Jump to content

List of largest extant lizards

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Currently there are about 40 extant families of Lacertilia. These vary considerably, e.g. in shades, colours, and sizes. For example, the largest representative among Geckos, the New Caledonian giant gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus), has a length of up to 36 cm (14 in), while the largest species in the family Varanidae, Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), has a length up to 3 metres (10 ft), and a body mass of 70 kg (154 lbs).

Largest extant lizards

[edit]

Here are the 15 largest extant lizards based on the most reliable measurements for size, including length and weight. These include family types Varanidae, Iguanidae and Teiidae exceeding 9 kg (20 lbs) in mass.

Rank Common name Binomial name Family Maximum reliable or known mass
kg (lb) 		Maximum total length
m (ft) 		Image
1 Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis Varanidae 166 (366) in captivity[1]

81.5 (180) caught in the wild, excluding stomach contents Probably 100 (220) including stomach contents[2][1][3] (see below)

 3.13 (10.27) in captivity

3.04 (9.97) caught in the wild[2] (see below)
2 Asian water monitor Varanus salvator Varanidae 25 (55)[4][5] (see below) 3.21 (10.53)[4] (see below)
3 Crocodile monitor Varanus salvadorii Varanidae 20 (44.1)[1] (see below) 2.55 (8.37) longest verified specimen, but unverified considerable larger[6][7] (see below)
4 Nile monitor Varanus niloticus Varanidae 20 (44.1) according to many sources (see below) 2.43 (8.0) the longest specimen (see below)
5 Perentie Varanus giganteus Varanidae 20 (44.1) according to many sources (see below) 2.44 (8.0) the longest specimen (see below)
6 Black-throated monitor Varanus albigularis microsticus Varanidae 27 (60)[8] 2.1 (6.89)[8]
7 Lace monitor Varanus varius Varanidae 14 (30.87) more reliable[4][9] (see below) 2.0 (6.55)[4][10][9] (see below)
8 Blue iguana Cyclura lewisi Iguanidae 14 (30.87)[11][12][13] 1.5 (4.91)[11][12]
9 Galapagos land iguana Conolophus subcristatus Iguanidae 13 (28.66)[14][15] 1.5 (4.91)[14][15]
10 Marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus Iguanidae 12 (26.46)[16] 1.4 (4.59)[17][18]

11 Rhinoceros iguana Cyclura cornuta Iguanidae 10 (22.05)[19] 1.22 (4.0).[20]
Probably 1.36 (4.46)
12 Green iguana Iguana iguana Iguanidae 9.1 (20)[21] 2.0 (6.55)[21]

13 Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor Varanus bitatawa Varanidae 9 (19.84)[22][23] 1.8 (5.84)[22][23]
14 Red tegu Salvator rufescens Teiidae 9 (19.84)[24] 1.4 (4.59)[24]
15 Gray's monitor Varanus olivaceus Varanidae 8.9 (19.62)[22][23] 1.88 (6.16)[22][23]

By families

[edit]

Agamas (Agamidae)

[edit]
See also: Agamidae
Makassar salfin lizard is usually regarded as the largest representative of family Agamidae, reaching a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft).

American legless lizards (Anniellidae)

[edit]
See also: Anniellidae

Glass lizards (Anguidae)

[edit]
See also: Anguidae
Sheltopusik from Southern Europe to Central Asia, is the largest legless lizard, reaching a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft)
  • Many representatives of this family are legless lizards. Among these the largest species, and also the largest legless lizard in the world, is the sheltopusik (Pseudopus apodus), reaching a maximum length of more 135 cm (4.43 ft) and a mass in 1.1 kg (2.4 lb).[35]
  • The eastern glass lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) and slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus) may reach lengths of up to 108 cm (3.54 ft)[36] and 107 cm (3.51 ft)[37] respectively.
  • However, this family also has lizards with legs, among which the largest is the Texas alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus infernalis) growing to from 45.7 cm (18 in) till 64 cm (25.2 in)[38][39] in different sources.

Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)

[edit]
See also: Chamaeleonidae
  • Of all chameleons, the largest is the Parson's chameleon (Calumma parsonii), reaching a length of 68 cm (27 in).[40][41] But the longest species is the Malagasy giant chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti). It has a length of up to 68.5 cm (27 in).[42]
  • Other large chameleons are the veiled chameleon (Chameleo calyptratus) and Meller's chameleon (Trioceros melleri), with lengths of up to 61 cm (24 in)[43][44] Exceptionally large specimens of the latter have reputedly reached over 76 cm (30 in) and mass 600 g (1.3 lb), although this is unlikely.[45]

Spinytail lizards (Cordylidae)

[edit]
See also: Cordylidae
  • Many species in this family are small to medium-sized lizards that range in length from 6 to 30 cm (2.4 to 11.8 inches).[46] There are large species in the genus Smaug, the largest of which is a giant girdled lizard (Smaug giganteus), with snout-vent length up to 20.5 cm (8.07 in)[47] and total length up to roughly 40 cm (15.74 in).[48]

Casquehead lizards (Corytophanidae)

[edit]
See also: Corytophanidae
Basilisks are quite large lizards, especially the plumed basilisk
  • Casquehead lizards are quite large lizards. In particular, the genus Basiliscus typically measures 70–75 cm (28–30 in).[49][50] But the largest species in this group is the plumed basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons), frequently growing to 91 cm (36 in).[51]
  • Another large species in this group is the eastern casquehead iguana (Laemanctus longipes) reaching up to 70 cm (27.6 in) including its long, thin tail.

Collared lizards (Crotaphytidae)

[edit]
See also: Crotaphytidae

Anoles (Dactyloidae)

[edit]
See also: Dactyloidae
The knight anole is the largest anole, over half a meter in length

Geckos (Gekkota)

[edit]
See also: Gekkota
The New Caledonian giant gecko is the largest gecko, weighing up to almost 300 g (10.5 oz)

Plated lizards (Gerrhosauridae)

[edit]
See also: Gerrhosauridae
  • The largest species in this family is the giant plated lizard (Matobosaurus validus), with a total length of up to 69 cm (27 in)[85][86] or even 75 cm (29.5 in),[87] with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 28 cm (11 in).[85] Another large plated lizard is the Sudan plated lizard (Broadleysaurus major), with a length of about 51–60 cm (20–24 in).

Beaded lizards and Gila monster (Helodermatidae)

[edit]
See also: Gila monster and Helodermatidae
The Mexican beaded lizard is the largest species in family Helodermatidae, reaching a length of up to 91 cm (36 in)
  • This family includes large and stocky lizards, including the infamous Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), which reaches a total length up to 60 cm (23.6 in) with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 36 cm (14.1 in)[10] and a body mass from 1 kg (2.2 lb)[10] to 2.2 kg (4.9 lb)[citation needed] depending on the source. But despite the stocky and massive body of this lizard, it is not the largest representative of the family. Greatly exceeding it in size are the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and Rio Fuerte beaded lizard (Heloderma exasperatum), with a total length of up to 91 cm (36 in),[10][88] a SVL of up to 47 cm (18.5 in)[10] and a mass from 2 kg (4.4 lb)[10] to 4 kg (8.8 lb)[89][90][88] depending on the source.

