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List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent

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The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.[1]

Muslim Hindu

(Color legend for aggressor)

Year Aggressor Location Commander Details
637 Muslim Tanah, near Mumbai Caliph Umar Naval raid failure[1][2]
c. 643 Muslim Debal Caliph Umar Naval raid failure[2]
c. 643 Muslim Broach Caliph Umar Naval raid failure[2]
c. 650 Muslim Seistan The Arabs initially succeeded but ultimately lost everything.[2]
650 Muslim Zaranj Caliph Uthman City of Zabul occupied by Muslims[1]
660s Muslim Bust Ibn Samarah Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned[1]
660s Muslim Kabul Mu'awiya I Abdar-Rahman seized Kabul and triumphed in Zabulistan.[2]
670s Hindu Kabul unknown Hindus recapture Kabul[1][2]
680 Hindu Kabul Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims[1]
683 Hindu Junzah Hindus defeated the Muslims at Junzah, killing the governor and nobles.[2]
685 Hindu The king of Zabul was killed and his army defeated in 635, but his son continued the struggle.[2]
692 Muslim Bust Abu Dulhah, Ratbil Bust retaken by Muslim expedition[1]
694 Muslim Kabul Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul[1]
695 Muslim Kabul Al-Hajjaj
Ubaidullah 		The kings of Zabul and Kabul defeated the Muslims, causing many deaths, including Ubaiduliah from grief.[2]
699 Muslim Zabul Al-Hajjaj
Abd-ar-Rahman 		Abd-ar-Rahman defeated the king of Zabul and ravaged the land.[2]
711 Muslim Debal Ubaidullah, Dahir Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed[1]

