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Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

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Throughout the Second Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945), Japanese dissidents and Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) joined the Chinese in the war against the Empire of Japan.

Background

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Sanzo Nosaka, founder of the Japanese People's Emancipation League, and the Japanese Communist Party.[1]

The seeds of Japanese collaboration with the Chinese resistance can be traced back to the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931.

Following the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, the Japanese Communist Party launched an anti-war campaign against the Japanese government. The JCP infiltrated the military and distributed leaflets, and newspapers opposing the war.[2] Sakaguchi Kiichiro, a Japanese Communist party member, and sailor in the Japanese military, founded the anti-war "The Soaring Mast" in response to the invasion. Six issues were distributed until Sakaguchi's arrest, torture, and eventual death at the hands of the Japanese authorities.[3] Overall, the JCP's anti-war campaign was met with little success.[4]

In 1933, following the invasion, JCP leader Nosaka Sanzo (under the alias Okano) called for the Japanese people to launch an anti-war campaign against the Japanese Government in a speech at the 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International.[5]

Nosaka Sanzo would join the Chinese Communist resistance in their war against Japan following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese war.[1]

Second Sino-Japanese War

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War would break out between China, and Japan on 7 July 1937.[6]

Following the outbreak of war Japanese Communist Party Leader Sanzo Nosaka would join the Chinese Communists in Yenan in 1940. Kaji Wataru, another Japanese communist, would join the Chinese Nationalists in Chongqing in 1938. Their role was to reeducate Japanese POWs on behalf of the Chinese resistance. However, by the time they both arrived in "Free China", the Chinese communists were already "reeducating" Japanese POWs.[1]

The education of Japanese captives by the Eighth Route Army began in 1938. In November 1940 the Peasants' and Workers' School was established. It reeducated Japanese POWs who afterward became involved in propaganda.[1]

The first Japanese to join the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War was Maeda Mitsushige.[7] Other Japanese POWs, who attended the School, would follow in Maeda's footsteps and join the Eighth Route Army during the war.[8]

Several organizations emerged during the war. The Anti-War League, the Japanese People's Emancipation League and a communist league.[1]

An IJNAF A5M fighter pilot who was shot down on 26 September 1937, had along with other captured Japanese combatants, become convinced to join the Chinese side, and helped the Chinese break Japanese tactical codes and other information that provided a huge intelligence windfall for the newly established cryptanalyst unit headed by Dr. Chang Chao-hsi.[9]

Post-War

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Many Japanese POWs who joined the Chinese resistance had planned to stay in China after the war.[10] Kobayashi Kancho, a Japanese POW who joined the Eighth Route Army during the war, stayed in China, where he worked at the foreign affairs office, and later the People's Hospital in Fengzhen.[11] Mitsushige Maeda worked in an aviation school in northeastern China.[12] Shigeo Tsutsui, a Japanese POW who joined the Japanese People's Emancipation League during the Second Sino-Japanese War, stayed in China after the war, and helped found the Chinese People's Liberation Army's first flying school.[13]

Those who returned to Japan faced discrimination.[14] Mitsushige Maeda returned to Japan in 1958.[15] Upon his return he faced difficulty finding a proper job in Japan due to him being considered pro-communist. He had to do part-time jobs to support his family.[16] According to Hu Zhenjiang, a Chinese researcher on the topic of Japanese in the Eighth Route Army during WW2, he discovered Maeda to be cleaning parks for a living at the age of 89.[17]

In addition, there were cases of Japanese in the Chinese resistance who were put under surveillance by the Japanese authorities after the war. Including Maeda Mitsushige following his return to Japan.[18] As well as Kancho Kobayashi who returned to Japan in 1955.[19]

Legacy

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A tombstone for Hideo Miyagawa, a Japanese soldier who served in the Eighth Route Army during WW2, is placed in the East China Martyr's cemetery. His tombstone reads "Hideo Miyagawa--Japanese anti-war fighter". However, there is no picture, epitaph, nor his birth and death dates on the stone.[20] Hideo Miyagawa was among the 300 honored in the "69th anniversary of China's victory in the anti-Japanese war." by China's The Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2014.[21]

In September 2015, Premier Xi Jingping granted medals to 10 "international anti-fascist fighters who fought for China WW2." Kobayashi Kancho, a Japanese soldier who served in the Eighth Route Army during the war, was one of 10 who received a medal in Beijing.[22]

In 1984, Mitsushige Maeda, and another Japanese veteran Takashi Kagawa, coauthored and published a book titled "Japanese Soldiers of the Eighth Route Army.". It concerns there experiences in the Eight Route Army during WW2.[23]

A statue of Nosaka Sanzo is in the Jianchuan Museum.[24]

Research

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In 2004, the history research office of the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party set up a research team to study and document the history of Japanese in the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[25]