Iguanas (Iguanidae)

[edit]
See also: Iguanidae
The blue iguana is the heaviest iguanid and one of the largest extant lizards
  • Iguanas are very large lizards, some of which can reach lengths of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and mass more than 10 kg (22 lb). They are the largest lizards after some large species of monitor lizards, and the largest lizards in the New World. Iguanas vary considerably in size and form, but even the smallest lizards in this family are still quite large. For example, the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) can reach a length of up to 61 cm (24 in).[91] The largest species of the genus Sauromalus is the San Esteban chuckwalla (Sauromalus varius), up to 76 cm (27 in) long and 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) in weight,[92] while the second-largest is the Angel Island chuckwalla (Sauromalus hispidus), up to 64 cm (25.2 in) long.[92]
  • Many sources describe the green iguana (Iguana iguana) as the largest iguanid, often reaching lengths up to 1.5 metres (4.91 ft) and masses of 4 kg (8.8 lb),[93] and with a maximum length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and a mass of 8 kg (18 lb)[21][94] and in some cases even 9.1 kg (20 lb).[21] However, the heaviest species in this family is the blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi), with a total length of up to 1.5 m (4.91 ft), a SVL of 51–76 cm (30 in) and a mass of up to 14 kg (31 lb)[11][12] It is the eighth-heaviest and largest extant lizard.[13]
The Galapagos land iguana is a very massive lizard weighing more than 10 kg (22 lb) and is one of the largest extant lizards

True lizards (Lacertidae)

[edit]
See also: Lacertidae
Gran Canaria giant lizard is the largest member of a family Lacertidae, exceeding a length of 80 cm (31 in)

Earless monitor lizards (Lanthanotidae)

[edit]
See also: Lanthanotidae
  • The only living species in this family – earless monitor lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis) typically has a snout-vent length (SVL) of about 20 cm (8 in),[119] and a total length of about 40 cm (16 in).[120] The longest recorded in the wild had length in 44.1 cm (17.4 in).[121] A specimen collected in the 1960s had a total length of 51 cm (20 in),[122] and near the time of its death an individual kept at the Bronx Zoo from 1968 to 1976 had a total length of 47 cm (18.5 in) and weighed 209 g (7.4 oz), but it was highly obese.[123]

Curly-tailed lizards (Leiocephalidae)

[edit]
See also: Leiocephalidae
  • The largest curly tailed lizards Leiocephalus carinatus Adults may attain a snout to vent length (SVL) of 10.5 cm (4.1 in), or a total length, including the tail, of 26 cm (10 in). The dorsal scales are keeled and pointed. L. carinatus resembles lizards of the genus Sceloporus, but with the tail usually curled upward, especially when the lizard is in a horizontal position on rocks or on the ground.[124]

Leiosaurids (Leiosauridae)

[edit]
See also: Leiosauridae

Liolaemids (Liolaemidae)

[edit]
See also: Liolaemidae

Madagascan iguanas (Opluridae)

[edit]
See also: Opluridae

Legless lizards (Pygopodidae)

[edit]
See also: Pygopodidae

Skinks (Scincidae)

[edit]
See also: Scincidae
The Solomon Islands skink – largest skink reaching the length of 81 cm (32 in)

Tegus and Teiids (Teiidae)

[edit]
See also: Teiidae
Argentine black and white tegu as well as a red tegu, is the largest teiid and one of the heaviest lizards in the world reaching a mass of 7 kg (15 lb)

Monitor lizards (Varanidae)

[edit]

Body size in monitor lizards shows greater variation than in any other family of animals[178] with adult animals weighing between 23 g (0.81 oz) and 80,000 g (176.3 lb). The family includes both the largest living lizards and the largest lizards that have ever existed, yet about a third of the living species are dwarfs that seldom exceed 500 g (18 oz) in weight.[178] Such massive size disparity between species makes the group ideal model animals to study the effects of gigantism on ecology and physiology, but at present little of their potential in this field has been explored.[178] Although, species weighing around 1 kg (2.2 lb) are often found. This family includes the Komodo dragon, which is the largest of all extant lizards, with a length of 3 meters (10 ft) and approximate weight of 113 kg (249 lb).[173] Some of the largest representatives of the Varanidae such as the Komodo dragon, crocodile monitor, perentie and lace monitor can count an apex predators. In the list of the largest lizards, monitors occupy the first seven places.[13]

Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)
The Komodo dragon is the largest extant lizard with a maximum known mass of more 80 kg (176.3 lb), also perhaps the heaviest squamate
  • The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest living lizard in the world, with an average mass in 70 kg (150 lb) and 25 kg (55 lb) for males and females respectively.[179] The largest males from Komodo, may reach more 80 kg (176.3 lb). The largest specimen of Komodo dragon, a large male from Loh Liang National Park with length of 3.04 m (10.0 ft), a SVL of 1.54 m (5.1 ft) and a mass in 81.5 kg (178.5 lb).[2][3] As stated above, females are generally much smaller than males. The largest female weighed about 42 kg (93 lb).[180] The heaviest specimen in the wild weighed about 87.4 kg (193 lb).[2][3] The study noted that weights greater than 100 kg (220 lb) were possible but only after the animal had consumed a large food.[1][2][3] The largest accurately measured individual according to Gerard Wood for Guinness World Records was a specimen put on display at the Saint Louis Zoological Park, Missouri in 1937. This individual reportedly measured 3.13 m (10.27 ft) and weighed 166 kg (366 lb), although a large portion of this was likely undigested food. Because Komodo dragons can eat up to 60% their own body weight, this weight record is considered invalid. Excluding this specimen, the Komodo dragon's maximum size is surpassed by large snakes like the green anaconda (up to 97.5 kg (215 lb) in the wild[181]) and the reticulated python (up to 150 kg (330 lb) in captivity[182]), but considering that these exceptionally large specimens are reported at a much lower frequency, it is still arguable that the Komodo dragon is the largest exant squamate on Earth.
Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator)
Asian water monitor is the second-largest lizard with a length of more 3 m (10 ft) and a mass in 25 kg (55 lb)
  • The Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) is second-biggest lizard in the world after Komodo dragon,[1][13][183] and also the longest lizard in the world. The largest specimens come from Malaysia, particularly around the Cameron Highlands, where specimens over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in total length are sometimes encountered. Jasmi (1988) records that wild specimens can weigh up to 25 kg (55 lb).[4][5] The largest member this species from Sri-Lanka and attained in length of about 3.21 m (10.5 ft).[1] Thailand is also home to some huge water monitors but, elsewhere the water monitor grows smaller sizes. The biggest found in Java are around 2.1 m (6.9 ft) of total length, 2 m (6.6 ft) in Sri Lanka, 1.7 m (5.6 ft) in Sumatra and mainland India and less than 1.5 m (4.91 ft) on the island of Flores.[5] Unverified weights of 50, 70 and even 90 kg (110, 150 and even 198 pounds) have been reported in escaped pets in Florida but such enormous weights remain unverified.[1] The 80 males slaughtered for the skin trade in Sumatra had an average weight of only 3.42 kg (7.5 lb), with a snout-vent length of 56.6 cm (22.3 in) and a total length of 142 cm (4.66 ft); while 42 females had an average weight of 3.52 kg (7.8 lb), with a nose-to-cloaca length of 59 cm (23 in) and a total length of 149.6 cm (4.91 ft).[184] Among these monitor lizards, some specimens weighed from 16–20 kg (35–44 lb). Another study in Sumatra by the same authors also estimates the weight of some specimens at 20 kg (44 lb)[185] while the average adult weight in the population is estimated to be about 7.6 kg (17 lb).[186]
Crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii)
The crocodile monitor sometimes is considers the longest lizard in the world
  • The crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) sometimes is regarded as the longest lizard in the world.[13] The longest verified individual, a specimen at Museum Koenig, is 255 cm (8.37 ft) long.[10][6] Some have been claimed to be much larger, including three individuals that reportedly were 323 cm (10.60 ft), 427 cm (14.01 ft) and 475 cm (15.58 ft) long, but these sizes are unverified.[1][187][7] The tail of the crocodile monitor is proportionally very long, typically 2–2.7 times the snout-to-vent length.[188] A weight of up to 20 kg (44 lb) usually is reported,[189] but in this slender and long-tailed arboreal species healthy adults (for example, discounting obese captives) typically weigh 2.5 to 6.38 kg (5.5–14.1 lb).[10][7] Some sources suggest a mass up to 90 kg (200 lb),[190] although, this is highly questionable.[187][7]
Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus)
The Nile monitor is the largest lizard native to Africa with a maximum reliable length of more than 2.43 m (8.0 ft) and a mass in almost 20 kg (44 lb)
  • The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) is the largest lizard native to Africa alive today and fourth or fifth-largest lizard in the world after Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor, crocodile monitor and competes with perentie.[1] In most cases, males of Nile monitors reach a total length of 150–170 cm (4.9-5.5 ft) and weigh in the region of 5–10 kg (11–22 lb),[191] while females are about 1.34 m (4.4 ft) long and weigh about 3 kg (6.6 lb). Exceptionally large wild specimens of the Nile monitors can probably reach about 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) in length and weigh about 20 kg (44 lb), making them one of the largest lizards in the world fauna.[1] In 1929, a photograph of a Nile monitor from South Africa was published, which was said to have reached a total length of 2.13 m (7.0 ft) and weighed almost 19 kg (42 lb).[192] The same author also reports that he shot another monitor lizard approximately 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long.[191] The largest animal this species reliably known to date reached a total length of 242 cm (7.94 ft) with a length from the muzzle to cloaca length 98 cm (39 in) and estimated at 12–15 kg (26–33 lb)[193] According to Faust (2001), the largest representative this species measured 2.43 m (7.97 ft).[1] A specimen with a length of 188 cm (6.17 ft) (length from tip of muzzle to cloaca is 74 cm (29 in)) was recorded from Orange Province in South Africa. Near Lake Chad, the maximum recorded size for a male is 2.07 m (6.8 ft) and for a female is 1.55 m (5.1 ft). The largest female Nile monitor for which there is reliable data reached 1.7 m (5.6 ft). Thus, it seems likely that in South Africa some specimens can reach lengths of 200 cm (6.6 ft) or more, but they are very rare.[191]
Perentie (Varanus giganteus)
The perentie is the largest lizard Australia, and also one of the biggest lizards in the world
  • The perentie (Varanus giganteus) is by average length and weight the largest extant lizard native to Australia and fifth or fourth-biggest lizard in the world after Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor, crocodile monitor and competes with Nile monitor.[1] Its endemic to arid central Australia, found west of the Great Dividing Range. The largest individual recorded by (Stokes, 1846) measuring 2438 mm (8 ft) in total length.[1] However based on the vagueness of this account some authors claim Stokes' reported measurement of 2438 mm (8 ft) is exaggerated and a more likely maximum length may instead be 2.3 m (7.5 ft) (Stirling, 1912).[1] There have been larger individuals supposedly measuring more than 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in total length and 20 kg (44 lb) in mass reported but such claims remain unverified.[1] The maximum size of the perentie is probably not as great as many authors claim King & Green (1993) provide a useful discussion of size in this species. The longest found on Barrow Island by King et al. (1989) had a total length of 1.96 m (6.4 ft) with a SVL in 88 cm (35 in) and the heaviest weighed 11.7 kg (26 lb). Butler (1970) record s a specimen of 17 kg (37 lb) with a total length of 1.93 m (6.3 ft) from the same island.[1][194] Stokes (1846) records that two specimens collected on Barrow Island in 1840 had total lengths of 2.13 m (7.0 ft). Strimple (1988) suggested that one of these animals was the type specimen used by Gray, which has a total length of only 2.02 m (6.6 ft). Many perenties do not grow to such an enormous size, and the specimens on Barrow Island may grow larger than the main population. The limited data available suggests that females reach a smaller maximum size than males, rarely exceeding 1.4 m (4.6 ft) TL. Bredl (1987) records males of 1.8 and 1.9 m (5 ft 11 in and 6 ft 3 in) TL, and a female of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) TL. It appears that perenties approaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in length are the exception rather than the rule, and that in general few specimens grow larger than 1.5 m (4.91 ft). If specimens of 2.4 m (7.9 ft) or more have ever existed, none seem to have survived to the present.[194][195]
Black-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis microstictus)
Lace monitor (Varanus varius)
The lace monitor – the second-largest lizard native to Australia and seven-largest lizard in the world
  • The lace monitor (Varanus varius) is the second-largest lizard in Australia after perentie[9] and seven-largest lizard in the world overall.[13] The largest instances may measuring in the length of 2 m (6.6 ft) with a SVL of 76.5 cm (30.1 in) and a mass of 14 kg (31 lb).[4] In 1986 Gerard Krefft suggested that lace goannas grow as large as 250 cm (8.2 ft).[9] None of this size exist now and specimens of 2 m (6.6 ft) TL are exceptional. A lizard from Mallacoota, Victoria measured 75 cm (30 in) SVL, 192 cm (6.30 ft) TL and weighed 14 kg (31 lb).[9] Another from Healesville was 192 cm (6.30 ft) long and weighed almost 20.5 kg (45 lb).[9] It was found to have eaten four foxcubs, three young rabbits and three large blue-tongued skinks,[9] and all this was taken into account when weighing, is unknown. And, accordingly, the most commonly used maximum size for this species is a length of 192 cm (6.30 ft) and a weight of 14 kg (31 lb) for the previously mentioned specimen.[4][10][13] In conu'ast, a large male in the spring measured 1,5 m (4.91 ft) TL and weighed 4.2 kg (9.3 lb). Males grow larger than females and probably have larger home ranges.[9]