-

712 Muslim Debal Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah) Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time[1]
713 Muslim Multan Muhammad ibn Qasim Islamic conquest of urban Sindh completed[1]
715 Hindu Alor Hullishah, al-Muhallab Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims.[1]
715 Hindu Mehran Hullishah, al-Muhallab Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive[1]
718 Hindu Brahmanabadh Hullishah, al-Muhallab Hindu attacks resume[1]
721 Muslim Brahmanabadh al-Muhallab, Hullishah Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.[1]
725 Muslim Avanti Nagabhata I Defeat of large expedition against Avanti.[1]
724-740 Muslim Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others Junayd of Sindh Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.[1]
740 Muslim Chittor Mauray of Chittor Hindus repulse an Arab siege[1]
743 Muslim al-Bailaman, al-Jurz Junayd Annexed by Muslims.[1]
750 Muslim Vallabhi Junayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid.[1][3][4]
754-775 Muslim ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir Caliph Al-Mansur Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims[1]
778 Muslims Barabad Caliph Al-Mahdi Muslim amphibious assault annihilated.[1]
Late 770s Muslim Sijistan Caliph Al-Mahdi Raja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate.[1]
780-787 Muslim Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur Haji Abu Turab Vigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.[1]
786-791 Muslim Kabul Caliph ar-Rashid Major Muslim siege effort fails.[1]
800-810 Hindu Sindh border Nagabhata II, Caliph Al-Amin Several Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions[1]
810-820 Muslim Kabul Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.[1]
820-830 Muslim Fort Sindan al-Fadl ibn Mahan Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.[1]
839 Hindu Fort Sindan Mihira Bhoja Hindus expel Muslim garrison.[1]
845 Hindu Yavana Dharmpala Muslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.[1]
845-860 Hindu Pratihara-Sindh Mihira Bhoja Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.[1]
860 Hindu Rajputana-Sindh Kokkalla I Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom[1]
867 Muslim Herat Yakub ibn Layth Saffarid conquest[1]
870 Muslim Kabul Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi Saffarid conquest[1]
880-900 Muslim Sijistan Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi Frequent raids by Muslims.[1]
903-905 Hindu Kabul region Shahi dynasty Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.[1]
905-915 Hindu Multan region Mahipala Pratihara Series of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan.[1]
940-950 Hindu Multan region Pratihara, Amir of Multan Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.[1]
c. 948-963 Muslim Alptigin Punjab Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.[5]
963 Muslim Alptigin, Anuk Lawik Fort Ghazni Muslims take fort from Hindus.[1]
965-973 Muslim Lamghan Sabuktigin Heavy raiding[1]
973 Hindu Ghazna Sabuktigin Defeat of Hindu expedition.[1]
973-991 Muslim Lamghan Sabuktigin, Jayapala Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan[1]
1001 Muslim Peshawar Mahmud, Jayapala Defeat of major Hindu confederation.[1]
1004 Muslim Bhera Mahmud, Bijay Ray Muslims annex city[1]
1005–1006 Muslim Multan Mahmud, Fateh Daud Siege successful, Daud agrees to pay tribute to Mahmud[1]
1005–1008 Muslim Punjab Mahmud, Anandapala Enormous devastation by Muslim raids.[1]
1009 Muslim Nagarkot Mahmud City razed[1]
1009 Muslim Ohind Mahmud, Anandapala Ghaznavid victory[1]
1013 Muslim Nandanah Mahmud, Trilochanpala City taken[1]
1014 Hindu Tosi river Mahmud, Trilochanpala Muslims halted[1]
1015 Muslim Lohkot (Lahore) Mahmud Unsuccessful Muslim siege[1]
1018 Muslim Kannauj and Baran Mahmud Two major Hindu capitals surrounded.[1]
1021 Muslim Lohkot (Lahore) Mahmud Second siege also fails[1]
1022 Muslim Fort Gwalior Mahmud, Nanda Fort taken[1]
1022 Muslim Fort Kalanjara Mahmud, Nanda Chandela fort stalls Muslim advance.[1]
1025 Muslim Somnath Mahmud City taken.[1]
1027 Muslim Indus Valley Mahmud, Jats Ghaznavid victory[1]
1033 Muslim Saraswa, near Saharanpur Masud Ghaznavid siege successful[1]
1033 Muslim Varanasi Ahmed Nialtigin, Gangeyadeva Major raid[1][6]
1037 Muslim Hansi (near Delhi) Masud Ghaznavid victory[1]
1040 Muslim Thanesar Mahmud, Tomara dynasty Major city taken.[1]
1044 Hindu Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra Mahipal of Delhi Grand counter offensive recaptures some ground.[1]
1049 Muslim Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra Bu'Ali Hasan Mahipal forced to give up some reconquests[1]
1052 Muslim Fort Kangra Nushtigin Ghazni, Mahipala Retaken by Muslims.[1]
1060–1075 Muslim Rupal, Ajudhan, Buria, Sirhind, Dhangan, Fort Darah Sultan Ibrahim Muslim conquests.[1]
1079–1081 Muslim Navsari Ibrahim. Muslims stall.[1]
1084–1094 Muslim Beyond Ganges. Mahmud ibn Ibrahim Powerful but valueless expeditionary probe[1]
1099–1115 Muslim Kannauj Hajib Tughatigin, Madanachandra Massive raids and sieges after Hindu reconquest bring many marginal victories but Kannauj remains in the hands of the Hindu garrison.[1]
1120–1124 Muslim Nagaur Muhammed Bahlim Massive penetration raid 300 miles south of Lahore.[1]
1160–1175 Hindu Dhillika, Asika, Aryavarta Vigraharaja Major successes in counter-offensive[1]
1170 Hindu Kannauj Jayachandra Hindus retake Kannauj[1]
1170 Muslim Multan Ghuri, Muslim ruler of Multan Ghurid victory[1]
1178 Muslim Nahrwalah Ghuri Siege fails[1]
1178 Muslim Kayadara Ghuri, Mularaja II Major defeat for Ghurids[1]
1179 Muslim Nadol Ghuri Major fort taken.[1]
1182 Muslim Ghuri Unknown Muslims halted.
1186 Muslim Lahore Ghuri Ghurids take Lahore from the Ghaznavids.[1]
1191 Muslim Tabarhindah Ghuri, Rai Kolah Pithora Muslim victory ends Cahamen dynasty[1][clarification needed]
1191 Muslim Tarain Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan Chauhan victory[1]
1192 Muslim Tarain Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan Ghurid victory[1]
1193 Muslim Chandawar Ghuri, Jaichand Ghurid victory.[1]
1202 Muslim Fort Kalinjar Qutb al-Din, Rai Parmar Fall of the fort ends independent Hindu dynasties of Kannauj[1]
1203 Muslim Mahoba Qutb al-Din Capital of Kalpi province falls.[1]
1205 Hindu Fort Kalinjar Chandelas Fort recaptured.[1]
1205 Hindu Between Lahore and Multan Ghurid, Khokhars Khokar rebellion put down by Ghurids[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf Richards, J.F. (1974). "The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia". Journal of South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1080/00856407408730690.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j R. C. Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 3. p. 167.
  3. ^ Majumdar, R. C. Pusalkar, A. D. (ed.). History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age. p. 150.
  4. ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  5. ^ Majumdar. 5. p. 2
  6. ^ Lal, Kishori Saran. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Chapter 3: Muslims Invade India.
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