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MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory

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Coordinates: 42°43′22″N 84°28′26″W / 42.72278°N 84.47389°W / 42.72278; -84.47389
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MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory
PRL
MottoPlant science driving innovation
Established1965
Research typeBasic research on photosynthetic organisms; real-world applications
Budget$10 mil (research grants)
Field of research
DirectorChristoph Benning
Staff150
LocationEast Lansing, Michigan, United States
42°43′22″N 84°28′26″W / 42.72278°N 84.47389°W / 42.72278; -84.47389
Affiliations
Websitewww.prl.msu.edu

The MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory (PRL), commonly referred to as Plant Research Lab, is a research institute funded to a large extent by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and located at Michigan State University (MSU) in East Lansing, Michigan. The Plant Research Lab was founded in 1965, and it currently includes twelve laboratories that conduct collaborative basic research into the biology of diverse photosynthetic organisms, including plants, bacteria, and algae, in addition to developing new technologies towards addressing energy and food challenges.

History

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1964-1978

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The contract for the establishment of the MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory was signed on March 6, 1964, between the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and Michigan State University.[1]: 6  The institute was initially funded by the AEC's Division of Biology and Medicine, which saw a need for improving the state of plant sciences in the United States. The Division aimed to create a new program at one or more universities where student interest in plant research could be fostered.[2]: 37 

The contract signed between AEC and Michigan State University provided for a comprehensive research program in plant biology and related education and training at the graduate and postgraduate levels. The program was to draw strongly on related disciplines such as biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, microbiology, and others.

In 1966, personnel of the new program - called MSU-AEC Plant Research Laboratory at that time - moved into their new quarters in the Plant Biology Laboratories building at Michigan State University. The first research projects generally focused on problems specific to plants, such as cell growth and its regulation by plant hormones, cell wall structure and composition, and the physiology of flower formation; other research projects addressed general biological problems, such as the regulation of enzyme formation during development and cellular and genetic aspects of hormone action.

In the 1970s, federal funding of the Plant Research Lab changed hands a number of times. The AEC was abolished following the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, and its functions were assigned to two new agencies. In 1975, the Plant Research Lab thus found itself supported by the newly formed Energy Research and Development Administration, which in turn, was consolidated into the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in 1978.[3][4] The institute's name was modified in step with the changes at the federal level, finally settling on its current name, MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory.

Christoph Benning, Michael Thomashow, and Kenneth Keegstra
Christoph Benning, the current PRL director, with two past directors, Michael Thomashow and Kenneth Keegstra, at the 50th PRL anniversary celebration in 2014.

1978-2006

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The DOE broadened the laboratory's mandate to look at basic plant processes, especially regarding the growth of plants as a renewable resource, with the focus of research shifting to modern plant molecular biology. During that period, Plant Research Lab scientists were among the pioneers who introduced the use of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, into plant biology.[5][6]

Starting in the 1990s, the Plant Research Lab initiated a culture of group projects, which combined the talents of Plant Research Lab faculty members with scientists from other departments at Michigan State University, in order to tackle difficult and risky research projects. Projects included the biosynthesis of cell wall components,[7] establishing a genetic system for the nitrogen-fixing actinomycete Frankia,[8] studying the molecular basis of flower induction,[9] studying membrane-tethered transcription factors,[10] and others.

Pamela Green, Shauna Somerville, and Natasha Raikhel
Pamela Green, Shauna Somerville, and Natasha Raikhel at the 50th PRL anniversary celebration in 2014.

2006-present

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In 2006, the Plant Research Lab's research mission was redirected to match the new priorities of the DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DOE-BES). The DOE program was undergoing reorganization, and the goals now focused on fundamental aspects of energy and carbon capture, conversion, and deposition in energy-rich molecules in both plants and microbes.[11]

This change in research direction led to a reconfiguration of group research projects and to new faculty hires. In 2013, the group project model, first adopted in the 1990s, became the fundamental research model - "research teams addressing research themes" - for all DOE-BES funded research. Three primary research projects were initiated (go to section) to understand the basic science of photosynthetic organisms, including the exploration of photosynthetic processes across multiple scales of biological organization, ranging from subcellular (e.g. photoactive compounds, enzymes, protein complexes and bacterial microcompartments, the thylakoid membrane), to the overall integration of photosynthesis in cells and organisms in their environments. Another aim is to understand photosynthesis in 'real life,' how it is regulated by changes in the natural environment and in response to environmental challenges. The long-term goal uniting these research areas is to improve photosynthetic efficiency and to develop new industrial technological applications.

