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High Efficiency Image File Format

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"HEIF" redirects here. For the Higher Education Innovation Fund, see Research England.
"heic" redirects here. For other uses, see HEIC.
High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF)
Comparison of JPEG, JPEG 2000, JPEG XR and HEIF files at similar low file sizes
Filename extension
.heif, .heifs; .heic, .heics; .avci, .avcs; .HIF
Internet media typeimage/heif, image/heif-sequence; image/heic, image/heic-sequence; image/avif
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)public.heif, public.heic
Developed byMoving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
Type of formatImage container
Extended fromISOBMFF
StandardISO/IEC 23008-12 (MPEG-H Part 12)
Open format?Depends on contained format (e.g. HEIC vs. free AV1 Image File Format)
Websitewww.iso.org/standard/83650.html Edit this at Wikidata

High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) is an international standard defined by MPEG-H Part 12 (ISO/IEC 3008-12), first published by the ISO in 2017. It is designed as a container for photographic images in any image encoding. HEIF is a special case of the general ISO BMFF format, in which all data is encapsulated in typed boxes, with a mandatory ftyp box that is used to indicate particular file types. The initial specification for HEIF provided usage details for three compression schemes: the widely supported JPEG encoding for still raster images and two video encodings that are also applicable to still image items, namely Advanced Video Coding (AVC, aka MPEG-4, Part 10 and H.264) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC aka PEG-H Part 2 and H.265).

The ISO Base Media File Format official specification (of which HEIF is a special case) defines multiple subtypes in relations to possible encodings:

  • MJP2_FF, Motion JPEG 2000 File Format
  • MP4_FF_2, MPEG-4 File Format, version 2
  • MP4_FF_AVCE, MPEG-4 File Format for AVC (Extensions; Part 15)
  • JP2_FF, JPEG 2000 Part 1 (Core) jp2 File Format
  • JPX_FF, JPEG 2000 Part 2 (Extensions) jpf File Format
  • JPM_FF, JPEG 2000 Part 1 (Compound) jpm File Format
  • JPEG_XL, JPEG XL Image Encoding
  • JXL, JPEG XL File Format
  • HEIF, High Efficiency Image File Format. Some internal structures required for HEIF were added into the ISO_BMFF specification in a 2018 amendment. (ISO/IEC 14496-12:2015/Amd 2:2018)


BMFF HEIC/HEIX Registered Brands

Specific implementations of HEIF encoding are registered by MP4RA and are officially called "brands".

According to official specifications, the Apple HEIC registered brand uses the Main or Main Still Picture profile of HEVC with an 8-bit-per-channel color depth and chroma subsampling of 4:2:0, while the Sony and Canon HIEX registered brands may additionally increase the bit-depth to 10 bits per channel and chroma subsampling to 4:2:2 or 4:4:4.

Licensing and Patents

If BMFF HEIF is used with HEVC encoding, then it is worth noting that HEV is heavily encumbered with patents, and the Library of Congress does not recommend using such heavily patented formats. The parties holding patents on HEVC include but are not limited to:

The uncertainty of patent encumbering is further strengthened by unclear patent-holders' wordings. Holders of relevant patents stated to the ISO that "the holders of these patent rights have assured the ISO and IEC that they are willing to negotiate licenses under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms." The specification also cautions that "some of the elements . . . may be the subject of patent rights other than those identified."

History

[edit]

The requirements and main use cases of HEIF were defined in 2013.[1][2] The technical development of the specification took about one-and-a-half years and was finalized in the middle of 2015.[3]

Apple was the first major adopter of the format in 2017, with the introduction of iOS 11 using the HEIC variant. While HEIC became the default for iPhones, it remains possible to revert the settings to allow photos to be recorded in the more-recognizable JPEG format.[4]

Android devices containing the appropriate hardware encoders received support for HEIC files with the release of Android 10 (2019).[5]

On some systems, pictures stored in the HEIC format are converted automatically to the older JPEG format when they are sent outside of the system, although incompatibility has led to problems such as US Advanced Placement test takers failing due to their phones uploading unsupported HEIC images by default,[6] leading the College Board to request students change the settings to send only JPEG files.[7]

Although HEIC is gaining in popularity, there are issues with compatibility. For example, Adobe Photoshop is a popular image editing software that only supports 8-bit HEIC and not 10-bit or 12-bit HEIC yet.[8]

Camera hardware (including mobile devices) are increasingly supporting outputting HEIC files and with color depth higher than 8-bit color.[9]

Specifications

[edit]

HEIF files can store the following types of data:[10]