In the genus Varanus has more 80 species of lizards and all of to 11 subgenera, members which vary considerably in sizes:[4]

Subgenus Empagusia

[edit]
Bengal monitor is the second-largest lizard in Asia after Asian water monitor
  • The largest representative of the subgenus Empagusia is Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) with a length in 1.75 m (5.7 ft) and a SVL of 75 cm (30 in), a mass of 7.2 kg (16 lb),[200] and in captivity even more – 10.2 kg (22 lb).[201] However, in average much less – 1,5 m (4.91 ft) in a length and 2.7 kg (6.0 lb) in a mass.[10][202] Even so, by some reports it grows much larger.[10][202][195]
  • Another large species of this group are the clouded monitor (Varanus nebulosus) with a length of 1.5 m (4.91 ft) and a SVL of 60 cm (24 in),[203] the roughneck monitor (Varanus rudicollis), which has a total length of 1.46 m (4.8 ft), a SVL of 59 cm (23 in) with a mass of 4 kg (8.8 lb),[195][204] the Dumeril's monitor (Varanus dumerilii) (Maximum size is about 135 cm (4.43 ft) TL. A breeding pair maintained in captivity measured 130 cm (4.3 ft) TL, 2,950 g (6.50 lb) (male) and 100 cm (3.3 ft), 2,300 g (5.1 lb) (female). Wild animals of 30 cm (12 in) SVL weigh about 1 kg (2.2 lb))[10][195][205] and the yellow monitor (Varanus flavescens) with a maximum length of 95.2 cm (3.12 ft), a SVL of 44.8 cm (17.6 in)[4] and a mass of 1,040 g (2.29 lb).[195][206]

Subgenus Euprepiosaurus

[edit]

Subgenus Hapturosaurus

[edit]

Subgenus Odatria

[edit]
  • Whilst, in this subgenus have a lot of species, they are the smallest monitor lizards.[4] In its include Dampier Peninsula monitor (Varanus sparnus) – the smallest monitor with a length of 227 mm (8.9 in), a SVL of 116 mm (4.6 in) and a mass of 16.3 g (0.57 oz).[4]
  • The largest species in this subgenus is the black-palmed rock monitor (Varanus glebopalma) measuring the maximum size of 397 mm (15.6 in) and 1.1 m (3.6 ft) for SVL and total length respectively (an average mass constitute 240 g (8.5 oz) with a SVL of 290 mm (11 in), for the max.size much higher).[10] Another big member this group is Mitchell's water monitor (Varanus mitchelli), which may grow a length in 60–96 cm (1.97–3.15 ft)[213] with a SVL in 22–32 cm (8.7–12.6 in).[10]

Subgenus Papusaurus

[edit]

Subgenus Philippinosaurus

[edit]
The Gray's monitor along with its relatives is one of heaviest lizards in the world
  • This are large frugivorous monitor lizards (175 cm (5.74 ft) long or more with a mass in >8 kg (18 lb)).[22] The Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor (Varanus bitatawa) with a maximum size instead be 180 cm (5.9 ft) in length and 9 kg (20 lb) in mass, the Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus), the biggest individual of which was just 188 cm (6.17 ft) long and a mass of 8.9 kg (20 lb) and the Panay monitor (Varanus mabitang) with the largest specimen which had a length of 175 cm (5.74 ft) and a mass in 8 kg (18 lb),[22][23] are one of the biggest lizards in the world. They measuring of 76.6 cm (30.2 in), 73 cm (29 in) and 70 cm (28 in) SVL respectively.[23]

Subgenus Polydaedalus

[edit]

Subgenus Psammosaurus

[edit]
The Caspian monitor is a largest lizard in Central Asia, with a maximum reliable length of 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and a mass of almost 3 kg (6.6 lb)

Subgenus Solomonosaurus

[edit]

Subgenus Soterosaurus

[edit]

Subgenus Varanus

[edit]
The Argus monitor is third largest Australian lizard with mass more 7 kg (15 lb)
  • The largest members of this group are the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), perentie (Varanus giganteus) and lace monitor (Varanus varius) (see higher).
  • After their, next place occupies the yellow-spotted monitor or Argus monitor (Varanus panoptes), which also is third biggest lizard in Australia, with a maximum length of 1.6 m (5.2 ft) (SVL of 74 cm (29 in)) and mass of 7 kg (15 lb),[4][10] although in captivity huge individuals can weigh about 10 kg (22 lb) and even more.[223]
  • A close relative of the aforementioned species is Gould's monitor (Varanus gouldii), also attains large sizes — exclusively large specimens measuring length of 1.55 m (5.1 ft) (SVL of 67 cm (26 in)) with a mass of 5 kg (11 lb).[195][224] The Rosenberg's monitor (Varanus rosenbergi) grows 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long,[195][225] probably 1.6 m (5.2 ft) with a SVL of 70 cm (28 in).[4]
  • Albeit, not as long as some other species of large varanids, the Spencer's monitor (Varanus spenceri) can weigh a very large for its length due to its massive and bulky body, and has a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft) (SVL of 55 cm (22 in)) and mass of from 2.25 kg (5.0 lb)[195][226] till 6 kg (13 lb)[4][10] depending on sources.
  • The smallest representative of this genus is the Mertens' water monitor (Varanus mertensi) with a length of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) (SVL of 48 cm (19 in)).[4] Though, not as bulky as some other species of monitor lizards, in captivity, it can weigh up to 4.9 kg (11 lb).[195][227]

Night lizards (Xantusidae)

[edit]
See also: Xantusidae
  • The largest night lizard is the yellow-spotted tropical night lizard (Lepidophylum flavimaculatum) which attains a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 12.69 cm (5.00 in) with a tail 1/3 times exceeding the body length.

Knob-scaled lizards (Xenosauridae)