List of Japanese in the Chinese resistance

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Roth, Andrew (1945). Dilemma in Japan. Little, Brown & Co.
  2. ^ "「戦争に反対して、命がけで活動した人たちの記録」". kure-sensai.net.
  3. ^ "「戦前の反戦兵士とその後」II、「聳ゆるマスト」発行の阪口喜一郎の足跡を追ってーー広島・呉で顕彰記念碑建立めざして". kure-sensai.net.
  4. ^ Beckmann, George M.; Okubo, Genji (1969). The Japanese Communist Party, 1922–1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804706742.
  5. ^ Sanzo Nosaka (Under the Name "Okano") (1933). Revolutionary Struggle of the Toiling Masses of Japan. Speech By Okano, 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Workers Library Publishers. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)
  6. ^ "Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945: A Resource Guide". Library of Congress.
  7. ^ "Japanese veteran of China's Eighth Route Army calls for reflection upon history". New China TV. August 15, 2017.
  8. ^ ""The Eighth Route Army Treats Us as Friends, Brothers and Comrades."". Ministry of Foreign Affairs The People’s Republic of China. August 30, 2022.
  9. ^ Cheung, 2015, p. 30. 'A Japanese aviator taken prisoner in 1937' read the caption that accompanied this photograph in a Chinese newspaper in September 1937. Comparison with Japanese photographs reveals similarities between this individual and Lt Shichiro Yamashita, who was shot down near Nanking by Loh, Ying-teh on 26 September... it was kept a secret for 30 years after Loh convinced Yamashita to support the Chinese cause by helping to break IJNAF tactical codes and interpret intelligence. This defection was one of the untold secrets of the Sino-Japanese War... it was a huge intelligence windfall... especially for the newly-established cryptanalyst unit headed by Dr. Chang Chao-hsi.
  10. ^ "Visit To Eight Route Army". The Sydney Morning Herald. July 12, 1944.
  11. ^ "Kobayashi Kancho, a Japanese Eighth Route Army veteran". China Story. 6 Sep 2010.
  12. ^ "Feature: Japanese veteran of China's Eighth Route Army calls for reflection upon history". Xinhua. 2017-08-14.
  13. ^ "U.S. "Flying Tigers" back China's V-Day parade". Xinhua. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016.
  14. ^ "Japanese pacifists "irreplaceable" in China's anti-aggression war: historians". China Daily. 2010-09-06.
  15. ^ "Feature: Japanese veteran of China's Eighth Route Army calls for reflection upon history". Xinhua. 2017-08-14.
  16. ^ "Feature: Japanese veteran of China's Eighth Route Army calls for reflection upon history". Xinhua. 2017-08-14.
  17. ^ "Japanese pacifists "irreplaceable" in China's anti-aggression war: historians". China Daily. 2010-09-06.
  18. ^ "Japanese pacifists "irreplaceable" in China's anti-aggression war: historians". China Daily. 2010-09-06.
  19. ^ "Kobayashi Kancho, a Japanese Eighth Route Army veteran". China Story. 6 Sep 2010.
  20. ^ "Japanese pacifists "irreplaceable" in China's anti-aggression war: historians". China Daily. 6 September 2010.
  21. ^ "Month of commemorations of China's 1945 victory over Japan begins". South China Morning Post. 3 September 2014.
  22. ^ "Ten honored foreign veterans fighting for China in WWII". People's Daily. 5 September 2015.
  23. ^ "Feature: Japanese veteran of China's Eighth Route Army calls for reflection upon history". Xinhua. 2017-08-14.
  24. ^ "Statue di Sanzo Nosaka al museo jianchuan". Immagini Stock.
  25. ^ "Japanese pacifists "irreplaceable" in China's anti-aggression war: historians". China Daily. 6 September 2010.

Work cited

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  • Cheung, Raymond. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 126: Aces of the Republic of China Air Force. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2015. ISBN 978 14728 05614.

Further reading

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  • Saotome, Katsumoto (1991). 母と子でみる延安からの手紙 : 日本軍の反戦兵士たち [Letter from Yan'an as Seen by Mother and Child: Japanese Anti-War Soldiers] (Shohan ed.). Tokyo: Kusanone Shuppankai. ISBN 978-4-87648-079-1. OCLC 27387265.
  • Kagawa Takashi, Maeda Mitsushige (1984). Japanese soldiers of the Eighth Route Army. Saimaru Shuppankai.
  • Pingchao Zhu (2015). Wartime Culture in Guilin, 1938–1944: A City at War. Lexington Books.
  • Israel Epstein. My China Eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist.
  • Ariyoshi, Koji (2000). From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi. University of Hawaii Press.
  • Kushner, Barak. The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. pp. 137, 141–143.
  • Agnes Smedley (1972). Great Road. NYU Press. p. 388.
  • Xiaoyuan Liu. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and Their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941–1945.
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