Image items
Storage of individual images, image properties, and thumbnails.
Image derivations
Derived images enable non-destructive image editing, and are created on-the-fly by the rendering software using editing instructions stored separately in the HEIF file. These instructions (rectangular cropping, rotation by quarter-turns, timed graphic overlays, etc.) and images are stored separately in the HEIF file, and describe specific transformations to be applied to the input images. The storage overhead of derived images is small.
Image sequences
Storage of multiple time-related and/or temporally predicted images (like a burst-photo shot or cinemagraph animation), their properties, and thumbnails. Different prediction options can be used to exploit the temporal and spatial similarities between the images. Hence, file sizes can be drastically reduced when many images are stored in the same HEIF file.
Auxiliary image items
Storage of image data, such as an alpha plane or a depth map, which complements another image item. These data are not displayed as such, but used in various forms to complement another image item.
Image metadata
Storage of EXIF, XMP, and similar metadata which accompany the images stored in the HEIF file.

Encodings inside the container

[edit]

The HEIF container specification describes various encodings that can be stored inside it:

  • JFIF (JPEG)
  • AV1
  • HEVC

These may lead to confusion, since a user who creates or receives a .heif image cannot immediately determine which image encoding was used. Furthermore, presenting HEIF as better than JPEG may be misleading, since the truth of that claim depends on chosen encoding.

MIAF

[edit]

The Multi-Image Application Format (MIAF) is a restricted subset of HEIF specified as part of MPEG-A. It defines a set of additional constraints to simplify format options, specific alpha plane formats, profiles, and levels as well as metadata formats and brands and rules for how to extend the format.[11]

HEIC: HEVC in HEIF

[edit]

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, ITU-T H.265)[12] is an encoding format for graphic data, first standardized in 2013. It is the primarily used and implied default codec for HEIF as specified in the normative Annex B to ISO/IEC 23008-12 HEVC Image File Format.

While not introduced formally in the standard, the acronym HEIC (High-Efficiency Image Codec) is used as a brand and in the MIME subtypes image/heic and image/heic-sequence. If the content conforms to certain HEVC profiles, then more specific brands can be used: HEIX for Main 10 of HEVC, HEIM for (Multiview) Main profile, and HEIS for (Scalable) Main (10) profile of L-HEVC.

A HEIC photo takes up about half the space of an equivalent-quality JPEG file.[13] The initial HEIF specification already defined the means of storing HEVC-encoded intra images (i-frames) and HEVC-encoded image sequences in which inter prediction is applied in a constrained manner.

HEVC image players are required to support rectangular cropping and rotation by one, two, and three quarter-turns. The primary use case for the mandatory support for rotation by 90 degrees is for images where the camera orientation is incorrectly detected or inferred. The rotation requirement makes it possible to manually adjust the orientation of a still image or an image sequence without needing to re-encode it. Cropping enables the image to be re-framed without re-encoding. The HEVC file format also includes the option to store pre-derived images.[14]

Samples in image sequence tracks must be either intra-coded images or inter-picture predicted images with reference to only intra-coded images. These constraints of inter-picture prediction reduce the decoding latency for accessing any particular image within a HEVC image sequence track.

The .heic and .heics file name extensions are conventionally used for HEVC-coded HEIF files.[15] Apple products, for instance,[16] will only produce files with these extensions, which indicate clearly that the data went through HEVC encoding.[17]

AVCI: AVC in HEIF

[edit]

Advanced Video Coding (AVC, ITU-T H.264) is an older encoding format for video and images, first standardized in 2003. It is also specified as a codec to be supported in HEIF in normative Annex 5 to ISO/IEC 23008-12. The registered MIME types are image/avci for still images and image/avcs for sequences. The format is simply known as AVCI.

Apple products support playback of AVC-encoded .avci still image files and .avcs image sequence files[18] but will only generate .heic files.

AVIF: AV1 in HEIF

[edit]
This section is about AV1 and AVIF. For AVI, see Audio Video Interleave.
Main article: AVIF

AV1 is a video encoding format that is intended to be royalty-free, developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia). AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an image format based on this codec.[19]

The registered MIME type is image/avif for both still images and image sequences, and .avif is the file name extension.[20]

JPEG compression formats in HEIF files

[edit]

The original JPEG standard is the most commonly used and widely supported lossy image coding format. It was first released in 1992 by ITU-T and ISO/IEC. Although Annex H to ISO/IEC 23008-12 specifies JPEG (and indirectly Motion JPEG) as a possible format for HEIF coded image data, it is used in HEIF only for thumbnails and other secondary images. Therefore, neither a dedicated MIME subtype nor a special file extension is available for storage of JPEG files in HEIF container files.