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "The Largest Monitor Lizards by Paleonerd01 on DeviantArt". Deviantart.com. 18 August 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Jessop, T.; Madsen, T.; Ciofi, C.; Jeriimansyah, M.; Purwandana, D.; Rudiharto, H.; Arifiandy, A.; Phillips, J. (2007). "Island differences in population size structure and catch per unit effort and their conservation implications for Komodo dragons". Biological Conservation. 135 (2): 247–255. Bibcode:2007BCons.135..247J. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.025.
  3. ^ a b c d T. S. Jessop et al. (2006): Maximum body size among insular Komodo dragon populations covaries with large prey density. OIKOS 112, pp. 422–429 Volltext at the Wayback Machine (archived August 22, 2008)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Visual Identification Guide for the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus)" (PDF). Bfn.de.
  5. ^ a b c "Varanus Salvator". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  6. ^ a b Böhme, W.; Ziegler, T. (1997). "Großwarane im Museum Koenig, mit Bemerkungen zu Afrikas größter Echse". Tier und Museum. 5 (3): 65–74.
  7. ^ a b c d Reh, B., ed. (2021), Best Practice Guidelines for the Crocodile Monitor (Varanus salvadorii) (1 ed.), EAZA Reptile Taxon Advisory Group
  8. ^ a b c "Black-Throated Monitor Care Guide - Everything Reptiles". Everythingreptiles.com. 12 August 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Varanus Varius". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Pianka, E.; King, D.; King, R.A., eds. (2004). Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253343666.
  11. ^ a b c De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Blair, David (1992). The Green Iguana Manual. Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems. ISBN 1-882770-18-8.
  12. ^ a b c Dorge, Ray (1996). "A Tour of the Grand Cayman Blue Iguana Captive-Breeding Facility". Reptiles: Guide to Keeping Reptiles and Amphibians. 4 (9): 32–42.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The 10 Largest Lizards in The World". A-z-animals.com. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  14. ^ a b c Rogers, Barbara (1990), Galapagos, New York: Mallard Press, p. 144, ISBN 978-0-7924-5192-1
  15. ^ a b c Rosenthal, Ellen (1997), "Days and nights of the iguana: in the Galapagos, a devoted pair work to save land iguanas", Animals
  16. ^ a b Endangered animals of the world pp. 48
  17. ^ a b Miralles; Macleod; Rodríguez; Ibáñez; Jiménez-Uzcategui; Quezada; Vences & Steinfartz (2017). "Shedding Light On the Imps of Darkness: An Integrative Taxonomic Revision of the Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Genus Amblyrhynchus)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. XX (3): 1–33. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx007.
  18. ^ a b Wikelski, M.; Trillmich, F. (1997). "Body Size and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Marine Iguanas Fluctuate as a Result of Opposing Natural and Sexual Selection: An Island Comparison". Evolution. 51 (3): 922–936. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03673.x. PMID 28568579. S2CID 205780374.
  19. ^ "Rhinoceros Iguana". Sea World. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  20. ^ Bartlett, Richard D.; Bartlett, Patricia Pope; Earle-Bridges, Michele; Wenzel, David (2003). Iguanas : Everything about Selection, Care, Nutrition, Diseases, Breeding, and Behavior A complete pet owner's manual Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manuals. Barron's Educational Series. p. 95.
  21. ^ a b c d De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Susan Donoghue, Roger Klingenberg, David Blair (2003), The Green Iguana Manual, Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN 978-1-882770-67-0
  22. ^ a b c d e f Daniel Bennett, Stephanie J.Law; Merlijn van Weerd, Selvino R. de Kort (2016). Morphology, Activity Area, and Movement Patterns of the Frugivorous Monitor Lizard Varanus bitatawa. Vol. 11. Herpetological Conservation and Biology. pp. 467–475.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Maren Gaukle (2010). "Overview on the Present Knowledge on Varanus mabitang Gaulke and Curio, 2001, Including New Morphological and Meristic Data" (PDF). 4 (2). International Varanid Interest Group. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ a b c "Аргентинский красный тэгу (Tupinambis rufescens)". myreptile.ru.
  25. ^ a b c "4 SPECIES HYDROSAURUS DARI INDONESIA YANG BARU DIKONFIRMASIKAN PADA TAHUN 2020". Riqnauf.blogspot.com. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  26. ^ "Thai Water Dragon Care (Physignathus cocincinus)". Crestwoodvethospital.com. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  27. ^ "Chinese Water Dragon – Physignathus Cocincinus". Petmd.com.
  28. ^ "Chlamydosaurus kingii (Frilled Lizard)". Animaldiversity.org.
  29. ^ Hauschild, Bosch (1997), pp. 69.
  30. ^ "Uromastyx aegyptia". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  31. ^ [1]. Edited by Tomas M. Wilms, Philipp Wagner, Mohammed Shobrack, Nicola Lutzmann & Wolfgang BöHME
  32. ^ "Pogona barbata". Dragon-files.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  33. ^ "ADW:Pogona vitticeps:INFORMATION". Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  34. ^ a b "How Big Do Bearded Dragons Get?". Mybeardies.com. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  35. ^ "Pseudopus apodus". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  36. ^ "Eastern Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis)". Srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  37. ^ "Slender Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus)". Srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  38. ^ "Texas Alligator Lizard". Biodiversity.utexas.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  39. ^ "Digimorph – Gerrhonotus infernalis (Texas alligator lizard)". Digimorph.org. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  40. ^ "The chameleon the size of a house cat: 7 fascinating facts". Africageographic.com. 14 November 2017.
  41. ^ "Parsons chameleon (Calumma parsonii)". Jungledragon.com.
  42. ^ Smith, Dustin; Vinci, Joy; Anderson, Christopher V.; Eckles, Jennifer Ketterlin; Ridgley, Frank; Mazzotti, Frank J. (2016). "Observations on Nesting and Clutch Size in Furcifer oustaleti (Oustalet's Chameleon) in South Florida" (PDF). Southeastern Naturalist. 15 (8): 75–88. doi:10.1656/058.015.sp808. S2CID 90309093.
  43. ^ "Veiled Chameleon – Chameleo calyptratus calyptratus". Petmd.com.
  44. ^ "CHAMELEONS -Romfilatelia – O lume intr-un timbru". Romfilatelia.ro.
  45. ^ "Chamaeleo Trioceros melleri profile". Adcham.com.
  46. ^ "Cordylidae". Britannica.com.
  47. ^ "Smaug giganteus". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  48. ^ "Giant girdled lizard – SANBI". Sanbi.org. 20 May 2018.
  49. ^ Bustamante-Enríquez LM, Arteaga AF (2012). Western Basilisk (Basiliscus galeritus). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Mindo. Version 2012.a
  50. ^ "Basiliscus basiliscus (Common Basilisk)". Animaldiversity.org.
  51. ^ "Green Basilisk Care Sheet". Reptilecentre.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  52. ^ "Reticulate Collared Lizard data – Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  53. ^ "FIVE ANOLE FAUNAS, PART ONE : Greater Antillean Ecomorphs" (PDF). Anoleannals.org. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  54. ^ Dickson, Blake V.; Sherratt, Emma; Losos, Jonathan B.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2017). "Semicircular canals in Anolis lizards: Ecomorphological convergence and ecomorph affinities of fossil species". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (10): 170058. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470058D. doi:10.1098/rsos.170058. PMC 5666239. PMID 29134056.
