwagasore  Burundi Father of Independence Burundi independence movement leader, second and youngest Prime Minister of Burundi and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Burundi.
Asparuh  Bulgaria Кан (Kanasubigi) Founder and first ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Norodom Sihanouk  Cambodia សម្តេចឪ (Sâmdéch Âu) King Father Secured independence from France.
John A. Macdonald and the other Fathers of Confederation  Canada Fathers of Confederation
Pères de la Confédération 		Father of Confederation The 36 Canadian politicians who negotiated Canadian Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins  Chile Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Principal leader of the Chilean War of Independence.
Sun Yat-sen  Republic of China 國父 (Guófù) Father of the Nation Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940.[27] Sun is more widely known in the People's Republic of China as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".[28]
José María Castro Madriz  Costa Rica Fundador de la República Founder of the Republic First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[29]
Ante Starčević  Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[30]
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes  Cuba Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland[31] Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Archbishop Makarios III  Cyprus Εθνάρχης (Ethnárchis) Ethnarch First and longest President of Cyprus, leader of Greek Cypriot nationalist movement during Cypriot intercommunal violence
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor  Czech Republic Otec vlasti Father of the Homeland King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[32]
František Palacký Otec národa Father of the Nation Politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement.[32] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[33]
Tomáš Masaryk Tatíček /
Prezident Osvoboditel 		Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator First President of Czechoslovakia, helped negotiate establishment of Czechoslovakia with the Allies of World War I.[32][34][clarification needed]
Juan Pablo Duarte  Dominican Republic Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland Foremost of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic and the key leader responsible for shaping the modern revolutionary ideology that opposed all foreign rule.
Ilia Chavchavadze  Georgia უგვირგვინო მეფე (Ugvirgvino Mepe)
ერის მამა (Eris Mama) 		The Crownless King / Father of the Nation
Members of the Parlamentarischer Rat  Germany Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law Drafted the Basic Law, the constitution of (then West) Germany
Kwame Nkrumah  Ghana Osagyefo[what language is this?] Father of the nation First president and prime minister of Ghana during decolonization, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great  Greece Πατέρας των Ελλήνων (Patéras ton Ellínon) Father of the Greeks Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Cheddi Jagan  Guyana Father of the Nation President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Toussaint Louverture[35][36]  Haiti Père de la patrie Father of the Fatherland Primary leaders of the Haitian Revolution.
Dionisio de Herrera  Honduras First Head of State of Honduras within the Federal Republic of Central America
Árpád  Hungary Honalapító Founder of the Homeland Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mahatma Gandhi  India राष्ट्रपिता (Rashtrapita)
Bapu (Father) 		Father of the Nation[37][38] Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj.
Sukarno
Mohammad Hatta 		 Indonesia Bapak Bangsa
Sang Proklamator
Dwitunggal 		Father(s) of the Nation
The Proclamators
Duumvirate 		Main leaders of the Indonesian National Revolution, wrote and signed the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, as well as served as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia, respectively.
Cyrus the Great  Iran (Persia) Shahanshah King of Kings The founder of the first Persian Empire
David Ben-Gurion  Israel Israel's founding father[39] Father of the Nation Formally proclaimed the establishment of Israel and served as its first prime minister
Theodor Herzl חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה (Chozeh HaMedinah, lit. 'Visionary of the State') Spiritual Father of the Jewish State[40] Father of modern political Zionism
Julius Caesar  Italy Pater Patriae Father of the Fatherland Gave the Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the Italian Peninsula
Augustus Pater Patriae Father of the Fatherland Gave administrative unity to the Italian Peninsula, by defining the regions of Roman Italy.
Padre della Patria Father of the Fatherland Authors of Italian unification[41][42][43]
Emperor Jimmu  Japan 神武天皇 (Jinmu Ten-noh) Legendary first Emperor of Japan
Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan  Kazakhstan Негізін қалаушылар (Negızın qalauşylar) Founders Founders and first rulers of the Kazakh Khanate, who led the Kazakh War of Independence against the Uzbek Khanate and established the first independent Kazakh state.[44]
Members of the Alash Kazakh intellectuals who took part in the national liberation movement and formed the Alash Orda provisional government during the Russian Revolution.