Several other compression formats defined by the JPEG group can be stored in HEIF files:

  • Part 16 of the JPEG 2000 standard suite (ISO/IEC 15444-16 and ITU-T Rec. T.815) defines how to store JPEG 2000 images in HEIF container files.[21][22] Part 2 of the JPEG 2000 suite (ISO/IEC 15444-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.801)[23][24] also defines a different format for storing JPEG 2000 images in files that is also based on ISOBMFF.
  • Annex F of the JPEG XR image coding standard (ISO/IEC 29199-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.832) defines how to store JPEG XR images in HEIF container files.[25][26] Annex A of JPEG XR also defines a different file format for storing JPEG XR images in files that is TIFF-based, and Part 2 of the JPEG 2000 suite (ISO/IEC 15444-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.801) also supports a third file format for storing JPEG XR images in files that is based on ISOBMFF.
  • JPEG XS has its HEIF container support defined in ISO/IEC 21122-3.[27]

In 2017, Apple announced that it would adopt HEIC as the default image format in its new operating systems, gradually replacing JPEG.[28]

WXAM, SharpP

[edit]

The proprietary image format WXAM (or wxHEPC) developed by Tencent (used within, e.g., WeChat) is apparently based upon HEVC,[29] as is SharpP, which was developed by their SNG (Social Network Group) division.[30][31] However, their container format may not be HEIF-compatible. In March 2017, SharpP switched to AVS2[32] and was renamed TPG (Tiny Portable Graphics).[31][33]

Support

[edit]
See also: AVIF § Support
  • Nokia provides an open source Java HEIF decoder.[14]
  • The open source library libheif supports reading and writing HEIF files.[34][35] From version 1.8.0, both reading and writing HEIC and AVIF are supported.[34]
  • An image codec called CopyTrans HEIC, which is free for personal use and available for Windows versions 7 through 10, supports opening HEIF files in Windows Photo Viewer without the Microsoft codec installed. (The Microsoft HEIC codec is only available for Windows 10, version 1803 and up in the Photos UWP app.)[36]

Operating systems

[edit]

Web browsers

[edit]

As of August 2024, only Safari supports HEIC format natively.[52]

For AVIF, Chrome, Firefox and Opera for desktop and Android support it. Safari on iOS 16 and iPadOS 16 supports AVIF format.[53]

Image editing software

[edit]

Hardware

[edit]

Websites

[edit]
  • During May 2020, online Advanced Placement exams allowed students to submit photos of handwritten responses. Because the website was unable to process HEIF images, students whose phones defaulted to this image format were considered to have not submitted any response and often failed to complete the exam. College Board, which administers the exams, later provided a system for users to submit photos of answers via email. Because the iOS Mail app automatically converts HEIF images to JPEG, this mitigated the problem.[80]
  • Facebook supports the upload of HEIC but converts to JPEG or WEBP on display.[81]
  • Discord does not support HEIC at all.[82]

Patent licensing

[edit]
Further information: High Efficiency Video Coding § Patent holders

HEIF itself is a container that may not be subject to additional royalty fees for commercial ISOBMFF licensees. However, Nokia also grants its patents on a royalty-free basis for non-commercial purposes.[83] When containing images and image sequences encoded in a particular format (e.g. HEVC or AVC) its use becomes subject to the licensing of patents on the coding format.[84][85][86]

See also

[edit]
  • Better Portable Graphics (BPG) – another image file format using HEVC encoding, published by Fabrice Bellard in 2014
  • JPEG XL – an image file format developed since 2019 (standardization completed since 2022) and based on Google PIK [Wikidata] and Cloudinary FLIF (itself based upon FUIF [Wikidata]) claiming to outperform PNG, WebP, BPG and JPEG 2000 for lossless encoding at least
  • WebP – an image file format based on the VP8 and VP9 video formats

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  84. ^ "macOS High Sierra tech preview: A quick look at the stuff you can't see". 2017-06-19. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-07-04. If there's one major downside to both HEVC and HEIF, it's that they're covered by patents that may need to be licensed for use in various apps and services.
  85. ^ "Converting a JPEG to the new HEIF format". Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-07-04. HEIF and HEVC are extensively covered by patents, which means there could be legal implications to implementing HEIF support, particularly in paid software or a hardware product.
  86. ^ Ozer, Jan; Gill, Dror (2017-06-12). "Apple Endorses New Image Format, HEIF". Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
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