  55. ^ "The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree" (PDF). Biointeractive.org. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  56. ^ Kirsten E. Nicholson and Paul M. Richards (2011). Home-range size and overlap within an introduced population of the Cuban knight anole, Anolis equestris (Squamata: Iguanidae) Phyllomedusa, 10 (1), 65–73
  57. ^ Camposano; Krysko; Enge; Donlan; Granatosky (2008). "The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida". Iguana. 15 (4): 212–219.
  58. ^ "Anolis baracoae". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  59. ^ "Anolis luteogularis". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  60. ^ "Anolis noblei". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  61. ^ "Anolis smallwoodi". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  62. ^ "New Caledonian Giant Gecko Care Sheet". Reptilesmagazine.com. 4 November 2013.
  63. ^ Proceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 1883. 1883. pp. 123–124 – via Biodiversitylibrary.org.
  64. ^ "Gargoyle Gecko:Facts, Pictures, Lifespan, Behavior & Care Guide". Petkeen.com. 6 August 2021.
  65. ^ "Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus". Endemia.nc. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  66. ^ "Rhacodactylus trachycephalus". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  67. ^ Robbie, Hamper (2003). The crested gecko, Rhacodactylus ciliatus, in captivity. Lansing, Mich.: ECO Publishing. ISBN 0971319758. OCLC 190641818.
  68. ^ "Mniarogekko chahoua". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  69. ^ "Correlophus sarasinorum (Sarasin's Giant Gecko)". Reptilianostra.com. 23 April 2019.
  70. ^ "50 Duvaucel's Geckos Released On Island They Once Roamed". Reptilesmagazine.com. 14 February 2018.
  71. ^ "Duvaucel's gecko – Lizards – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz.
  72. ^ "Large Forest Gecko – Gekko smithii / Gekko hulk". Ecologyasia.com.
  73. ^ "Tokay gecko". Nationalzoo.si.edu. 25 April 2016.
  74. ^ Veselý M (1999). "A note on the morphology and natural history of Gekko verreauxi Tytler 1864 (Reptilia, Sauria, Gekkonidae)". Senckenbergiana Biologica. 79 (1): 95–99.
  75. ^ Uroplatus giganteus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
  76. ^ "Common flat-tail gecko (Uroplatus fimbriatus) – JungleDragon". Jungledragon.com.
  77. ^ "The Günther's gecko". m.facebook.com. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  78. ^ "Phelsuma grandis". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  79. ^ Glaw F, Vences M (2007). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Third edition. ISBN 978-3-929449-03-7
  80. ^ "African fat tail gecko, Hemitheconyx caudicinctus, care sheet". Reptiles.swelluk.com. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  81. ^ "Hemitheconyx caudicinctus (Fat-tail Gecko)". Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  82. ^ "Leopard Gecko Information & Facts". Thebeardeddragon.org.
  83. ^ "Macroscincus coctei in the "Ilhéu Razo" (Cape Verde) del Dr. Franco Andreone". Caboverde.com.
  84. ^ Tarentola gigas at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 May 2022.
  85. ^ a b "Matobosaurus validus". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  86. ^ "Giant plated lizard – SANBI". Sanbi.org. 20 May 2018.
  87. ^ "Epic's Interactive Blog: Reptiles found in the Kruger – The giant plated lizard". Epicenabled.blogspot.com. 3 December 2015.
  88. ^ a b Mazza, Giuseppe (October 28, 2012). "Heloderma exasperatum".
  89. ^ Beck, D. D. (2005). Biology of Gila monsters and beaded lizards (Vol. 9). Univ of California Press.
  90. ^ Grzimek, Dr. H.C. Bernhard. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Volume 6 Pgs. 321–322 and 151–152. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
  91. ^ Stebbins, Robert (2003). Western Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 338–339, 537. ISBN 0-395-98272-3.
  92. ^ a b Case, T. J. (1982). Ecology and evolution of insular gigantic chuckwallas, Sauromalus hispidus and Sauromalus varius. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications. pp. 184–212. ISBN 0-8155-0917-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  93. ^ Rivas, J.A. (2008). Pers. comm.
  94. ^ Roger Klingenberg, Philippe De Vosjoli; David Blair., Susan Donoghue (2003). The Green Iguana Manual. BowTie Press. p. 111. ISBN 1882770676.
  95. ^ a b Cruz M. Márquez B. (June 2010). "Estado poblacional de las iguanas terrestres (Conolophus subcristatus, C. pallidusy C.marthae: Squamata, Iguanidae), Islas Galápagos". Boletín Técnico, Serie Zoológica (in Spanish). Vol. 9. Sangolquí, Équateur: ESPE. pp. 19–37..
  96. ^ Mitchell, N. (1996). "Cyclura pinguis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6031A12343361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6031A12343361.en.
  97. ^ a b c d Blair, David W. "WEST INDIAN IGUANAS OF THE GENUS Cyclura" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  98. ^ Stejneger, Leonhard (1902). "The herpetology of Puerto Rico". New York: Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus. pp. 549–724.
  99. ^ Iverson, J.; Grant, T.D.; Buckner, S. (2019). "Cyclura cychlura ssp. inornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6041A3099869. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6041A3099869.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  100. ^ Tennenhouse, Erica (20 May 2019). "Solved: How the 'Monstrous' Iguanas of the Bahamas Got So Darn Big". Atlas Obscura Daily Newsletter. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  101. ^ Knapp, C.R.; Buckner, S.D. (2004). "Cyclura cychlura ssp. cychlura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T6039A12349025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T6039A12349025.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  102. ^ "Andros Iguana". International Iguana Foundation - Andros Iguana. International Iguana Foundation. 2006-02-15. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
  103. ^ Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima): Conservation Action Plan, 2014–2016. Edited by Charles Knapp, Michel Breuil, Chloé Rodrigues, and John Iverson.
  104. ^ "Spiny-Tailed Iguana Care Sheet: Diet, Habitat, Needs, & FAQs". reptile.guide. 3 November 2021.
  105. ^ Malfatti, Mark (2007), "A look at the genus Ctenosaura: meet the World's fastest lizard and its kin", Reptiles Magazine, 15 (11): 64–73
  106. ^ Damian Harper, Isabella Noble (10 January 2020). Lonely Planet Canary Islands. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781786574985.
  107. ^ "The giant lizard of Gran Canaria". Algogar.com. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  108. ^ M. A. Rodrıguez-Domınguez, M. Molina-Borja (2004). "Evolution of biometric and life-history traits in lizards (Gallotia) from the Canary Islands" (PDF): 44–53. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  109. ^ "Gran Canaria Giant Lizard – Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  110. ^ Beatriz Rumeu, Airam Rodríguez; Beneharo Rodríguez, Manuel Nogales (2008). "Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Diet of the Endemic Lizard Gallotia galloti in an Insular Mediterranean Scrubland". Journal of Herpetology. 42 (2). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: 213–222. doi:10.1670/07-0752.1. hdl:10261/12799. JSTOR 40060504. S2CID 43531872.