Jomo Kenyatta  Kenya Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova  Kosovo Ati i Kombit Father of the Nation First president of the First Republic of Kosovo. President of Serbian Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metochia under UN after the Kosovo War.
Muammar Gaddafi  Libya Father of the Nation Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011. He styled himself as the Father of the Nation, in addition to using other titles.[45][46] He was also styled as such by Libyan state media.[47]
Jonas Basanavičius  Lithuania Tautos patriarchas Patriarch of the Nation Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[48]
Tunku Abdul Rahman  Malaysia
  • Bapa Kemerdekaan
  • Bapa Malaysia
  • Father of Independence
  • Father of Malaysia
 The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British Empire in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Muhammad Fareed Didi  Maldives Founder of modern Maldives and last sultan of Maldives.
Giorgio Borġ Olivier  Malta Missier Malta Indipendenti Father of Independent Malta First post-independence Prime Minister of Malta between 1950–1955 and 1962–1971.
Dom Mintoff
  • Missier Malta Repubblika
  • Missier Malta Hielsa
  • Father of Republican Malta
  • Father of Free Malta
 A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the Labour Party, a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the British monarch as head of state. In 1979, the last Royal Navy ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese welfare state and the socialist-style nationalisation and collectivisation of various key industries.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam  Mauritius Father of the Nation[49] First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla  Mexico Padre de la patria mexicana[50] Father of the Mexican Nation[51] First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Genghis Khan  Mongolia Монголчуудын эцэг (Mongolčuudyn eceg) Father of the Mongols, Founding Father of Mongolia[52] After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a conquest of the majority of Eurasia, and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
Mohammed V  Morocco
  • أَب الْوَطَن الْمَغْرِبِي (ʔab al-waṭan al-maḡribī)
  • ⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ (ibba n tamtti amɣribi)
 Father of the Moroccan Nation[53] King of Morocco during its independence in 1956, seen by most Moroccans as Father of the Nation.[54]
Aung San  Myanmar
  • နိုင်ငံ‌တော်၏ဖခင်၊
  • လွတ်လပ်ရေးဖခင်၊
  • တပ်မတော်၏ဖခင်
 Father of Nation,[55][56]
Father of Independence,
Father of Tatmadaw (Burmese Army) 		He was the founder of Tatmadaw (Burmese Army) and he was the 5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947. He was instrumental in Myanmar's struggle for independence from British rule, but he was assassinated just six months before his goal was realized.
Sam Nujoma  Namibia Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Primary leader of SWAPO during the South African Border War and first President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[57]
Prithvi Narayan Shah    Nepal श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह (śrī 5 baḍāmhārājdhirāj pr̥thvī nārāyaṇ śāha) Father of the Nation King of Nepal during the Unification of Nepal.
William the Silent  Netherlands Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[58]
Diriangén[59]  Nicaragua Padre de la Patria Nicaragüense Father of the Nicaraguan Fatherland Native Nicaraguan tribal leader
Nnamdi Azikiwe  Nigeria Father of Nigerian Nationalism First president of Nigeria when it became a republic on 1 October 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
Krste Misirkov  North Macedonia Татко на нацијата (Tatko na nacijata) Father of the Nation Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Einar Gerhardsen  Norway Landsfaderen Father of the Nation First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[60]
Kim Il Sung  North Korea 주체조선의 영원한 수령 (juchejoseonui yeong'wonhan suryeong) Eternal Leader Founder of the North Korean state, progenitor of Juche, and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994[61]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah  Pakistan Baba-e-Qaum[62]/Quaid-e-Azam[63] Father of the Nation/Great Leader Led the Pakistan Movement and served as first governor-general of Pakistan.
Yasser Arafat  Palestine The Father of Palestine[64] Father of the Nation Led the Palestinian liberation movement and served as president of the State of Palestine from 1994 to 2004.
