HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header
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The Upgrade header field is an HTTP header field introduced in HTTP/1.1. In the exchange, the client begins by making a cleartext request, which is later upgraded to a newer HTTP protocol version or switched to a different protocol. A connection upgrade must be requested by the client; if the server wants to enforce an upgrade it may send a 426 Upgrade Required response. The client can then send a new request with the appropriate upgrade headers while keeping the connection open.
Use with TLS
[edit]One use is to begin a request on the normal HTTP port but switch to Transport Layer Security (TLS).[1] In practice such use is rare, with HTTPS being a far more common way to initiate encrypted HTTP.
The server returns a 426 status code to alert legacy clients that the failure was client-related (400 level codes indicate a client failure).
This method for establishing a secure connection is advantageous because it:
- Does not require messy and problematic URL redirection on the server side;
- Enables virtual hosting of secured websites (although HTTPS also allows this using Server Name Indication); and
- Reduces the potential for user confusion by providing a single way to access a particular resource.
If the same resources are available from the server via both encrypted secure means and unencrypted clear means, a man-in-the-middle may maintain an unencrypted and unauthenticated connection with the client while maintaining an encrypted connection with the server.
Disadvantages of this method include:
- The client cannot specify the requirement for a secure HTTP in the URI (though the client can require such via the upgrade negotiation); and
- Since HTTP is defined on a hop basis, HTTP tunneling may be required to bypass proxy servers.
Use with WebSocket
[edit]WebSocket also uses this mechanism to set up a connection with a HTTP server in a compatible way.[2] The WebSocket Protocol has two parts: a handshake to establish the upgraded connection, then the actual data transfer. First, a client requests a WebSocket connection by using the Upgrade: WebSocket and Connection: Upgrade headers, along with a few protocol-specific headers to establish the version being used and set up a handshake. The server, if it supports the protocol, replies with the same Upgrade: WebSocket and Connection: Upgrade headers and completes the handshake.[3] Once the handshake is completed successfully, data transfer begins.
Use with HTTP/2
[edit]The HTTP Upgrade mechanism is used to establish HTTP/2 starting from plain HTTP.[4]
The client starts an HTTP/1.1 connection and sends an Upgrade: h2c header. If the server supports HTTP/2, it replies with HTTP 101 Switching Protocol status code. The HTTP Upgrade mechanism is used only for cleartext HTTP2 (h2c). In the case of HTTP2 over TLS (h2), the ALPN TLS protocol extension is used instead.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ RFC 2817
- ^ Fette, I.; Melnikov, A. (2011). "The WebSocket Protocol". IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6455. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Raymor, Brian. "WebSockets: Stable and Ready for Developers". Microsoft Developer Network. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ "Starting HTTP/2 for "http" URIs". Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2). doi:10.17487/RFC7540. RFC 7540.
External links
[edit]- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Upgrade Token Registry at IANA