  111. ^ Salvador, A. (2015). Lagarto gigante de La Gomera – Gallotia bravoana. In: Virtual Encyclopedia of Spanish Vertebrates. Salvador, A., Marco, A. (Eds.). National Museum of National Sciences, Madrid.
  112. ^ J.A. Mateo, M. García-Márquez, L.F. López-Jurado, F Barahona (2001): Description of the giant lizard of La Palma (Canary Islands) from subfossil remains. Spanish Journal of Herpetology 15: 53–59.
  113. ^ "Timon lepidus". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  114. ^ [2]. Edited by Wolfgang BöHME
  115. ^ "Biotropics - Timon lepidus (DAUDIN, 1802) - Ocellated Lizard; housing, feeding, breeding etc". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  116. ^ "Lacerta bilineata – Monaco Nature Encyclopedia". Monaconatureencyclopedia.com. 22 February 2019.
  117. ^ "Reptiles". Parquenacionalsierraguadarrama.es.
  118. ^ "Lacerta trilineata citrovittata Werner, 1935". Naturewonders.org. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  119. ^ Das, I. (2010). Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-84773-347-4.
  120. ^ "Lanthanotus borneensis – Description". borneo-taubwaran.de. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  121. ^ Langner, C. (2017). "Hidden in the heart of Borneo — Shedding light on some mysteries of an enigmatic lizard: First records of habitat use, behavior, and food items of Lanthanotus borneensis Steindachner, 1878 in its natural habitat". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 24 (1): 1–10. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-2019-24-1-1-10.
  122. ^ Sprackland, R.G. (1999). "Sarawak's Earless Monitor Lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis)". Reptiles (March): 72–79.
  123. ^ Mendyk; Shuter; Kathriner (2015). "Historical notes on a living specimen of Lanthanotus borneensis (Squamata: Sauria: Lanthanotidae) maintained at the Bronx Zoo from 1968 to 1976". Biawak. 9 (2): 44–49.
  124. ^ Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Leiocephalus carinatus, pp. 132–133.)
  125. ^ "Wied's Fathead Anole - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  126. ^ Liolaemus gracielae at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 22 May 2022.
  127. ^ Liolaemus smaug at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 22 May 2022.
  128. ^ Liolaemus porosus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 22 May 2022.
  129. ^ a b "Esperance Fauna: Common Scaly-foot - Pygopus lepidopodus". esperancewildlife.blogspot.com. July 2008.
  130. ^ "Common Scaly-foot". grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au.
  131. ^ "Common Scalyfoot - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org.
  132. ^ "Fact Sheet Burton Snake Lizard - Queensland Museum" (PDF). www.qm.qld.gov.au. Queensland Museum. 2007.
  133. ^ a b "Burton's Legless Lizard - Appearance, Diet, Habitat". theanimalfacts.com.
  134. ^ a b "Discover Nature at JCU - Lialis burtonis - JCU Australia". jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015.
  135. ^ "Legless lizards - Museum of Tropical Queensland". mtq.qm.qld.gov.au.
  136. ^ "Solomon Islands Skink Care Sheet". Dubiaroaches.com. 14 October 2021.
  137. ^ "Prehensile Tailed Skink Care Sheet". lllreptile.com.
  138. ^ "Solomon Islands Skink – The Animal Facts – Appearance, Diet, Habitat". Theanimalfacts.com.
  139. ^ "Giant Solomon Island Skink". Hoglezoo.org.
  140. ^ a b Australian Museum 2000.
  141. ^ a b c d "Blue-tongued skink size". Reptileschool.com. 22 March 2023.
  142. ^ "Eastern Blue-tongued Skink (Tiliqua scincoides) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development". Ielc.libguides.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  143. ^ a b "Waratah Software Natural Images of Australia". 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  144. ^ "Blotched blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea)". Jungledragon.com.
  145. ^ Edwards, Ashley; Jones, Susan (December 2004). "Gestation, parturition and neonatal behaviour in the blotched blue-tongued lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea, in captivity: observations of maternal care in a viviparous lizard". Eprints.utas.edu.au.
  146. ^ a b Shea, Glenn M (2006). "Diet of two species of bluetongue skink, Tiliqua multifasciata and Tiliqua occipitalis (Squamata: Scincidae)". Australian Zoologist. 33 (3): 359–364. doi:10.7882/AZ.2006.009.
  147. ^ "Blue-Tongued Skink - Tiliqua". Petmd.com.
  148. ^ "WESTERN BLURTONGUE – Reptile and Grow". Reptileandgrow.com.au.
  149. ^ "Shingleback Lizard – The Australian Museum". Australian.museum.
  150. ^ Wilson, S. & Swan, G. (2003). A complete guide to reptiles of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney. ISBN 1 876334 72 X
  151. ^ "Tiliqua rugosa (Shingleback Lizard, Shingle-Back, Stumpy Tail Lizard, Pinecone lizard, Sleepy Lizard)". Animaldiversity.org.
  152. ^ "How big do Irian Jaya blue tongue skinks get? - Eyebulb.com". Eyebulb.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  153. ^ "Pink Tongued Skink – Cyclodomorphus gerrardii". Exotic-pets.co.uk.
  154. ^ "The Pink-Tongued Skink - SnakeTracks.com". Snaketracks.com.
  155. ^ "Discover Nature at JCU – Cyclodomorphus gerrardii – JCU Australia". Jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015.
  156. ^ "Bellatorias major". reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
  157. ^ "Habitat Use and Thermal Biology of the Land Mullet Egernia major a Large Scincid Lizard from Remnant Rain Forest in Southeastern Australia". Researchgate.net.
  158. ^ "Bellatorias frerei (syn.Egernia frerei) – JCU Australia". Jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015.
  159. ^ "KING SKINK – Reptile and Grow". Reptileandgrow.com.au.
  160. ^ "Cunningham's Skinks Protect Their Offspring Against Predators, Study Says". Reptilesmagazine.com. 3 September 2020.
  161. ^ "Yakka skink – Egernia rugosa – DAWE". Awe.gov.au.
  162. ^ Boulenger GA (1890). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Eumeces schneideri, pp. 219–220).
  163. ^ a b "Broad-Headed Skink". Virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com.
  164. ^ "Great Plains Skink". Herpneb.unl.edu.
  165. ^ "Plestiodon obsoletus (Great Plains skink)". Animaldiversity.org.
  166. ^ "Western Three-toed Skink – Projeto LIFE Charcos". Lifecharcos.lpn.pt. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  167. ^ Acontias plumbeus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 May 2022.
  168. ^ "Mochlus fernandi – WildBog". Wildbog.com.
  169. ^ Ross, T.N., Pernetta, A.P.; Jones, C.G. (2005). Leiolopisma telfairii (Telfair's Skink) Caudal Luring. Vol. 36. pp. 320–321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  170. ^ "Telfair's Skink – Protected Endemic Sanctuaries". Pes.govmu.org. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  171. ^ N.Cole. "Telfair's skink" (PDF). darwininitiative.org. Darwin Initiative.
  172. ^ a b "Terror skinks, social skinks, crocodile skinks, monkey-tailed skinks… it's about skinks (skinks part II)". Blogs.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  173. ^ a b James Evans (2021). Lizards of the World: A Guide to Every Family. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-78240-957-1.
  174. ^ Phoboscincus bocourti at ReptileDatabase.cz
  175. ^ Norman, D.R. (1994). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Paraguayan Chaco. Volume I. and Reptiles of the Paraguayan Chaco. Vol. I. Heredia, 82–83 pp.
