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HMPV outbreak in East Asia (2024–present)

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HMPV outbreak in East Asia (2024–present)
DiseaseHMPV
Virus strainMetapneumovirus
LocationAsia
First outbreakBeijing, China[citation needed]
Index caseShanghai[citation needed]
Arrival date16 December 2024 – present[citation needed]

The HMPV outbreak in East Asia, caused by respiratory syndrome human metapneumovirus (HMPV), began with an increase in cases in Beijing, China in December 2024.

It was brought to public attention when the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published data showing that respiratory infections of human metapneumovirus had risen significantly in the week of 16 to 22 December 2024.[1]

Epidemiology

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Model structure and proteins encoded by human metapneumovirus (hMPV)

As of 2006, HMPV had a worldwide distribution.[2] In late 2024, human metapneumovirus was linked to 6.2 percent of positive respiratory illness tests and 5.4 percent of respiratory-illness hospitalizations in China, more than COVID-19, rhinovirus or adenovirus.[3][better source needed] Cases were reported in Hong Kong, with a lower growth rate than that of mainland China.[4][5]

Kan Biao, head of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC)'s National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, announced that the rate of HMPV among children ages 14 and under was on the rise in China in late 2024.[6] Chinese health officials stated that the surge was consistent with overall seasonal trends.[7]

Cases were reported in Malaysia, with an increase of 102 cases from 225 cases in 2023 to 327 cases in 2024.[8][9] The Malaysian Ministry of Health has urged the population to remain vigilant, using masks if infected and adopting other ways to avoid contagion.[10] Cases of the HMPV virus have also been reported in the West, in countries such as Italy and Ukraine.[11][12][13][14]

Disease

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Main article: Human metapneumovirus

The symptoms of HMPV are often similar to that of the common cold, including cough, fever, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, wheezing, shortness of breath and rash.[15] Most people with HMPV have mild upper respiratory symptoms similar to the common cold and recover from HMPV in about 7 to 10 days without any complications.[16] However, certain groups face a higher risk of severe complications:

  • Pneumonia: HMPV can cause viral pneumonia, requiring hospitalization and intensive care in severe cases.
  • Bronchiolitis: Infants and young children often experience inflammation and blockage of airways, leading to difficulty breathing and wheezing.
  • Exacerbation of chronic conditions: HMPV can worsen existing respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • Secondary bacterial infections: these infections, such as bacterial pneumonia, may develop as complications due to a weakened immune system.
  • Pregnancy complications: Respiratory issues caused by HMPV during pregnancy can lead to maternal and foetal health risks.[17]

HMPV does not have a specific antiviral medication. Treatment primarily aims at managing symptoms and preventing complications.[17] Rest and hydration, over-the-counter medications to control body-aches and fevers are recommended for mild conditions, while some cases may require oxygen therapy and hospitalization.[17] Severe cases of hMPV as with individuals who are immunocompromised are treated with Ribavirin and IVIG.[18][19]

No conclusive studies have proven the true method of transmission, but it is likely through contact with contaminated secretions, via droplet, aerosol, or fomite vectors.

HMPV belongs to the subfamily Pneumovirinae (genus Metapneumovirus). It is an enveloped, nonfragmented, negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus.[20]

Diagnosis

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Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) tests are widely used in clinical HMPV detection due to their sensitivity, ability to give quick results (1–3 h)[21] and ability to quantify the viral load which can asses the severity of the infection. RT-qPCR methods provide higher sensitivity, and lower probability of contamination compared to the conventional RT-PCR methods, thus it is considered as the gold standard diagnostic approach.[22] It works by quantifying the viral load of HMPV to then confirm the presence of it once it reaches a threshold.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays have been widely applied for viral molecular detection, including HMPV. It works by checking for HMPV-specific cDNA, which is amplified during the PCR process. It has also been widely used for performing epidemiological investigation of HMPV. RT-PCR assays for pathogen detection display lower sensitivity compared with RT-qPCR methods, which needs complex instruments. Thus, RT-PCR methods have been less applied for HMPV-clinical detection in recent years.[22]

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) is one of the most widely used isothermal methods in pathogen diagnosis. It eliminates the thermal-cycling that exists in PCR, which requires complex equipment. The detection results of the LAMP method can be observed and judged via the naked eyes. But compared to PCR based tests, the cost of LAMP is higher.[22]

Virus isolation from the clinical samples is regarded as a gold standard for pathogen diagnosis, which is the initial step to developing vaccines and investigating viral pathogenesis. However, it is high cost and time-consuming, and low isolation rate, and requires complex instruments and trained workers.[21]

Frontal chest X-ray of a 47-year-old man with encephalitis-associated human metapneumovirus, Australia. Consolidation in the right middle lobe (circle) is compatible with pneumonia.

