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Gaesatae

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Celtic warrior’s garments

The Gaesatae or Gaesati (Latin Gaesati, Greek Γαισάται) were a group of Gallic mercenary warriors who lived in the Alps and near the river Rhône in the 3rd century BC. They fought against the Roman Republic at the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC, and later in 221 BC.[1][2]

Polybius and Plutarch describe the Gaesatae as mercenaries called in from Transalpine regions by the Insubres and the Boii, who enticed them with promises of considerable plunder. They disappear from historical accounts after the campaigns in Cisalpine Gaul, around the time the Allobroges begin to appear in the records.[3] Although no ancient author establishes a direct link between the two groups, some scholars have postulated that the Allobroges may be identified as descendants of Gaesatae.[3][4][5]

Apart from these references in the context of the invasions, the Gaesatae are seldom mentioned. Strabo and the late Suda lexicon are among the few to treat them as a distinct people instead of a group of warriors. However, most scholars theorize that the Gaesatae were not a single ethnic group but rather bands of Gaulish warriors, often from mountainous or less fertile regions, who hired themselves out for warfare. Their leaders, referred to as "kings" (using the Greek term basileus), appear mostly as war chiefs motivated by the prospect of spoils.[3]

Etymology and name

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The name Gaisatai literally means '(armed) with javelins' or 'spearmen'. It derives from the Gaulish noun *gaisos, meaning 'spear, javelin', attested in latin as gaesum.[6][2][7] Ancient Greek historian Polybius interpreted Gaisatai as meaning 'mercenaries', writing: "[they] called Gaesatae because they serve for hire, this being the proper meaning of the word".[6][8] This translation now widely rejected by modern linguists.[2]

The name is cognate with the Old Irish gaiscedach ('armed person, warrior, champion'), from gaisced ('weapons, arms'), itself from gáe ('spear, javelin').[9] The stem gaisat- can also be found in the Gaulish proper nouns Gaesatus, Gesatus, Gesatius, or Gesatia, as well as in the compound Gesato-rix, meaning 'king-spear', or 'king-javelin'.[6]

History

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Ancient accounts

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According to Polybius' account, the Boii and Insubres of Cisalpine Gaul paid the Gaesatae, under their leaders Concolitanus and Aneroëstes, large sums of money to fight against the Romans, in response to the Roman colonisation of the former Gallic territory of Picenum. The Gauls overran and defeated a Roman army on the approach to Rome,[10] but when the consul Lucius Aemilius Papus arrived with his troops, the Gauls followed Aneroëstes' advice to withdraw with their booty. Papus pursued them, and the other consul Gaius Atilius Regulus cut them off at Telamon in Etruria.[11]

Polybius describes how the Gaesatae fought at the front, and unlike their Gallic allies who fought in trousers and light cloaks, they went into battle naked, both because of their great confidence and their desire not to get their clothes caught in the brambles.[12] Diodorus Siculus also reports that some Gauls fought naked, trusting in the protection of nature.[13] The appearance and the gestures of the naked warriors in front, 8 all in the prime of life, and finely built men, and all in the leading companies richly adorned with gold torques and armlets. The sight of them indeed dismayed the Romans, but at the same time the prospect of winning such spoils made them twice as keen for the fight, but their small shields offered little protection against Roman javelins, and the Gaesatae were driven back and their allies slaughtered.[14] Concolitanus was captured. Aneroëstes escaped with a few followers and killed himself.[15] In 222 BC the Gaesatae were hired again, but the Gallic forces were defeated by the Roman cavalry at Clastidium in the territory of the Insubres.[16] According to Plutarch, in his Life of Marcellus, the Gaesatae numbered 30,000 as they crossed the Alps, of whom 10,000 fought at Clastidium.[17]

Legacy

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According to some scholars, the Gaesatae may be identified as precursors of the Allobroges, a Gallic people who first appeared in the same region only a few years later, in connection with Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC.[4][5][3]

James MacKillop has compared the ancient Gaesatae with the medieval Irish fianna, who were mythical small war-bands of landless young men operating independently of any kingdom. According to him, "Irish chronicles indicate that the first fianna were approximately contemporary with the gaesatae, as when they protected the ard rí [high king] Fiachach."[18]

References

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  1. ^ Barruol 1969, pp. 305–307.
  2. ^ a b c Lucas 2009, p. 12.
  3. ^ a b c d Lucas 2009, pp. 16–17.
  4. ^ a b Kruta 2000, p. 290: "Il s'agissait [les Gésates] de mercenaires transalpins appartenant à des populations qui étaient probablement installées alors sur la rive gauche du Rhône depuis quelques décennies seulement et semblent avoir été connues dans le dernier quart du me siècle av. J.-C., lors du passage d'Hannibal dans la région, sous le nom d'Allobroges (« gens d'un autre pays»)."
  5. ^ a b Bocquet 2009, pp. 35–36.
  6. ^ a b c Delamarre 2003, p. 174.
  7. ^ Dubuisson 1985, p. 12.
  8. ^ Polybius, Histories 2:22.1: "The two largest tribes, therefore, the Insubres and Boii, made a league and sent messengers to the Gauls dwelling among the Alps and near the Rhone, who are called Gaesatae because they serve for hire, this being the proper meaning of the word."
  9. ^ eDIL, s.v. gaiscedach. dil.ie/25265
  10. ^ Polybius, Histories 2.:5
  11. ^ Polybius, Histories 2:26-27
  12. ^ Polybius, Histories 2:28.3-7
  13. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 5.30
  14. ^ Polybius, Histories 2:29.5-30.9
  15. ^ Polybius, Histories 2:31.1-2
  16. ^ Polybius, Histories 2.34; Plutarch, Marcellus 6-7
  17. ^ Plutarch, Marcellus, chapters 6-7 [1]
  18. ^ MacKillop 2004, s.v. Fianna: "An antecedent body may be the Gaulish gaesatae from the Upper Rhone as described by the Greek historian Polybius (2nd cent. bc ) ... Irish chronicles indicate that the first fianna were approximately contemporary with the gaesatae, as when they protected the ard rí [high king] Fiachach."

Bibliography

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  • Barruol, Guy (1969). Les Peuples préromains du Sud-Est de la Gaule: étude de géographie historique. E. de Boccard. OCLC 3279201.
  • Bocquet, Aimé (2009). Hannibal chez les Allobroges: 218 avant Jésus-Christ : la grande traversée des Alpes. La Fontaine de Siloë. ISBN 978-2-84206-419-8.
  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
  • Dubuisson, Michel (1985). Le latin de Polybe: les implications historiques d'un cas de bilinguisme. Klincksieck. ISBN 978-2-86563-111-7.
  • Kruta, Venceslas (2000). Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-05690-6.
  • Lucas, Gérard (2009). "Gésates et gaesum dans les sources littéraires gréco-latines". In Roulière-Lambert, Marie-Jeanne; Daubigney, Alain; Milcent, Pierre-Yves; Talon, Marc; Vital, Joël (eds.). De l’âge du Bronze à l’âge du Fer en France et en Europe occidentale (Xe-VIIe siècle av. J.-C.): La moyenne vallée du Rhône aux âges du Fer. Artehis Éditions. p. 11–25. ISBN 978-2-915544-66-4.
  • MacKillop, James (2004). A dictionary of Celtic mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860967-1.
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