Maria reactor
The Maria reactor is Poland's second nuclear research reactor, commissioned in December 1974, and the only one still in use. The first was the Ewa reactor (EWA), which was commissioned in June 1958 and dismantled by 2002. It is located at Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych - "NCBJ" (National Center for Nuclear Research) at Świerk-Otwock, near Warsaw and named in honor of Maria Skłodowska-Curie. It is the only reactor of Polish design.
Maria is a multifunctional research tool, with a notable application in the production of radioisotopes, research with utilization of neutron beams, neutron therapy, and neutron activation analysis. It operates about 4,000 hours annually, usually in blocks of 100 hours.
Technical description
[edit]The technical details of the reactor are given in the references.[1][2][3]
Maria is a pool-type reactor with a power of 30 MW (thermal).[4] Despite being a pool reactor, it contains channels (aluminum tubes) individually connected to the primary coolant. The water pool provides cooling for elements (e.g., fuel elements) that are not otherwise cooled, and also acts as radiation shielding. Maria uses enriched uranium as fuel (80% enrichment in 235U till 1999, and 36% since). The fuel elements and channels are vertical but arranged conically. Water and beryllium blocks serve as the moderator (70% and 30% of the moderation, respectively). Elements of boron carbide sheathed in aluminum are utilized for control, compensation, and safety. The use of beryllium blocks permits a comparatively large fuel lattice pitch, and consequently large volume for payload targets. There is also a graphite reflector (aluminum sheathed). Maria supplies a neutron flux of 4x1014 n/cm2s (thermal neutrons) and 2x1014 n/cm2s (fast neutrons). There are six horizontal channels for controlled use of neutron beams. There is also a window of lead-containing glass through which the core can be viewed. The reactor is housed in a sealed containment.
Following preparation which started in 2004, Maria was converted to use low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel by 2012.[2][5]
History
[edit]Construction began on June 16, 1970 and the reactor was activated on December 18, 1974. With the shutdown of the Ewa reactor in 1995 it became Poland's only research nuclear reactor.
In 2015, Maria was relicensed for an additional 10 years of operation, until 2025.[6]
Production of medical radioisotopes
[edit]In February 2010, it was announced that Maria would start producing medical isotopes in cooperation with Covidien, to help ease the isotope shortages due to shutdowns of the Canadian NRU reactor and the Dutch Petten nuclear reactor.[7][8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Reaktor Maria" at the website of the Polish Institute of Atomic Energy (pl:Instytut Energii Atomowej) "POLATOM" (English) (Polish) Archived 2009-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Krzysztoszek, Grzegorz (2007). "Maria research reactor conversion to LEU fuel" (PDF). Institute of Atomic Energy. IAEA. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
- ^ G. Krzysztoszek; A. Golab; J. Jaroszewicz (2007). "Operation of Maria Research Reactor" (PDF). Institute of Atomic Energy. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ "The MARIA research reactor". NCBJ. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "NNSA Helps Poland Convert Reactor, Remove Highly Enriched Uranium" (Press release). NNSA. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
- ^ National Report of Poland on Compliance with the Obligations of the Convention on Nuclear Safety; 2020. https://www.gov.pl/attachment/ce8883b7-d257-40ff-80a5-f045c5a0da24
- ^ Adam Wawrzyński, "Reaktor Maria ratuje świat", "Gazeta Wyborcza", 2010-02-17 (in Polish)
- ^ Matthew Wald, "Poland emerges as new source of rare medical isotope", International Herald Tribune, 2010-02-18, p.2 [1]
52°07′22″N 21°20′38″E / 52.1228°N 21.3439°E