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Murder of Ilan Halimi

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Ilan Halimi
Ilan Halimi
Born(1982-10-11)11 October 1982
France
Died13 February 2006(2006-02-13) (aged 23)[1]
Paris, France
Cause of deathInjuries from torture
OccupationCell phone salesman
MotherRuth Halimi

The murder of Ilan Halimi (Hebrew: אילן חלימי) was the kidnapping, torture, and murder of a young Frenchman of Moroccan Jewish ancestry in France in 2006. Halimi was kidnapped on 21 January 2006 by a group calling themselves the Gang of Barbarians. The kidnappers, believing that all Jews are rich, repeatedly contacted the victim's modestly placed family demanding very large sums of money. Halimi was held captive and tortured for three weeks, and died of his injuries. The case drew national and international attention as an example of antisemitism in France.[2]

Kidnapping

[edit]
Paris, Jardin Ilan Halimi, Sign
Ilan Halimi garden in the Jerusalem Forest.

Halimi was a mobile phone salesman living in Paris with his divorced mother and his two sisters.[3]

On 20 January 2006, one of the perpetrators, Sorour Arbabzadeh (known as Yalda or Emma[4]), a 17-year-old girl of French-Iranian origin,[5] went to the phone store in Paris where Halimi worked and struck up a conversation with him. She eventually asked for Halimi's number, which he gave to her, and left the store. The woman called him the next evening and told him to come to her apartment for a drink. He was lured to an apartment block in the Parisian banlieues[6][7] where he was ambushed and held captive by the group upon arrival. No one saw or heard from Halimi until the next afternoon, when his sister received an email containing a picture that showed Halimi gagged and tied up to a chair with a gun to his head. In text, the abductors threatened his life and demanded 450,000 euros from his family, stating that they would kill him if they went to the police. Not having the money, though, Halimi's family had no other option than to contact the police.[8]

The abductors, who called themselves the Gang of Barbarians, tortured him and sent phone and video messages to his family while they were in contact with the police. During the 24 days of abduction, the leader of the gang, Youssouf Fofana, managed to travel back and forth to his home country of Ivory Coast. At some point he was suspected of being related to the gang and was taken to the police station, but they were forced to release him due to a lack of proof of his connection to the group. The demand for ransom, initially elevated at 450,000 euros, diminished as the abductors got more anxious with the attention they were drawing from the police and media.

After three weeks and no success in finding the captors, the family and the police stopped receiving messages from the captors. Halimi, severely tortured, more than 80% burned and unclothed, was dumped next to a road at Sainte-Geneviève-Des-Bois on 13 February 2006. He was found by a passer-by who immediately called for an ambulance. Halimi died from his injuries on his way to the hospital.

The decision by the police to keep certain matters secret was seen as counter-productive, and may have prevented a facial composite of Sorour Arbabzadeh ("Emma"), the girl who lured Halimi to the apartment.[9] Investigation showed that more than twenty people, some of them teenagers, took part directly or indirectly in the kidnapping. Some of them later claimed they never knew his fate, and Arbabzadeh (who was seventeen at the time), later sent a letter to his family to say how sorry she was.[10]

A woman, referred to as Audrey L., surrendered after the police had released a facial composite picture. She pointed to the Barbarians, a gang of (North) African immigrants who had perpetrated similar abductions in the past. In the subsequent days, French police arrested 15 people in connection with the crime. The leader of the gang, Youssouf Fofana (born 1980), who had been born in Paris to parents from Côte d'Ivoire, fled to his parents' homeland together with the woman used as bait.[11] They were arrested on February 23 in Abidjan and extradited to France on March 4, 2006.

Ransom

[edit]

The kidnappers originally thought Halimi was wealthy because he came from a Jewish family. According to then Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy, members of the gang confessed that they believed all Jews to be rich and it motivated them to target several Jews.[12]

The kidnappers demanded ransom, initially EUR 450,000, eventually decreasing to EUR 5,000. It has been claimed that the family of Halimi was told that if they could not raise the money, they should get it from the Jewish community.