Sir Michael Somare  Papua New Guinea Papa Blo Kantri (Tok Pisin) [65] Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[66]
Emilio Aguinaldo  Philippines Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas First President of the Philippines Military Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the First President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. His birthday, 22 March 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
Andrés Bonifacio Amá ng Himagsikan Father of the Revolution Political Leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, 30 November 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal Pambansáng Bayani National Hero Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his 30 December 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[67]
Ignacy Daszyński, Roman Dmowski, Wojciech Korfanty, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Józef Piłsudski, Wincenty Witos  Poland Ojcowie Niepodległości, Ojcowie Polski Odrodzonej Fathers of Independence, Fathers of Reborn Poland After World War I six fathers of independence jointly took advantage of the favorable conditions and led to the birth of the Second Polish Republic.[68]
Mieszko I Twórca państwa polskiego Founder of the Polish state Mieszko I united slavic tribes of Poland, baptized the country and became the first historical ruler of Poland.
Afonso I of Portugal  Portugal Fundador da Nação Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror 		Founder and first King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia  Russia Отец Отечества (Otec Otečestva) Father of the Fatherland Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[69]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed  Western Sahara Father of the Nation Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan and Mauritanian armies in the Western Sahara conflict.
Sir John Compton  Saint Lucia Father of the Nation Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[70]
Saint Marinus  San Marino Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: 3 September). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.[71]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia وَالِد الْأُمَّة (Wālid al-ʔumma)/الْمُؤَسِّس (Al-Muʔassis) Father of the Nation/The Founder Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble House of Saud, the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Donald Dewar  Scotland Father of the Nation First First Minister of Scotland following the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.[72] He is known as the Father of the Nation for his role in overseeing the introduction of Scottish devolution.[73]
Dobrica Ćosić  Serbia Отац нације (Otac nacije)[74][75] Father of the Nation Yugoslav and Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
Karađorđe and Miloš the Great Отац нације (Otac nacije)[76][77] Father of the Nation Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising during the Serbian Revolution.
Saint Sava Отац отаџбине (Otac otadžbine)[78] Father of the Fatherland Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Lee Kuan Yew  Singapore Father of Singapore First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Primož Trubar  Slovenia Oče naroda Father of the Nation A consolidator of Slovene and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan  Somalia Father of the fatherland The emir of Dervish and Diiriye Guure.[79]
Nelson Mandela  South Africa Tata wethu[what language is this?] Father of the Nation Primary leader of internal resistance to apartheid as chairman of the African National Congress, and first President of post-apartheid South Africa.[80]
Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella)  Spain Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake  Sri Lanka ජාතියේ පියා (Jātiyē Piyā) Father of the Nation First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[81]
Johan Ferrier  Suriname Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Nation First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden  Sweden Landsfader Father of the Nation Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Per Albin Hansson[citation needed] Landsfader Father of the Nation Prime Minister 1932–1946 and founder of The People's Home.
Julius Nyerere  Tanzania Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation First President of Tanzania.[82]
Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, Tubal Uriah Butler, Rudranath Capildeo, Simbhoonath Capildeo, Arthur Andrew Cipriani, Albert Gomes, Solomon Hochoy, A. P. T. James, Audrey Jeffers, Ranjit Kumar, Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, Chanka Maharaj, Bhadase Sagan Maraj, Quintin O'Connor, Michael Pocock, Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine), Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, Ashford Sinanan, Mitra Sinanan, Sarran Teelucksingh, Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, Eric Williams, Hugh Wooding[83]  Trinidad and Tobago Moulders of the Nation[83] They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.[83]
Eric Williams Father of the Nation First and three-term Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the People's National Movement (PNM) and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country independence and republicanism from British rule.[84][85]
Habib Bourguiba  Tunisia الْمُجَاهِد الْأَكْبَر (al-Mujāhid Al-ʔakbar) The Supreme Warrior Father of the independence of Tunisia and first President of Tunisia. He led the Tunisian national movement against the French colonial empire. After Tunisian independence, he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk  Turkey Atatürk Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper) Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[86]
Bohdan Khmelnytsky  Ukraine Father of the Nation Leader of the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and founder of the Cossack Hetmanate, the first independent Ukrainian state.
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan  United Arab Emirates وَالِد الْأُمَّة (Wālid al-ʔumma) Father of the Nation President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[87][88]
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers  United States Founding Fathers[89][90] The Signers signed the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington Father of His Country[91][92] George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[91][92] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas  Uruguay Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales[93] Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people[94] Fought against the Spanish Royalists for independence in the Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh  Vietnam Cha già dân tộc Father of the people Leader of the Viet Minh, who fought for independence from France in the First Indochina War and decisively defeated them at the bloody Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in the establishment of an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north of the country in 1954. Vietnam would eventually be united under Communist Party of Vietnam rule after his death with the Fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.