A Chest X-ray or bronchoscopy are also used to look for changes or pneumonia in the airways of your lungs.[23]

Prevention

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Moderna has conducted a clinical trial for a candidate modRNA vaccine against metapneumovirus. As of October 2019, the vaccine candidate has passed through phase I.[24]

Responses

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WHO has not advised travel or trade restrictions based on current risk assessments.[16]

India

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The Union Health Secretary of India as of 7 January, noted that there is no cause of concern for the public from HMPV. She advised states to strengthen and review the influenza-like illness (ILI)/severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) surveillance, to enhance Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and awareness among the population regarding prevention of transmission of the virus with simple measures such as washing hands often with soap and water. She reiterated that an increase in respiratory illnesses is usually seen during the winter months. She also stated that India is well prepared for any potential surge in respiratory illness cases.[25]

Pakistan

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In Pakistan, the National Institute of Health stated that HMPV had been reported in Pakistan since 2001, with 21 cases at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) in 2015. In early January 2025, the Pakistani government was closely monitoring the situation in China, and called a meeting of the National Command and Operation Center (NCOC).[26][27][28]

References

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  1. ^ "China steps up monitoring of emerging respiratory diseases: Report". Hindustan Times.
  2. ^ Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). "Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 19 (3): 546–557. doi:10.1128/CMR.00014-06. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 1539100. PMID 16847085.
  3. ^ Willmoth, Hatty (3 January 2025). "HMPV: China's New Virus Outbreak Explained". Newsweek.
  4. ^ Chan, Irene (30 December 2024). "HMPV levels remain low in Hong Kong amid mainland China outbreak". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  5. ^ Taheri, Mandy (4 January 2025). "HMPV: China's neighbors respond amid virus outbreak". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  6. ^ Dewan, Pandora (3 January 2025). "Viral disease HMPV is on the rise among kids in China — what is it?". Live Science.
  7. ^ "What is HMPV? China steps up emergency measures amid new virus outbreak". The Independent. 4 January 2025.
  8. ^ Azmi, Amalia (4 January 2025). "Malaysia recorded 327 hMPV cases in 2024, disease not new - Ministry". NST Online. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  9. ^ "HMPV cases surge in Malaysia following China outbreak; Government issues advisory". The Economic Times Online. 5 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  10. ^ "Malaysia recorded 327 HMPV cases in 2024; Health Ministry urges public to remain vigilant". The Straits Times. 6 January 2025. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  11. ^ "Virus Hmpv, primi pazienti anche in Italia. Cos'è, i sintomi e le cure. L'Oms: "Simile all'influenza"". La Stampa (in Italian). 8 January 2025. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  12. ^ "Virus Hmpv in Italia, Bassetti: «Già casi. Non c'è una cura, rischio epidemia». Contagio e chi sono i più vulnerabili". Il Messaggero (in Italian). 8 January 2025. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  13. ^ "ЦГЗ: В Україні 13 людей захворіли на вірус, що шириться Китаєм, але ситуація "рутинна"". Pravda (in Ukrainian). 6 January 2025. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  14. ^ "В Україні підтвердили 13 випадків метапневмовірусу, що спалахнув у Китаї". Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 6 January 2025. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  15. ^ "Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 5 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  16. ^ a b c "Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Treatment, Symptoms, And Effects On Children And Adults".
  17. ^ Kitanovski, Lidija; Kopriva, Silvester; Pokorn, Marko; Dolnicar, Majda B.; Rajic, Vladan; Stefanovic, Milica; Jazbec, Janez (October 2013). "Treatment of Severe Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) Pneumonia in an Immunocompromised Child With Oral Ribavirin and IVIG". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 35 (7): e311-3. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3182915d2d. ISSN 1077-4114. PMID 23669731.
  18. ^ Shahda, S.; Carlos, W. G.; Kiel, P. J.; Khan, B. A.; Hage, C. A. (June 2011). "The human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature". Transplant Infectious Disease: An Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 13 (3): 324–328. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x. ISSN 1399-3062. PMC 3107511. PMID 21631655.
  19. ^ Ye, Hengming; Zhang, Shuqing; Zhang, Kexin; Li, Yizhe; Chen, Delin; Tan, Yongyao; Liang, Linyue; Liu, Minjie; Liang, Jingyao; An, Shu; Wu, Jueheng; Zhu, Xun; Li, Mengfeng; He, Zhenjian (December 2023). "Epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and association with meteorological factors of human metapneumovirus infection in children in southern China: A 10-year retrospective study". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 137: 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.002. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 37816430. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023.
  20. ^ a b Feng, Yuan; He, Tao; Zhang, Bo; Yuan, Haibin; Zhou, Yinfei (December 2024). "Epidemiology and diagnosis technologies of human metapneumovirus in China: a mini review". Virology Journal. 21 (1): 59. doi:10.1186/s12985-024-02327-9. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 10921660. PMID 38454484.
  21. ^ a b c Feng, Yuan; He, Tao; Zhang, Bo; Yuan, Haibin; Zhou, Yinfei (7 March 2024). "Epidemiology and diagnosis technologies of human metapneumovirus in China: a mini review". Virology Journal. 21 (1): 59. doi:10.1186/s12985-024-02327-9. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 10921660. PMID 38454484.
  22. ^ "Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 5 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  23. ^ "Trial Details". trials.modernatx.com. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  24. ^ "Press Release: Press Information Bureau".
  25. ^ "HMPV virus, present in Pakistan since 2001, NIH confirms amid China outbreak". The Express Tribune. 4 January 2025. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
  26. ^ "New Chinese virus reaches Pakistan; officials stress vigilance". www.samaa.tv. 5 January 2025.
  27. ^ "HMPV not new to Pakistan, detected in 2001". The News International. 4 January 2025. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
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