As of 2020, the Plant Research Lab had over 900 alumni worldwide, many of whom have assumed important academic, industrial, and governmental positions. Since its inception, 18 Plant Research Lab scientists have been elected members of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, a prestigious honor for scientists in the United States; 21 have been elected American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellows; and 23 have been elected American Society of Plant Biologists Fellows.

Research

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Department of Energy Grant

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DOE-funded collaborative projects drive the research conducted at the MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory. The projects involve all twelve labs at the Plant Research Lab and rely on their diverse areas of expertise to tackle key problems too large to study in individual labs. The research addresses some of today's most challenging scientific questions, with implications for renewables, food sustainability, and medical and industrial technologies.

  • One research area examines how photosynthesis adapts to changing environmental conditions, focusing on the functions of genes and pathways involved in enhancing photosynthetic robustness in dynamic environments. The research tackles this problem by developing new scientific instruments that test plants and photosynthetic bacteria under a wide range of realistic conditions and identify undiscovered processes that tune photosynthetic activity rates; and by creating automated big data processing streams and bioinformatic pipelines.
  • A second research area addresses how photosynthetic organisms sense and regulate the proportioning of energy and carbon between growth and other metabolic processes, such as protection against abiotic and biotic stresses, for example. The vision for this project is to holistically understand these photosynthetic and metabolic processes over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and to develop models that describe how these processes interact.
  • A third research area encompasses structural and functional studies of proteins that are used to construct subcellular microcompartments in cyanobacteria, with the long-term goal of repurposing these natural compartments to engineer improvements in photosynthesis, new renewable energy sources, and new compounds and molecular structures for medical or industrial uses.

Other Research and Developed Technologies

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In addition to the collaborative projects funded by the DOE, individual laboratories conduct molecular research in diverse areas, including algal biofuels,[12] plant resistance to biotic and abiotic threats,[13][14][15] secretory membrane dynamics,[16] dynamics of energy organelles (ie, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts),[17][18][19][20] and molecular genetic and biochemical analyses of photomorphogenesis.[21] The Plant Research Lab has also developed innovative technologies and methods to help address new research questions. Current examples include:

  • Synthetic biology toolboxes to study and modify bacterial microcompartments[22][23][24][25] or to develop synthetic microbial consortia[26][27] or to engineer bacteria,[28] algae,[29] and plants[30] as production systems for biofuels and other valuable medical or industrial compounds.
  • Dynamic Environmental Photosynthetic Imaging[31] growth chambers which capture a variety of environmental conditions seen in the field, such as light intensities or weather patterns, and replay them in a laboratory setting. The chambers are equipped with cameras that produce real-time heat maps of photosynthetic activity, down to the level of individual leaves.
  • PhotosynQ,[32][33] a platform that combines a hand-held device with cloud-based storage and analytical capabilities that allow users to measure plant health at a fundamental level in the field and to collect data anywhere in the world.
  • Environmental Photobioreactors[34] which enable scientists to study algae under the same conditions found in outdoor ponds, but in the much more controlled setting of the laboratory.

Operations and governance

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Michigan State University operates the MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory under a contract with the Department of Energy. The institute director reports to both to Michigan State University's College of Natural Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences program.

The Plant Research Lab is located on Michigan State University's East Lansing campus and has groups in both the Plant Biology Laboratory and Molecular Plant Sciences buildings. The institute consists of twelve research laboratories, each headed by a tenure-track faculty member, and has around 150 employees. Its twelve tenure-track faculty also hold appointments in academic departments and programs at Michigan State University.

The Plant Research Lab is solely a research institute and does not grant academic degrees to its students. Consequently, graduate students at the Plant Research Lab are appointed to both the institute and at least one of the affiliated academic departments or programs, the latter of which grant Ph.D. degrees. Postdoctoral associates are appointed to the Plant Research Lab with Michigan State University privileges, such as healthcare and funding.

