Khanjali

A khanjali, also known as a kindjal, is a double-edged dagger used since antiquity in the Caucasus.^[1]^[2] The shape of the weapon is similar to that of the ancient Roman gladius, the Scottish dirk and the ancient Greek xiphos. Inhabitants of Caucasus have used the Kindjal as a secondary weapon since the 18th century.

Such daggers and their scabbards are usually highly engraved with gold or silver designs, and sometimes include embedded gemstones. The scabbard will generally feature a ballpoint extension on the tip, and the handle is usually made of materials such as wood or ivory.

Name

The name of the kindjal dagger came into use from Persia^{[citation needed]};^[3] formerly the word satevari (Georgian: სატევარი) was used in Georgia. (See also khanjar and qama.)

In Georgia it is called khanjali and satevari.^[4]
In Dagestan it is called khanjali.
In Azerbaijan it is called khanjar .
In Armenia it is called khanchal.
In Chechnya/Ingushetia it is shalta.
In Circassia and Ossetia it is called kama (qama).^[5]

Compare the standard Russian-language word (probably Turkic-sourced^[6]) for "dagger": Russian: кинжал (kinzhal).

History

The earliest Khanjali in Georgia dates as far back as the 3rd century B.C. Its small size, reminiscent of the Roman gladius, is owed mainly to the fact that softness of the copper and bronze it was originally made of did not allow for longer blades. Later, with the introduction of steel, it became longer and narrower, However, its older version, called satevari, refused to give any ground, managing to survive three millennia and remain as a sidearm^[7]^[8]

Although similar straight daggers were used by Caucasians in ancient times, they eventually lost their popularity and gave way to curved daggers, similar to ones found in the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Based on archeological evidence, the Khanjali itself dates from roughly the late 18th century.^[9] By the mid-19th century, it had achieved wide popularity and was carried by almost everyone in most parts of the Caucasus.

In the 19th century, the production of Kindjals was at a high level in Transcaucasia. Tbilisi was especially distinguished and well-known, from where such tools were supplied to other mountain peoples of the Caucasus, as well as Iran and other eastern regions countries.^{[clarification needed]}. As Tbilisi was the capital of Caucasus at that time, both the client and the master were able to gather in one place. In Tbilisi, some of Khanjals were fitted and decorated by ethnic Armenian jewelers, while the blades themselves in some cases bear Muslim signatures, likely belonging to Dagestani or Persian bladesmiths.^[10] In the first half of the 19th century, the Elizarashvili family was one of the most famous blacksmithing families not only in the Caucasus but also in Iran, Turkey and Russia. Giorgi Elizarashvili inherited the family secrets of blacksmithing from his ancestors and passed on his knowledge and skills to his sons – Efrem and Karaman. The family maintained strictly the secrets of processing steel, but in 1828 Karaman shared the secret by the order of the Russian emperor Nicholas I, and in return received a gold medal (with Anna ribbon) and 1000 Chervonets (high-value gold coins).^[11] Other famous masters of Caucasian arms included the Armenians Osip Papov, Gevork Purunsuzov, and Khachatur Beburov, the Dagestani Bazalai, and the Chechen Chilla Murtazaliev.

Besides being a status symbol and weapon, many social traditions were associated with the Kindjal. The usage of Georgian Khanjali/Satevari in pre-marital relationships, termed as "sc'orproba(სწორპრობა)," was a Khevsur custom. During the night, a young couple may lie together with a Khanjali between them. Sexual activity between the two was prohibited. Anyone who disobeyed this rule was put to death.^[12] The Kindjal was also popularly used while dancing.

Old peasant with khanjali dagger and long smoking pipe, Mestia, Svaneti, Georgia
Circassians Kama

References

^ Bolton, Roy; Strachan, Edward (2009). Russian Orientalism: Central Asia and the Caucasus. Sphinx Fine Art. p. 68. ISBN 9781907200007.
^ Nickel, Helmut (1991). "A Crusader's Sword: Concerning the Effigy of Jean d'Alluye". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 26: 123–28. doi:10.2307/1512905. JSTOR 1512905.
^ Compare Persian خونگر (xūngar).
^ Sir Richard Burton writes of the khanjar as a Georgian "Sword-dagger": Burton, Richard Francis (1884). The Book of the Sword. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 159. ISBN 9780598443311. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
^ "Kindjal / Qama | Swords and Knives | David Atkinson". atkinson-swords.com. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
^ Фасмер М. Этимологический словарь русского языка
^ Vakhtang, Kiziria. "Short sword dashna".
^ "Evolution of Georgian Weaponry, Part I – Melee, Before Gunpowder". GeorgianJournal (in Georgian). Retrieved 2024-03-06.
^ Rivkin, Kirill (2015). Arms and Armor of Caucasus. p. 241.
^ Rivkin, Kirill (2015). Arms and Armor of Caucasus. pp. 99–103.
^ "ხანჯალი - NPLG Wiki Dictionaries". www.nplg.gov.ge. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
^ "Kindjal / Qama | Swords and Knives | David Atkinson". atkinson-swords.com. Retrieved 2021-12-01.

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