In order to convince Halimi's parents their son had been kidnapped, the abductors sent a picture of the young man being threatened by a gun and holding a newspaper to prove the date and time.[11]

Police investigation

[edit]

The French police were heavily criticized because they initially believed that antisemitism was not a factor in the crime.[13] Police have attributed to the banlieues' gang subculture a "poisonous mentality that designates Jews as enemies along with other 'outsiders,'" such as Americans, mainstream French, and Europeans in general. "If they could have gotten their hands on a (non-Jewish) French cop in the same way, they probably would have done the same thing," a retired police chief opined.[7] This may have hampered the original investigation. Antisemitism is an aggravating circumstance (French: circonstance aggravante) in a murder case in France.

Ruth Halimi, Ilan's mother, subsequently co-authored a book with Émilie Frèche titled 24 jours: la vérité sur la mort d'Ilan Halimi (24 days: the truth about the death of Ilan Halimi), released April 2009. In the book, Ruth claimed that French police never suspected her son's kidnappers would kill the 23-year-old after three weeks in captivity in 2006, partly because they would not face the antisemitic character of the crime (as reported in the French newspaper Le Figaro). Émilie Frèche stated that "by denying the anti-semitic character, ... [the police] did not figure out the profile of the gang." The book details how Ilan's parents were told to stay silent during the ordeal and were ordered not to seek aid in order to pay the ransom, nor show their son's photo to people who might have come forward with information about his whereabouts.[14]

In an interview with Elle Magazine on March 27, 2009, Ruth Halimi stated that "The police were completely off the mark. They thought they were dealing with classic bandits, but these people were beyond the norm." Halimi stated that she wrote the book to "alert public opinion to the danger of anti-semitism which has returned in other forms, so that a story like this can never happen again".[14]

Gang of Barbarians

[edit]

The crime was committed by a group of persons belonging to a gang calling themselves les barbares, 'The Barbarians'. Many of them had criminal records and had been imprisoned. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15-year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison term was later increased to 18 years upon appeal. Six others convicted over their involvement received sentences ranging from 12 to 15 years imprisonment, and seven others received sentences ranging from 8 months to 11 years imprisonment.[15] While Fofana chose not to appeal his sentence, 14 of the 27 verdicts were appealed by the prosecution.[16] The convictions were upheld on appeal in December 2010.[17] In 2017, a Paris court sentenced Fofana to an additional 10 years imprisonment for other extortions he had committed.[18]

During the investigation it appeared that key members of the group were probably implicated in at least 15 other cases of kidnapping or racketeering.[19] Posing as members of the National Front for the Liberation of Corsica or members of the French division of the PFLP, they threatened several high-ranking CEOs including Jérôme Clément, president of the European TV operator Arte, Rony Brauman, former president and co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières, and the CEO as well as another high-ranking member of a large company selling home appliances. They sent threatening pictures of an unknown man dressed as a middle-eastern Arab in front of a picture of Osama bin Laden. In another case, the owner of a large grocery store was directed to pay 100,000 euros.

In total, 27 individuals were under investigation and were subsequently put on trial. Among these:

  • Christophe Martin-Vallet, nicknamed Moko, a French man originally from Martinique, specializing in computers. He appears to have masterminded the kidnapping and to have been the lieutenant of Fofana.[22]
He is suspected of other kidnappings and was responsible for the honeypot activities of the girls.[23]
  • Jean-Christophe Soumbou, also known as Craps, Crim or Marc. Fellow inmate of Fofana. Imprisoned for car theft with violence. Supplied the car with which Halimi was transported. He is also suspected of other kidnappings.
  • Jean-Christophe Gavarin, usually known as JC or by his nickname Zigo, one of the individuals who tortured Halimi.[22] He was a minor at the time of the crime. He had been expelled from school and had been involved with the law because of a theft and possession of cannabis. He has admitted to pushing a burning joint in the face of Halimi.
  • Samir Aït Abdelmalek, nicknamed Smiler, who was the owner of the apartment and is considered the right-hand man of Fofana (he had known Fofana for more than ten years). Had been convicted for possession of drugs and car theft. He also furnished the acid used to burn Halimi.
  • Jérémy Pastisson involved in a number of kidnapping cases, his car was used to transport Halimi.
  • Tiffenn Gouret, former girlfriend of Jean-Christophe Gavarin and friend of Arbabzadeh, supplied Fofana with "bait". She is also suspected in other kidnappings.
  • Sorour Arbabzadeh nicknamed Yalda (also known as "Emma"), a seventeen-year-old French-Iranian girl who acted as appât (bait, honeypot) to entrap Halimi.[4]
  • Sabrina Fontaine, was used as bait in other kidnapping cases.
  • Audrey Lorleach, nicknamed Léa or Natacha, young student who was used as bait. She turned herself in and served 9 months in prison.

Others who were implicated:

  • Gilles Serrurier (1967), nicknamed the concierge,[24][25] was the caretaker of the apartment building to which Halimi was taken and who lent the gang the apartment and cellar in which they held and tortured Halimi.[22]
  • Yahia Touré Kaba, nicknamed Yaks, one of the jailers (gaolers).
  • Fabrice Polygone, one of the jailers (gaolers).
  • Jérôme Ribeiro, known as Coup de Tête (headbutt). Although he had left the group, he was promised a lot of money. One of the jailers (gaolers).
  • Guiri Oussivo N'Gazi and Francis Oussivo N'Gazi, friends of Ribeiro who acted as one of the jailers (gaolers).
  • Nabil Moustafa, known as Bilna, pizza delivery man, one of the jailers (gaolers).
  • Cédric Birot Saint-Yves, known as Babas, friend of Nabil Moustafa, one of the jailers (gaolers).

Many others were implicated, but their direct connection to the crime could not be proven.

2009 trial

[edit]

The trial, which started on 29 April 2009, was conducted behind closed doors because two of the suspects were minors.[26]

The Halimi family wanted the trial to be conducted openly.[27] Francis Szpiner spoke for Ruth Halimi, saying, "A public trial would have helped [people] better understand the criminal machine, to make parents and teenagers reflect. It's the law of silence that killed her son, it would be unbearable for the trial to remain silent."

The trial took 10 weeks.

Incidents during and around the trial

[edit]
  • A number of videos with Fofana appeared on YouTube.
  • Fofana appeared in court wearing a white T-shirt, smiling, pointing to heaven and saying Allāhu Akbar. He claimed he had nothing to say and would be silent to the grave. When asked his name and date of birth he answered: Je m'appelle arabe, africaine révolte armée barbare salafiste. Je suis né le 13 février 2006 à Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois. (My name is arab, armed african rebellion salafist barbarian army and I was born on February 13, 2006 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois: the date and place Ilan Halimi was found).
  • Fofana threw a shoe at the empty benches and again when he was taken down, shouting All the Jews in the world are there [in the empty box], they are my enemies. This is an Arab attack with a booby-trapped shoe![28]
  • Fofana claimed in court that he had friends who would "take pictures to identify people." Francis Szpiner, lawyer for the Halimi family, believed that Fofana was alluding to the jurors, and was implying that he was going to put a price on their heads.[29]

Verdict and sentencing

[edit]

On the evening of Friday, 10 July 2009, the verdict was given.[30] Ilan Halimi's mother and others were absent from the court, as the Sabbath had already started.

Of the 27 people on trial, 3 were acquitted.