Laboratory directors

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  • Anton Lang (1965-1978)
  • Hans Kende (1978-1980)
  • Charles Arntzen (1980-1984)
  • Hans Kende (1984-1988)
  • Peter Wolk (1988-1992)
  • Kenneth Keegstra (1993-2006)
  • Michael Thomashow (2006-2015)
  • Christoph Benning (2015–present)

References

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  1. ^ Drell, D. (1964). "Chronology of Events in Division of and Medicine Programs". OSTI. doi:10.2172/1095502. OSTI 1095502. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  2. ^ Buck, Alice L. (July 1983). A History of the Atomic Energy Commission (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.
  3. ^ "A Brief History of the Department of Energy". DOE Office of Legacy Management. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  4. ^ "Timeline of Events: 1971 to 1980". DOE Office of Legacy Management. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  5. ^ Newman, T.; de Bruijn, F.J.; et al. (December 1994). "Genes galore: a summary of methods for accessing results from large-scale partial sequencing of anonymous Arabidopsis cDNA clones". Plant Physiology. 106 (4): 1241–1255. doi:10.1104/pp.106.4.1241. PMC 159661. PMID 7846151. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  6. ^ Arondel, V.; Hwang, I.; et al. (November 20, 1992). "Map-based cloning of a gene controlling omega-3 fatty acid desaturation in Arabidopsis". Science. 258 (5086): 1353–1355. Bibcode:1992Sci...258.1353A. doi:10.1126/science.1455229. PMID 1455229. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
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  8. ^ Xu, X.; Kong, R.; deBruijn, F.J.; He, S.Y.; et al. (January 1, 2002). "DNA sequence and genetic characterization of plasmid pFQ11 from Frankia alni strain CpI1". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 207 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11036.x. PMID 11886759.
  9. ^ Hoffmann-Benning, S.; Gage, D.A.; et al. (November 2002). "Comparison of peptides in the phloem sap of flowering and non-flowering Perilla and lupine plants using microbore HPLC followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry". Planta. 216 (1): 140–147. doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0916-0. PMID 12430023. S2CID 24291266. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
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  11. ^ "Basic Energy Sciences homepage". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  12. ^ Du, Z.; Lucker, B.F.; et al. (February 2018). "Galactoglycerolipid Lipase PGD1 Is Involved in Thylakoid Membrane Remodeling in Response to Adverse Environmental Conditions in Chlamydomonas". The Plant Cell. 30 (2): 447–465. doi:10.1105/tpc.17.00446. PMC 5868692. PMID 29437989. S2CID 4465149. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  13. ^ Major, I.T.; Gou, Q.; et al. (June 2020). "A Phytochrome B-Independent Pathway Restricts Growth at High Levels of Jasmonate Defense". Plant Physiology. 183 (2): 733–749. doi:10.1104/pp.19.01335. PMC 7271779. PMID 32245790. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  14. ^ Kim, Y.; Gilmour, S.J.; et al. (January 6, 2020). "Arabidopsis CAMTA Transcription Factors Regulate Pipecolic Acid Biosynthesis and Priming of Immunity Genes". Molecular Plant. 13 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2019.11.001. PMID 31733370.
  15. ^ Santiago, J.P.; Ward, J.M.; et al. (August 28, 2020). "Phaseolus vulgaris SUT1.1 is a high affinity sucrose‐proton co‐transporter". Plant Direct. 4 (1): e00260. doi:10.1002/pld3.260. PMC 7453976. PMID 32885136. S2CID 221458759.
  16. ^ Ko, D.K.; Brandizzi, F. (October 24, 2020). "A temporal hierarchy underpins the transcription factor‐DNA interactome of the maize UPR". The Plant Journal. 105 (1): 254–270. doi:10.1111/tpj.15044. ISSN 0960-7412. PMC 7942231. PMID 33098715.
  17. ^ Zhang, Xinchun; Hu, Jianping (February 2010). "The Arabidopsis Chloroplast Division Protein DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN5B Also Mediates Peroxisome Division". The Plant Cell. 22 (2): 431–442. doi:10.1105/tpc.109.071324. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 2845408. PMID 20179140.
  18. ^ Aung, Kyaw; Hu, Jianping (2011-12-01). "The Arabidopsis Tail-Anchored Protein PEROXISOMAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION FACTOR1 Is Involved in the Morphogenesis and Proliferation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria". The Plant Cell. 23 (12): 4446–4461. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.090142. ISSN 1532-298X. PMC 3269876. PMID 22147290.
  19. ^ Pan, Ronghui; Jones, A. Daniel; Hu, Jianping (2014-02-28). "Cardiolipin-Mediated Mitochondrial Dynamics and Stress Response in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 26 (1): 391–409. doi:10.1105/tpc.113.121095. ISSN 1532-298X. PMC 3963584. PMID 24443516.