Kenneth Kaunda  Zambia Tata[what language is this?] Father of the nation First president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He founded the Zambian African National Congress (ANC), later becoming the head of the United National Independence Party (UNIP) which led to attaining independence.
Rhodri Morgan  Wales Tad y Genedl[95] Father of the Nation First Minister of Wales from 2000 to 2009. He is credited with stabilising Welsh devolution after the short and unstable premiership of his predecessor, the first First Minister Alun Michael.[96][97][98]

See also

References

  1. ^ Triulzi, Alessandro (1996). "African cities, historical memory, and street buzz". In Iain Chambers & Lidia Curti (ed.). The Post-colonial Question. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0-415-10857-8.
  2. ^ Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. Algora Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 0-87586-417-1.
  3. ^ Schatzberg, Michael G. (2001). Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see index, and esp. p. 8 & p. 213. ISBN 0-253-33992-8.
  4. ^ Paczkowski, Andrzej (2003). The Spring Will be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. translated by Jane Cave. Penn State Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-271-02308-2.
  5. ^ "Country profile: Bangladesh". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  6. ^ Balogová, Beata (17 December 2007). "2007 was turbulent for the ruling coalition". The Slovak Spectator. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  7. ^ Ganḍā, Singh (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Pub. House. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-4021-7278-6. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  8. ^ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  9. ^ Aḥmad Shah Durrānī. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Version. 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  10. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Mohammad Zahir Shah"
  11. ^ MacIntyre, Ben (24 June 2016). "Lawless Libya can unite behind a new king". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  12. ^ George, Elesha (10 December 2020). "A&B celebrates the Father of the Nation". Antigua and Barbuda Observer. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  13. ^ [1] Archived 2 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "María Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria"" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Museo Nacional del Cabildo de Buenos Aires y de la Revolución de Mayo. Ministerio de Cultura. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  15. ^ Pignatelli, Adrián (8 November 2022). "Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria" que luchó junto a Belgrano y terminó como mendiga" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Infobae. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  16. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3170536.stm
  17. ^ "The death of Jeffrey Thompson". Freeport News. The Nassau Guardian (1844) Ltd. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009. it has been well documented that Sir Lynden Pindling was the leader of the political movement that led to the attainment of majority rule on January 10, 1967, and that he is recognized as the ৭ of the Nation — the man who was the country's leader when The Bahamas obtained its independence from the United Kingdom on July 10, 1973.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ "Ode to the father: Bangladesh's political personality cult". France 24. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024.
  19. ^ "'Father' of Bangladesh". The New York Times. 27 January 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  20. ^ Shahabuddin, Mohammed (15 August 2023). "Immortal Bangabandhu". Daily Sun.
  21. ^ BGIS (21 January 2024). "Celebrating The Life Of Errol Walton Barrow". GIS. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  22. ^ "Каліноўскі быў беларусам. Даказаць адваротнае немагчыма" [Kalinoŭski was Belarusian: It's impossible to claim otherwise]. Novy Chas (in Belarusian). 22 March 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Каліноўскі і мы" [Kalinoŭski and us]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Belarusian). 22 January 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  24. ^ "Кім быў Кастусь Каліноўскі?" [Who was Kastus Kalinoŭski?]. Polskie Radio (in Belarusian). 3 April 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  25. ^ "Rt. Hon. George Price". CARICOM.com. CARICOM. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2009. Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize
  26. ^ "The Father of the Nation Turns 90". 7 News Belize. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009. Even Prime Minister Dean Barrow calls George Price the father of the nation[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ Yin, Xiong (2015). 至樂齋詩抄 第二部. 新華出版社. p. 181. ISBN 978-7-5166-1604-8.
  28. ^ Xie, Xuanjun (2017). 少数民族入主中国史略. Lulu.com. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-387-25535-1.
  29. ^ "Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla". 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  30. ^ "Povijest Oca domovine" (in Croatian). Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.His works are considered to have laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism and he is often referred to as "Father of the Homeland" by Croats.