  176. ^ Harvey MB, Ugueto GN, Gutberlet RL (2012). "Review of Teiid Morphology with a Revised Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata)". Zootaxa 3459: 1–156.
  177. ^ Guarino R. Colli, John C. Murphy; Ayrton K. Peres Jr, Michael J. Jowers; Catriona R. Hendry, Richard M. Lehtinen; R. Alexander Pyron, Stevland P. Charles (2016). "Cryptic, Sympatric Diversity in Tegu Lizards of the Tupinambis teguixin Group (Squamata, Sauria, Teiidae) and the Description of Three New Species". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0158542. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158542M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158542. PMC 4972348. PMID 27487019.
  178. ^ a b c "Size". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  179. ^ Jeri Imansyah, Rebecca J. Laver; David Forsyth, Deni Purwandana; Claudio Ciofi, Achmad Ariefiandy; Tim S. Jessop (2012). "Life-History and Spatial Determinants of Somatic Growth Dynamics in Komodo Dragon Populations". PLOS ONE. 7 (9). California State University Fullerton: e45398. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745398L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045398. PMC 3446886. PMID 23028983.
  180. ^ P. Sastrawan, C. Ciofi: Population Distribution and Home Range. In: Murphy et al. (2002), pp. 44, 53, 55, 58–59, 61–62, 70, 72.
  181. ^ Rivas, Jesús. "Life history and conservation of the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus)".
  182. ^ "World's longest snake captured, promptly dies". 12 April 2016.
  183. ^ Shine, R.; Harlow, P. S. & Keogh, J. S. (1996). "Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors Varanus salvator in southern Sumatra". Biological Conservation. 77 (2–3): 125–134. Bibcode:1996BCons..77..125S. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0.
  184. ^ Shine, R., Harlow, P. S., & Keogh, J. S. ( 1996). Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors Varanus salvator in southern Sumatra. Biological Conservation, 77(2), 125–134.
  185. ^ Shine, R., & Harlow, P. S. (1998). Ecological traits of commercially harvested water monitors, Varanus salvator, in northern Sumatra. Wildlife Research, 25(4), 437–447.
  186. ^ Dryden, G. L.; Green, B.; Wikramanayake, E. D.; Dryden, K. G. (1992-02-03). "Energy and water turnover in two tropical varanid lizards, Varanus bengalensis and V. salvator". Copeia 1992 (1): 102–107.doi:10.2307/1446540.
  187. ^ a b Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  188. ^ Auliya, M.; Koch, A. (2020). "Visual Identification Guide to the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus)". BFN-Skripten. 552. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, IUCN SSC Monitor Lizard Specialist Group.
  189. ^ Turner, F., R. Jennrich, J. Weintraub. 1969. Home ranges and body size of lizards. Ecology, 50: 1076-1081.
  190. ^ "Varanus salvadorii (Crocodile Monitor)". Animaldiversity.org.
  191. ^ a b c "Varanus Nilotlcus". Biocyclopedia.com.
  192. ^ Enge, Kevin M.; Krysko, Kenneth L.; Hankins, Kraig R.; Campbell, Todd S.; King, F. Wayne (2004). "Status of the Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) in Southwestern Florida" (PDF). Southeastern Naturalist. 3 (4): 571–582. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2004)003[0571:SOTNMV]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86322057.
  193. ^ Enge, K. M., Krysko, K. L., Hankins, K. R., Campbell, T. S., & King, F. W. (2004 ). Status of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in southwestern Florida. Southeastern Naturalist, 3(4), 571–582.
  194. ^ a b "Varanus Giganteus". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  195. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Daniel Bennett (1995). A Little Book Of Monitor Lizards. Viper Press. ISBN 0952663201.
  196. ^ "Black Throated Monitor - Oakland Zoo". Oaklandzoo.org.
  197. ^ "Black Throat Monitor - Reptile Range". Reptilerange.com.
  198. ^ "Fact Sheet for Black Throated Monitor Lizard". yumpu.com.
  199. ^ a b "Varanus Albigularis". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  200. ^ Auffenberg (1994):14-15
  201. ^ "Bengal Monitor Lizard articles - Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  202. ^ a b "Varanus Bengalensis". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  203. ^ Lizards of Southeast Asia : Clouded Monitor - Varanus nebulosus
  204. ^ "Varanus Rudicollis". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  205. ^ "Varanus Dumerilii". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  206. ^ "Varanus Flavescens". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  207. ^ a b "Varanus Indlcus". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  208. ^ a b Robert W. Mendyk (2010). "BIAWAK - Quarterly Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry" (PDF). Biawak. 4 (1). International Varanid Interest Group. ISSN 1936-296X.
  209. ^ Johannes Oberreuter, Thomas Ziegler; Simone Holst, Norbert Rütz (2010). "First F2 Breeding of the Quince Monitor Lizard Varanus melinus Böhme & Ziegler, 1997 at the Cologne Zoo Aquarium" (PDF). 4 (3). International Varanid Interest Group: 82–92. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  210. ^ "Varanus Jobiensis". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  211. ^ "Varanus Prasinus". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  212. ^ "Varanus Beccari". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  213. ^ Brian Larkin, Glen Gaikhorst; Meagan McPharlin, James McLaughlin (2009). "Successful Captive Breeding of Mitchell's Water Monitor, Varanus mitchelli (Mertens 1958), at Perth Zoo". Zoo Biology. 29 (5). Wiley-Liss, Inc.: 615–625. doi:10.1002/zoo.20244. PMID 19459149.
  214. ^ "Varanus albigularis ". Monitor-Lizards.net. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  215. ^ "White Throated Monitor – Varanus albigularis ". Reptiliana: Ultimate Reptile Resource. March 2008. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  216. ^ "African Savannah Monitor – Varanus exanthematicus albigularis ". WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  217. ^ Gardner BR, Barrows MG (2010). "Yolk coelomitis in a white-throated monitor lizard (Varanus albigularis)". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 81 (2): 121-122.
  218. ^ a b c "Varanus Exanthematicus". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  219. ^ Dowell, S.A, D.M. Portik, V. de Buffrenil, I. Ineich, E. Greenbaum, S.O. Kolokotronis and E.R. Hekkala. (2015). Molecular data from contemporary and historical collections reveal a complex story of cryptic diversification in the Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus Species Group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.004
  220. ^ "Varanus Griseus". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  221. ^ Marmoratus Archived 2010-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, Monitor-lizards.net
  222. ^ a b "Varanus palawanensis".
  223. ^ Argus Monitor
  224. ^ "Varanus Gouldii". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  225. ^ "Varanus Rosenbergi". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  226. ^ "Varanus Spenceri". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  227. ^ "Varanus Mertensi". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  228. ^ Smith GR, Lemos-Espinal JA, Ballinger RE (1997). "Sexual dimorphism in two species of knob-scaled lizards (Genus Xenosaurus) from Mexico". Herpetologica 53: 200-205.

Sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_extant_lizards&oldid=1259217093"