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Human Shadow Etched in Stone

Coordinates: 34°23′30.5″N 132°27′7.5″E / 34.391806°N 132.452083°E / 34.391806; 132.452083
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Human Shadow Etched in Stone
Japan
Photograph by Yoshito Matsushige. A journalist's legs were included to provide context to the scene.[1]
Used for those deceased
Location34°23′30.5″N 132°27′7.5″E / 34.391806°N 132.452083°E / 34.391806; 132.452083
Japan Hiroshima Prefecture
Burials by nation
Burials by war
Map

Human Shadow Etched in Stone (人影の石, hitokage no ishi)[2] is an exhibition at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. It is thought to be the shadow of a person who was sitting at the entrance of Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank when the atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. It is also known as Human Shadow of Death[1] or simply the Blast Shadow.

Background

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In this example of a flash burn 1.33 miles (2.14 km) from ground zero at Hiroshima, the paint on a gas holder was scorched and rendered lighter than it originally was by the thermal radiation, except for the places where the valve handle blocked the radiation, which retained the original (darker) color.
A Japanese man recreating (in 1946) the probable position that the person on the steps of the Sumitomo Bank which would have created the flash burn "shadow" when the atomic bomb detonated nearby on the morning of August 6, 1945.

On the morning of August 6, 1945, the Little Boy atomic bomb was detonated at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet (600 ± 15 m) over the city of Hiroshima, near the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall. Among its other effects, it subjected the ground area to extremely high radiant temperatures for several seconds (higher than 1800 °C/3270 °F for less than 4 seconds). Because the duration of this high-temperature burn is so short, it does not have time to diffuse or be dissipated by thermal diffusion, leading to a situation in which the immediate surface of the affected object is raised to a very high temperature while very little temperature rise occurs beneath its surface. This effect was called the flash burn effect by investigators after the war, who studied it closely as the angles of the burn, and the specific changes to the surfaces, could be used to precisely determine explosion parameters after the fact, like its exact altitude, height of burst, and size of fireball. Through Hiroshima (and Nagasaki), examples were found of surfaces that were scorched by this direct, line-of-sight heat radiation, which also had some intervening object that shielded part of the same surface from the heat. This created "shadows" in which, for example, the paint of a building might ignite, except in the areas in which it was shielded. In another example, a polished stoney material (like granite) became roughened in the areas exposed to the heat (which caused crystals within it to expand), while the shadowed areas remained polished.[3][4] The British mission to Hiroshima and Nagasaki noted in 1946 that the surfaces of asphalt roads "retained the 'shadows' of those who had walked there at the instant of the explosion," and judged them "objects of macabre interest and pilgrimage for visitors".[5]

The "human shadow" at the entrance of the Sumitomo Bank was approximately 260 metres (850 ft) from the hypocenter of the atomic bomb explosion at Hiroshima. It is thought that the person had been sitting on the stone step waiting for the bank to open when the heat from the bomb burned the surrounding stone white and left the person's shadow visible as a darkened area.[6][7]

While the belief has persisted that it shows the remnant of a "vaporized" person, this has been shown to be scientifically impossible: the temperatures required to vaporize a human body in such a short amount of time exceed even the high temperatures experienced on the ground at Hiroshima. If the shadow is of a human being, it indicates that the person absorbed sufficient heat to significantly burn or alter the surface of the steps they were obscuring. Rather than vaporized or reduced to ash, the person would have any of their clothing or skin exposed to very high temperatures, and likely have been extremely burned, as well as subjected to the blast and radiation effects.[7]

The person who cast the shadow almost certainly died immediately in the flash of the bomb.[6][8] Witnesses reported seeing a person sitting at the entrance just before the explosion,[9] and a soldier testified he had recovered the person's body.[9] The museum exhibit claimed the shadow belonged to a 42-year-old woman named Mitsuno Ochi (越智ミツノ, Ochi Mitsuno)[9] but conclusive proof of this claim cannot be determined and the victim's identity remains unknown.

In January 1971, part of the stone containing the artifact (3.3 meters wide by 2 meters high) was cut from the original location and moved to the museum.[10] As the shadow had been degraded due to weathering, in April 1975, the museum began research into preserving the shadow.[11] In 1991, the museum reported that earnest investigation of preservation methods had commenced.[12] At present, the stone is surrounded by glass.[13][14]

History

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Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank

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  • The black x-mark indicates ground zero, while the red circle is the Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank (now Sumitomo Mitsui Bank)
    The black x-mark indicates ground zero, while the red circle is the Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank (now Sumitomo Mitsui Bank)
  • Aerial photograph on July 25, 1945, before the bombing
    Aerial photograph on July 25, 1945, before the bombing
  • Aerial photograph on August 8, 1945, two days after the bombing
    Aerial photograph on August 8, 1945, two days after the bombing
Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank after the bombing. The Human Shadow Etched in Stone was at the steps, near the person standing at the entrance.
The view toward the east from Hiroshima Chamber of Commerce and Industry [ja]. The white building in the center is the main office of Geibi Bank, and the building on the right is the Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank.
Photograph by U.S. armed forces on November 20, 1945