  31. ^ Hautrive, Iliana (10 October 2004). "Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence". Trabajadores. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation.
  32. ^ a b c Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: A Dictionary of Czech Popular Culture. Central European University Press. p. 102. ISBN 963-7326-26-X.
  33. ^ Sayer, Derek; Alena Sayer (2000). The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-691-05052-X.
  34. ^ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pages 36 – 39, 41 – 42, 106 – 107, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
  35. ^ Lamrani, Salim (30 April 2021). "Toussaint Louverture, In the Name of Dignity. A Look at the Trajectory of the Precursor of Independence of Haiti". Études caribéennes (48). doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.22675. ISSN 1779-0980. S2CID 245041866.
  36. ^ Mocombe, Paul C. (2018). Identity and Ideology in Haiti: The Children of Sans Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion. Routledge. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  37. ^ "Gandhi Jayanti 2021: Inspirational quotes by 'Father of the Nation' Mahatma Gandhi". Firstpost. 2 October 2021. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  38. ^ Jaiswal, Anuja (20 January 2020). "Mahatma Gandhi was never declared 'Father of Nation', reveals RTI reply". The Times of India. Mahatma Gandhi was never accorded the 'Father of the Nation' title by Government of India and no rule or ordinance was ever passed in this regard. ... Article 18 (1) of the Constitution does not permit any titles except education and military ones. ... a bench comprising Chief Justice SA Bobde and justices BR Gavai and Surya Kant, had observed, 'Mahatma Gandhi is the Father of the Nation and people hold him in high esteem, beyond any formal recognition'.
  39. ^ "1973: Israel's founding father dies". BBC. 1 December 1973. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  40. ^ "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 May 1948. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015.
  41. ^ Sarti, Roland (2003). "Giuseppe Mazzini e la tradizione repubblicana". Almanacco della Repubblica: storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane (in Italian). Pearson. ISBN 978-88-424-9499-7.
  42. ^ Ugolini, Romano. Cento anni del Vittoriano 1911-2011 (in Italian). Gangemi.
  43. ^ Perfetti, Francesco (2011). "I padri della Patria". Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. p. 2.
  44. ^ "On the Foundation of the Kazakh Khanate". e-history.kz. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  45. ^ Walker, Shaun (16 April 2011). "Kazakh leader puts own name in lights with film of his childhood". The Independent. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  46. ^ Danahar, Paul (1 September 2011). "Photo journal: Key moments in Libya's six-month revolt". BBC News. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  47. ^ Mekay, Emad (23 February 2011). "One Libyan Battle Is Fought in Social and News Media". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  48. ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The history of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-32355-3.
  49. ^ "Centenary of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam". Mauritius Post Museum. Mauritius Post. 2004. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2009. Known as the "Father of the Nation", Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam has throughout his political career from 1940 to 1982 been closely associated with the significant emancipation of the people of Mauritius and has led the struggle for Independence.
  50. ^ "El Grito, una tradición popular mexicana sin dueño". El Periodico de Mexico (in Spanish). 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2009. Miguel Hidalgo, considerado el "padre de la patria" mexicana
  51. ^ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325–1997. Westport, CT, US: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3.
  52. ^ "Genghis Khan". North Georgia College and State University. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  53. ^ "Princess Lalla Aicha: Women's-rights activist and first female Arab". The Independent. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  54. ^ Stora, Benjamin; Ellyas, Akram (1 January 1999). Les 100 portes du Maghreb. Points d'appui. Éditions de l'Atelier (programme ReLIRE). doi:10.3917/ateli.stora.1999.01. ISBN 978-2-7082-3434-5.
  55. ^ "Myanmar and Aung San: The resurrection of an icon". www.lowyinstitute.org.
  56. ^ Cloutman, Violet (22 September 2016). "Profile in power: Aung San - InsideBurma Tours blog". InsideAsia Blog.
  57. ^ "Promulgation of Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 (Act No. 16 of 2005), of the Parliament" (PDF). Government Gazette (3567). Windhoek: Republic of Namibia. 29 December 2005. Retrieved 16 January 2008. [dead link‍]
  58. ^ "The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  59. ^ Ortiz Nuñez, Ramiro (1953). Dirianghen: padre de la patria nicaragüense (in Spanish). Managua: Tipografía Brenes.