Name Request Sentence Parole Appeal
Fofana, Youssouf
Life
Life
22 years
No
Soumbou, Jean-Christophe
20 years
18 years
Yes
Aït-Abdelmalek, Samir
20 years
15 years
Yes
Gavarin, Jean-Christophe
15 years
15 years
No
Moustafa, Nabil
13 years
13 years
No
Birot Saint-Yves, Cédric
12 years
11 years
Yes
Polygone, Fabrice
12 years
11 years
Yes
Touré Kaba, Yayia
12 years
11 years
Yes
Ribeiro, Jérôme
12 years
10 years
Yes
Arbabzadeh, Sorour
10–12 years
9 years
Yes
Gouret, Tiffenn
10 years
9 years
Yes
Serrurier, Gilles
10 years
9 years
Yes
Martin-Vallet, Christophe
8–10 years
10 years
No
Louise, Franco
8–10 years
5 years
Yes
Oussivo N'Gazi, Francis
6–8 years
7 years
No
Oussivo N'Gazi, Guiri
5–7 years
6 years
No
Pastisson, Jérémy
5–7 years
3 years
Yes
Fontaine, Sabrina
5 years
3 years
Yes
Lorleach, Audrey
3 years, 20 months suspended
2 years, 16 months suspended
Yes

A number of others, whose implication was not direct, or related to other activities of the gang, received smaller sentences. Three persons were acquitted. Notable is that one person, for whom originally no sentence was asked, received a suspended sentence.

After the trial

[edit]

Sorour Arbabzadeh, the then-17-year-old French-Iranian woman who acted as bait to trap Halimi, was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment.[31] While serving her sentence in the Versailles women's prison, she seduced a guard and the director of the prison, Florent Gonçalves, who is now imprisoned himself.[32] For this she was sentenced to four months imprisonment.

2010 retrial

[edit]

The sentences issued after the first trial were criticized as too lenient by some parties, while others such as the attorney general Philippe Bilger found the sentences "exemplary".[33] Minister of Justice Michèle Alliot-Marie, demanded an appeal of 8 of the 17 heaviest verdicts.[34]

Richard Prasquier, president of CRIF, France's main Jewish organization, said that a law may soon be available that would preclude closed-door trials in this type of case.[35] "Perhaps in a year's time there will be a new trial, and perhaps it will be public."

A Halimi relative said: "The important thing for me is not handing out heavier jail terms, honestly. The important thing is to open this to the press and public and make it a learning experience."

The retrial was officially announced Monday 10 July 2009. It started on 25 October 2010, and ended on 17 December 2010, with all convictions upheld and some sentences extended.[36]

Similar assault

[edit]

On 22 February 2008, six members of a group calling themselves Barbarians assaulted 19-year-old Mathieu Roumi in the same Paris suburb of Bagneux where Halimi was kidnapped. For two hours the attackers tortured the young man. One shoved cigarette butts into his mouth, another took issue with Roumi's Jewish origin (paternal), grabbed correction fluid and scrawled sale juif ("dirty Jew") and sale PD ("dirty faggot") on his forehead.[37] When the issue of his sexual orientation arose, one of them placed a condom on the tip of a stick and shoved it in Roumi's mouth. The six men proceeded to scream at him and threaten that he would die the way Halimi did.[38] The men were all arrested.

Public interest and reaction

[edit]

The case was widely reported on both in and outside France, and prompted strong reactions.

France

[edit]
Paris demonstration in honor of Ilan Halimi and against antisemitism In 2006

Then French prime minister, Dominique de Villepin declared that the "odious crime"[39] was antisemitic, and that antisemitism is not acceptable in France.[40]

Six French associations called for a mass demonstration against racism and antisemitism in Paris on Sunday, February 26.[41] Between 33,000 (as estimated by police) and 80,000 to 200,000 (as estimated by the organizers) people participated in Paris, as well as thousands around the country. Present were public figures such as Philippe Douste-Blazy, François Hollande, Lionel Jospin and Nicolas Sarkozy. Also among the participants were Dalil Boubakeur, head of the Paris Mosque and Chairman of the Council of Muslims in France, and Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger.[42] Right-wing politician Philippe de Villiers was booed by far-left militants and had to leave under police guard.[43]