Human Shadow Etched in Stone was originally part of the stone steps at the entrance of the Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank, located 260 meters from ground zero.[1][6] The current location of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Hiroshima Branch is Kamiya-cho 1 Chome.[a]

The bank was built in 1928. It was designed by Kenzō Takekoshi (竹腰健造) at the department of engineering of Sumitomo Group (now Nikken Sekkei), and was constructed by the Obayashi Corporation.[16] The building was constructed out of reinforced concrete, with four floors above ground and one below with an open ceiling up to the third floor. The rooms for business, reception and coinage were on the first floor, the meeting rooms and cafeteria on the fourth floor, and the boiler room in the basement.[16][17] It was built south of the head office of Geibi Bank (Now head office of Hiroshima Bank [ja],) which had been built the year before and was almost the same size. It was designed in a general Romanesque architectural style, and was characterized by a large arch with molding on its front facade.[16]

The building was severely damaged in the bombing of August 6, 1945.[17] Although most of the building's interior was destroyed, the coin room, cash, and passbooks were undamaged.[17] Papers from inside the building were blown as far away as Numata-cho [ja] by the blast.[b][17]

On the morning of the bombing, the bank was to be open as usual. Most of the employees were on their way to the office when the bomb was dropped. There were 29 employees killed immediately (including those in the branch and those on their way to work), 40 were injured and none missing.[17] Some of the survivors died within a few days from radiation sickness, while others worked until retirement.[17] Passersby took refuge in the building as it was close to ground zero, and a large number of bodies were recovered.[17]

After the war, the Hiroshima Branch reopened. "The Human Shadow of Death" and the Atomic Bomb Dome quickly became landmarks for the bomb's destructive power and the loss of life.[19][20] To preserve the shadow, in 1959 Sumitomo Bank built a fence surrounding the stone, and in 1967 the stone was covered with tempered glass to prevent its deterioration.[1][10][21]

The Hiroshima Branch was rebuilt in 1971. The stone steps with the shadow were removed and donated to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.[1][10]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The branch had been in Nakajima-Honmachi [ja] before it was transferred to a new building in Kamiya-cho [ja].[15]
  2. ^ According to the online map,[18] it is approximately nine kilometers from ground zero to Numata-cho.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "ヒロシマの記録 貴重な「記憶」次代へ" (in Japanese). Chugoku Shimbun. 2004-03-22. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  2. ^ "Human Shadow Etched in Stone". Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  3. ^ Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J. (1977). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (3rd ed.). United States Department of Defense and the United States Department of Energy., chapter 7, 290-296.
  4. ^ The Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Manhattan Engineer District. 1945. pp. 26–27.
  5. ^ The Effects of the Atomic Bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Report of the British Mission to Japan. The Home Office and the Air Ministry. 1946. p. 11.
  6. ^ a b c "人影の石" (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  7. ^ a b "熱線で「人が蒸発」本当？" (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Media Center. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  8. ^ "人影の石" (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  9. ^ a b c "「人影の石」説明板に名前追加" (in Japanese). Chugoku Shimbun. 1997-08-02. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  10. ^ a b c "ヒロシマの記録1971 1月" (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Media Center. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  11. ^ "ヒロシマの記録1975 4月" (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Media Center. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  12. ^ "ヒロシマの記録1991 5月" (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Media Center. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  13. ^ "針折れる 広島資料館の収蔵資料約2万点、劣化進む". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2015-12-12. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
  14. ^ "オバマ大統領広島訪問直前に巻き起こった原爆資料館批判" (in Japanese). News Post Seven [ja]. 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  15. ^ A-bombed Buildings Investigation Committee (1996). ヒロシマの被爆建造物は語る (in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. p. 44.
  16. ^ a b c Li, MING; ISHIMARU, Norioki (2006). "The Study on the Activities and Their Features of Architects in Hiroshima Before World War Two: The study on the architects activity form and feature in local city". Journal of Architecture. 71 (608). Architectural Institute of Japan: 197–204. doi:10.3130/aija.71.197_4. ISSN 1340-4210.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Hiroshima City (2005) [1971]. 広島原爆戦災誌 (PDF) (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Hiroshima City. pp. 149–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  18. ^ "地理院地図" (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  19. ^ "ヒロシマの記録 消えた「原爆十景」追う" (in Japanese). Chugoku Shimbun. 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  20. ^ "巻頭言：被爆建物の記憶" (in Japanese). DDK Cooperative (協同組合DDK). 2013. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  21. ^ "1945年8月～被爆した広島、長崎～ 写真特集". Jiji Press. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
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