  60. ^ Bjørn Talen (9 May 1987). "Gratulerer, kjære landsmann!" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  61. ^ https://www.cfr.org/north-korea-power-structure
  62. ^ "Quaid's 60th death anniversary being marked today". The News International. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008. Today the nation marks the 60th Death anniversary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, meaning "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum meaning Father of the Nation.[permanent dead link‍]
  63. ^ "Father of the Nation : Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah". Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  64. ^ "The Father of Palestine".
  65. ^ "Sir Michael Somare, Papua New Guinea's 'Father of the Nation', dies aged 84". the Guardian. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  66. ^ East, Roger; Richard Thomas (2003). "Papua New Guinea". Profiles of People in Power. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 1-85743-126-X.
  67. ^ "Jose Rizal". Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  68. ^ "Różnymi ścieżkami ku Niepodległej szli. Ojcowie Polski Odrodzonej". Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  69. ^ Anisimov, Evgeniy Viktorovich (1993). The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia. translator John T. Alexander. M.E. Sharpe. p. 143. ISBN 1-56324-047-5.
  70. ^ "Obituary: Sir John Compton". The Daily Telegraph. 10 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  71. ^ "Saint Marinus". CatholicSaints.Info. 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  72. ^ "Remembering Donad Dewar: the Glasgow politician who became 'Father of the Nation'". Glasgow Times. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  73. ^ Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated. 2001. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-85229-782-7. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  74. ^ Zorica Vulić (11 May 2000). "Ko je ovaj čovek?: Dobrica Ćosić" (in Serbian). Glas javnosti. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  75. ^ Lukić, Svetlana Lukić & Svetlana Vuković (16 March 2007). "Injekcija za Srbe". B92: Peščanik. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007.
  76. ^ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921. p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
  77. ^ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
  78. ^ Branko Pešić (1988). Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895–1988. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Отац Отаџбине Св. Сава је надахнуо Немањи- ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави. Држа- ва је Отечество – земља мојих ота- ца. Држава не сме да буде импери- ја, јер где ...
  79. ^ Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
  80. ^ "Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy". United Nations. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  81. ^ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia (revised ed.). SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 0-7619-9439-4.
  82. ^ Duval Smith, Alex (20 October 1999). "Tanzania weeps for father of the nation". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  83. ^ a b c "50th Anniversary of Independence of Trinidad and Tobago". 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  84. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago Parliament". ttparliament.org. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  85. ^ "Dr. Eric Williams: The Father of the Nation". Caribbean Life News. 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  86. ^ Parla, Taha; Andrew Davison (2004). Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress Or Order?. Syracuse arUniversity Press. pp. 37–8. ISBN 0-8156-3054-9.
  87. ^ "Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance" (Press release). 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009. His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation.
  88. ^ Wheeler, Julia (2 November 2004). "Obituary: Sheikh Zayed". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2009. He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation.
  89. ^ "America's Founding Fathers". National Archives. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  90. ^ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
  91. ^ a b Grizzard (2002, pp. 105–107)
  92. ^ a b Rupert Cornwell, "George Washington: The father of the nation" (17 January 2009). Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ "Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education, Argentina. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009. 1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850.
  94. ^ Edelmann, Alexander Taylor (1965). Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society. Dorsey Press. p. 309. José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence.
  95. ^ Phillips, Ioan (20 July 2021). "Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), gwleidydd" [Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), politician]. Y Bywngraffiadur [Dictionary of Welsh Biography] (in Welsh). Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  96. ^ Bory, Stéphanie (1 January 2018). "From Rhodri Morgan to Carwyn Jones, two different styles of leadership". Observatoire de la société britannique (20): 117–132. doi:10.4000/osb.2003. ISSN 1775-4135. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  97. ^ Hurst, Greg (2010). "The old era: Welsh coalition complications". The Times Guide to the House of Commons, 2010. Times Newspapers Limited. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-007-35158-9. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  98. ^ Phillips, Ioan (20 July 2021). "Morgan, Hywel Rhodri (1939-2017), politician". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

Works cited

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_of_the_Nation&oldid=1264192626"