Following the murder of Halimi, Jewish spokesman for the French Socialist Party Julien Dray claimed that the murder was the result of a “Dieudonné effect.”[44] The comment was made in reference to French comedian Dieudonné M'bala M'bala, whose rise to fame has been persistently entangled with antisemitic commentary. Dieudonné has faced numerous charges by the French government for incitement of hate.[45] In 2014, a French court ruled that Dieudonné was not responsible for posting and spreading a 2010 video that called for the release of Fofana. The video also expressed condemnation of the “powerful Jewish lobby,” an antisemitic trope that has been center-stage of Dieudonné’s comedy acts.[46][47] Since Halimi’s murder, Dieudonné has utilized his death in his comedy performances, one of the many factors leading to the comedian’s performances facing bans in France.[48]

Outside France

[edit]

On 9 May, the United States Helsinki Commission held a briefing titled "Tools for Combatting Anti-Semitism: Police Training and Holocaust Education" chaired by Commission Co-Chairman Chris Smith (a Republican representative) who said: "[Halimi's] tragedy made brutally clear that Jews are still attacked because they are Jews, and that our work to eradicate all forms of anti-Semitism in all its ugly forms and manifestations is far from done."[49]

Aftermath

[edit]

Burial

[edit]

Ilan Halimi was initially buried in the Cimetière parisien de Pantin near Paris, and the funeral drew a large Jewish crowd. At the request of the family, his remains were reburied in Har HaMenuchot cemetery in Jerusalem, Israel on 9 February 2007.[35]: 20–23 [50] It was timed to allow his first Yartzeit, on Tu Bishvat, to pass before the reburial.[51] The date and time (11:30 am) also marked "exactly one year after his burial in France according to the Jewish Calendar."[52]

Memorials

[edit]

A garden in the Jerusalem Forest was named after him.[citation needed] In May 2011, a garden in the 12th arrondissement of Paris where Halimi used to play as a child was renamed after him.[53]

A tree commemorating Ilan Halimi was cut down in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois shortly before the anniversary of his death in 2019.[54][55]

Legacy and analysis

[edit]

The kidnapping brought many Jews to speak out against antisemitism and racism, but also stirred discussion about whether Jews could still feel safe in France or not. Emigration to Israel rose as a result.[9]

In 2017 The Washington Post revisited Ilan Halimi's murder, describing it as similar to the murder of Sarah Halimi,[56]: p.35  because French authorities similarly refused to acknowledge the antisemitic nature of the murder or to investigate it as ethnically and ideologically motivated terrorism.[57]

Books

[edit]

A number of books have been written about the case. Among them:

  • 24 jours: la vérité sur la mort d'Ilan Halimi; Ruth Halimi and Émily Frèche; Éditions du Seuil; April 2009; ISBN 978-2-02-091028-6. This books was written by his mother, Ruth Halimi, about her experience of the events, together with Émilie Frèche. In late April 2014, a movie by French filmmaker Alexandre Arcady about this case was released. Entitled 24 Jours: La vérité sur l’affaire Ilan Halimi (24 Days: The Truth about the Ilan Halimi Case), it is based on the above-mentioned book.[58]
  • Si c'est un Juif : Réflexions sur la mort d'Ilan Halimi ; Adrien Barrot; Editions Michalon; January 2007; ISBN 978-2-84186-364-8
  • Ilan Halimi, le canari dans la mine : Comment en est-on arrivé là ?; Yaël König et al; Editions Yago; June 2009; ISBN 978-2-916209-70-8
  • Des Barbares Dans la Cité. Reflexions Autour du Meurtre d'Ilan Halimi; David Mascré; Éditions de l'Infini; April 2009; ISBN 978-2-918011-05-7
  • A novel, Tout, tout de suite written by Morgan Sportés was inspired by the events and published in 2011.[59] A film version of the novel, starring Marc Ruchmann as Halimi was released in 2015.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ König, Yaël (20 March 2006). "Entretien avec Ruth Halimi" (in French). Primo-Europe. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  2. ^ Fields, Suzanne (3 April 2006). "The Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  3. ^ Tale of Torture and Murder Horrifies the Whole of France Archived 2021-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Michel Gurfinkiel, The New York Sun, February 22, 2006.
  4. ^ a b Campbell, Matthew (2 April 2006). "Barbarians of suburbs target French Jews". World News. London: Times Online. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2009.(subscription required)
  5. ^ Smith, Craig S. (5 March 2006). "Torture and Death of Jew Deepen Fears in France". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  6. ^ McNicol, Tracy (28 April 2014). "A Horror Story of True-Life Anti-Semitism in France". Daily Beast.
  7. ^ a b Rotella, Sebastian; Achrene Sicakyuz (26 February 2006). "Parisians Stare at the Evil Within". Los Angeles Times. pp. A-1. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  8. ^ The Shocking Murder of Ilan Halimi Archived 18 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Aish HaTorah
  9. ^ a b Frèche, Emilie (2009). 24 Jours. France: Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-091028-6.
  10. ^ Weitzmann, Marc (2 September 2014). "Why Ilan Halimi's Tortured Ghost Will Continue Haunting France". Tablet. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  11. ^ a b Michel Gurfinkiel (22 February 2006). "Tale of Torture and Murder Horrifies the Whole of France". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  12. ^ Naughton, Philippe (23 February 2006). "Paris kidnap gang suspect arrested in Ivory Coast". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  13. ^ Bernard, Ariane; Craig S. Smith (23 February 2006). "French Officials Now Say Killing of Jew Was in Part a Hate Crime". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  14. ^ a b Devorah Lauter (2 April 2009). "Murdered man's mother blames police". Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  15. ^ "Court Sentences 16 Over Murder of Ilan Halimi". Haaretz. 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  16. ^ "'Gang des barbares': 14 accusés seront rejugés en appel" ['Gang of Barbarians': 14 defendants will be retried on appeal]. Le Monde (in French). AFP. 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  17. ^ "France: Convictions Upheld in Killing of French Jew". The New York Times. Associated Press. 18 December 2010. p. A9. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  18. ^ JTA. "Ilan Halimi's killer handed 10 extra years in prison". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  19. ^ "La police cherche encore des membres du gang". Le Figaro (in French). 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  20. ^ Steven Erlanger (11 July 2009). "Man Sentenced to Life in Killing of Jew in France". The New York Times. p. A8. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  21. ^ "Fofana, la confession scandale". Le Figaro (in French). 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  22. ^ a b c Lévy, Alexandre (27 February 2006). "La composition de la bande se précise, poursuite des interrogatoires de Fofana" [The composition of the band is clarified, pursuant to questioning Fofana]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  23. ^ (in French) Article in Liberation, March 1, 2006 Archived 30 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ His name was not published in the initial accounts
  25. ^ (in French) AFP, June 30, 2009 Archived 30 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Articles 14 and 20 "Ordonnance n° 45-174 du 2 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante" [Ordinance No. 45-174 of 2 February 1945 on juvenile delinquency] (in French). 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  27. ^ Julien Konczaty; Gonzalo Fuentes (22 October 2010). "Affaire Halimi: "Il n'y a aucune justification au huis-clos"" [Halimi case: "There is no justification for closed session"]. l'Express (in French). Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  28. ^ Flore Galaud (11 June 2009). "Fofana expulsé de son procès après un lancer de chaussures" [Fofana expelled from his trial after a shoe throwing]. Le Figaro (in French). AFP. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  29. ^ "Family of Slain French Jew Walks Out of Murder Trial". Fox News. Associated Press. 30 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