  20. ^ Pan, Ronghui; Satkovich, John; Hu, Jianping (2016-11-15). "E3 ubiquitin ligase SP1 regulates peroxisome biogenesis in Arabidopsis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (46): E7307 – E7316. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613530113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5135305. PMID 27799549.
  21. ^ Rohnke, B.; Rodríguez Pérez, K.J.; et al. (May 26, 2020). "Linking the Dynamic Response of the Carbon Dioxide-Concentrating Mechanism to Carbon Assimilation Behavior in Fremyella diplosiphon". mBio. 11 (3): e01052-20. doi:10.1128/mBio.01052-20. PMC 7251215. PMID 32457252. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  22. ^ Ferlez, B.; Sutter, M.; et al. (July 2019). "A designed bacterial microcompartment shell with tunable composition and precision cargo loading". Metabolic Engineering. 54: 286–291. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2019.04.011. PMC 6884132. PMID 31075444.
  23. ^ Sutter, M.; McGuire, S.; et al. (March 22, 2019). "Structural Characterization of a Synthetic Tandem-Domain Bacterial Microcompartment Shell Protein Capable of Forming Icosahedral Shell Assemblies". ACS Synthetic Biology. 8 (4): 668–674. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.9b00011. PMC 6884138. PMID 30901520.
  24. ^ Hagen, A.R.; Plegaria, J.S.; et al. (October 22, 2018). "In Vitro Assembly of Diverse Bacterial Microcompartment Shell Architectures". Nano Letters. 18 (11): 7030–7037. Bibcode:2018NanoL..18.7030H. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02991. PMC 6309364. PMID 30346795.
  25. ^ Hagen, A.R.; Sutter, M.; et al. (July 23, 2018). "Programmed loading and rapid purification of engineered bacterial microcompartment shells". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 2881. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2881H. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05162-z. PMC 6056538. PMID 30038362.
  26. ^ Weiss, T.L.; Young, E.J.; et al. (November 2017). "A synthetic, light-driven consortium of cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria enables stable polyhydroxybutyrate production". Metabolic Engineering. 44 (1): 236–245. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2017.10.009. PMID 29061492. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  27. ^ Du, Z.; Alvaro, J.; et al. (June 22, 2018). "Enhancing oil production and harvest by combining the marine alga Nannochloropsis oceanica and the oleaginous fungus Mortierella elongata". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 11 (1): 174. doi:10.1186/s13068-018-1172-2. PMC 6013958. PMID 29977335. S2CID 49429347.
  28. ^ Young, E.J.; Sakkos, J.K.; et al. (November 20, 2019). "Visualizing in Vivo Dynamics of Designer Nanoscaffolds". Nano Letters. 20 (1): 208–217. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03651. OSTI 1608250. PMID 31747755. S2CID 208215855. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  29. ^ Poliner, E.; Takeuchi, T.; et al. (March 8, 2018). "Nontransgenic Marker-Free Gene Disruption by an Episomal CRISPR System in the Oleaginous Microalga, Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779". ACS Synthetic Biology. 7 (4): 962–968. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.7b00362. PMC 6616531. PMID 29518315.
  30. ^ Sadre, R.; Kuo, P.; et al. (February 20, 2019). "Cytosolic lipid droplets as engineered organelles for production and accumulation of terpenoid biomaterials in leaves". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 853. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..853S. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08515-4. PMC 6382807. PMID 30787273.
  31. ^ Cruz, Jeffrey A.; Savage, Linda J.; et al. (June 22, 2016). "Dynamic Environmental Photosynthetic Imaging Reveals Emergent Phenotypes". Cell Systems. 2 (6): 365–377. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.06.001. hdl:10044/1/82670. PMID 27336966. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  32. ^ Kuhlgert, Sebastian; Austic, Greg; et al. (October 1, 2016). "MultispeQ Beta: a tool for large-scale plant phenotyping connected to the open PhotosynQ network". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160592. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360592K. doi:10.1098/rsos.160592. PMC 5099005. PMID 27853580. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  33. ^ "PhotosynQ Website". Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  34. ^ Lucker, Ben F.; Hall, Christopher C.; et al. (October 1, 2014). "The environmental photobioreactor (ePBR): An algal culturing platform for simulating dynamic natural environments". Algal Research. 6 (PartB): 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.007. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
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