  30. ^ . European Jewish Press https://web.archive.org/web/20120220013549/http://ejpress.org/article/37916. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. The verdict was handed down late on Friday as Shabbat already started — by nine judges and a nine-member jury {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ^ Patricia Tourancheau (11 July 2009). "Peine maximale pour le cerveau du "gang des barbares"" [Maximum penalty for the brains of "gang of barbarians"]. Libération (in French). Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  32. ^ "In France, Ex-Warden Jailed For Affair With Infamous "Femme Fatale" Inmate". World Crunch. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  33. ^ Jérôme Bouin (12 July 2009). "Affaire Halimi: un verdict qui ne passe pas" [Halimi Case: A verdict that does not pass [i.e. fails]]. Le Figaro (in French). Associated Press and AFP. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  34. ^ ""Gang des barbares": peines alourdies requises en appel" ["Gang of Barbarians" burdened penalties required appeal]. Le Parisien (in French). 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  35. ^ a b Brett Kline (16 July 2009). "Trials and Tribulations". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  36. ^ "France: Convictions Upheld in Killing of French Jew". The New York Times. Associated Press. 17 December 2010. p. A9. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  37. ^ "La victime, ange ou démon?" [The victim, angel or demon?] (in French). BMFTV. 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  38. ^ Daniel Ben Simon (5 March 2008). "Jewish teen tortured in French town where Ilan Halimi was killed". Haaretz.
  39. ^ Rotella, Sebastian (21 February 2006). "Anti-Semitism Is Alleged in French Torture-Killing". Los Angeles Times. pp. A.3. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  40. ^ Poller, Nidra (26 February 2006). "The Murder of Ilan Halimi". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2007. Alt URL Archived 16 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine;
  41. ^ "1,000 Parisian Jews demand justice for Ilan Halimi". European Jewish Press. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  42. ^ "March in Paris in Memory of Slain Jewish Youth". European Jewish Congress. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  43. ^ L'Express Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Elgot, Jessica. "French comic Dieudonné fined for antisemitic stunt". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  45. ^ "M'Bala M'Bala v. France". Global Freedom of Expression. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  46. ^ "Dieudonné cleared of spreading anti-Semitic video online". France 24. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  47. ^ Reiss, Tom (11 November 2007). "Laugh Riots". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  48. ^ "Dieudonne acquitted in France over video on killer of Ilan Halimi". BBC News. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  49. ^ "OSCE at 'Critical Point' in Fight Against Anti-Semitism; Helsinki Commission Briefing Details Initiatives to Combat Intolerance". SIP Trunking Report. Comtex Global News. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  50. ^ 20Jerusalem%2011-Feb-2007 Archived 30 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine{}
  51. ^ "Hundreds Attend Reburial in Jerusalem of French Jew Murdered in Paris". The Jewish Federations of North America, Inc. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  52. ^ "The remains of Ilan Halimi, murdered in Paris last year in a vicious antisemitic attack, will be reburied in Jerusalem on Friday" (Press release). Jewish Agency for Israel. 7 February 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  53. ^ "Paris remembers Ilan Halimi on 10th anniversary of murder". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  54. ^ Byrne, Clare (11 February 2019). "Tree commemorating murdered French Jew chopped down amid anti-Semitic spate". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  55. ^ "Un arbre planté à la mémoire d'Ilan Halimi retrouvé scié". Paris Match (in French). 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  56. ^ "Terror in Paris". Ami Living. pages 32-39. 26 July 2017.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  57. ^ McAuley, James (23 July 2017). "In France, murder of a Jewish woman ignites debate over the word 'terrorism'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  58. ^ Byron, Joseph (6 May 2014). "New French film about the grisly murder of Ilan Halimi". European Jewish Press. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  59. ^ Le "conte rendu" de Morgan Sportès Archived 25 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine Le Monde. 25 August 2011

Media reports

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In English

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In French

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