Draft:Republic of China Elections (Two Chinas)

The 1954 Republic of China Presidential Election
	Presidential election
Turnout	53.19%
President before election; Chiang Kai-shek; Kuomintang	Elected President ; Chiang Kai-shek; Kuomintang

1948 Chinese presidential election
All 3,045 votes of the National Assembly; 1,523 votes needed to win
President before election; Chiang Kai-shek; (as Chairman of Nationalist government); Kuomintang	Elected President ; Chiang Kai-shek; Kuomintang

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The 1948 Republic of China Election

The 1948 Chinese presidential election was held on April 20, 1948, at the National Assembly House in Nanjing. The election was conducted by the National Assembly to elect the president and vice president of China. This was the first election under the newly adopted 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China, and the last before the Treaty of Nanking, which split China between Communists and Nationalists along the Yangtze River.

This indirect election was held during the Chinese Civil War. Chiang Kai-shek, the incumbent leader of the Nationalist government, won a landslide victory against the same party candidate Ju Zheng in the presidential election. However, Sun Fo, Chiang's preferred vice-presidential candidate, was defeated by General Li Zongren in the vice-presidential elections.

Chiang and Li were inaugurated at the Presidential Palace in Nanjing on May 20, 1948. This also marked the transition of Nationalist government to the constitutional government.

Electors

The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place National Assembly House in Nanjing. There were 2,961 delegates elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election for the 3,045 seats. In total, there were 2,859 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this first session of the first National Assembly.^[1]

The election regulations had a 50% requirement for the president and vice president to be elected. Since there were 3,045 seats in the National Assembly, the candidates needed to obtain 1,523 votes to be elected. This requirement could be relieved if no candidate passed this threshold in the first three rounds of voting.

Results

President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Chiang Kai-shek	Kuomintang	2,430	90.03
	Ju Zheng	Kuomintang	269	9.97
Total			2,699	100.00

Valid votes			2,699	98.72
Invalid/blank votes			35	1.28
Total votes			2,734	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			3,045	89.79
Source: Schafferer^[2]

Vice-President

Party		Candidate	First round		Second round		Third round		Fourth round
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Li Zongren	Kuomintang	754	27.30	1,163	42.69	1,156	42.64	1,438	52.62
	Sun Fo	Kuomintang	559	20.24	945	34.69	1,040	38.36	1,295	47.38
	Cheng Qian	Kuomintang	522	18.90	616	22.61	515	19.00
	Yu Youren	Kuomintang	493	17.85
	Mo Teh-hui	Independent	218	7.89
	Xu Fulin	China Democratic Socialist Party	216	7.82
Total			2,762	100.00	2,724	100.00	2,711	100.00	2,733	100.00

The 1954 Republic of China Election

Indirect presidential elections were held in the Republic of China on March 22, 1954 to elect the President and Vice President. The vote took place at the National Assembly House in Nanjing. Incumbent President Chiang Kai-shek was re-elected for the second term. The premier Chen Cheng was elected to be the Vice-President. These were the first elections that took place since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, in which the ROC lost all of the territories north to the Yangtze.

Electors

The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place the National Assembly Hous in Taipei. According to the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, the term of the delegates who were elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election in the north was extended indefinitely until "re-election is possible in their original electoral district". In total, there were 1,578 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this second session of the first National Assembly.

The 1947 National Assembly election elected 2,961 delegates for the 3,045 seats of the National Assembly.

Results

President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Chiang Kai-shek	Kuomintang	1,507	96.91
	Hsu Fu-lin	China Democratic Socialist Party	48	3.09
Total			1,555	100.00

Valid votes			1,555	98.73
Invalid/blank votes			20	1.27
Total votes			1,575	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,961	53.19
Source: Schafferer^[2]

Vice President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Chen Cheng	Kuomintang	1,417	92.86
	Shih Chih-chuan	China Democratic Socialist Party	109	7.14
Total			1,526	100.00

Valid votes			1,526	97.26
Invalid/blank votes			43	2.74
Total votes			1,569	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,961	52.99
Source: Schafferer^[2]

The 1960 Republic of China Election

Indirect elections were held for the presidency and vice-presidency of the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan on March 21, 1960. The vote took place at the National Assembly House in Nanjing. Incumbent President Chiang Kai-shek and Vice-President Chen Cheng was re-elected.

Before the election, the National Assembly amended the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion which allowed the President and Vice-President to seek a third term, which superseded the Article 47 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, in order to make way for Chiang to be re-elected.^[3] As a result, Chiang received 2,904 votes of the 2,959 National Assembly members, while his running mate Chen Cheng was re-elected with 1,381 votes. The term began on May 20, 1960.

Electors

The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place National Assembly House in Nanjing. According to the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, the term of the delegates who were elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election in the north was extended indefinitely until "re-election is possible in their original electoral district". In total, there were 2,959 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this third session of the first National Assembly.

Results

President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Chiang Kai-shek	Kuomintang	2,904	100.00
Total			2,904	100.00

Valid votes			2,904	98.14
Invalid/blank votes			55	1.86
Total votes			2,959	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,959	100.00
Source: Schafferer^[2]

Vice President

The 1966 Republic of China Election

1966 Republic of China presidential election

← 1960

March 21, 1966

1972 →


Nominee	Chiang Kai-shek
Party	Kuomintang
Running mate	Yen Chia-kan
Electoral vote	2,843
Percentage	100.00%

President before election

Chiang Kai-shek
Kuomintang

Elected President

Chiang Kai-shek
Kuomintang

Indirect elections were held for the presidency and vice-presidency of the government of the Republic of China on March 21, 1966. The vote took place at the Chung-Shan Hall in Taipei. Incumbent President Chiang Kai-shek was re-elected for the fourth term with his Vice-President Yen Chia-kan.

The amendment of the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion in 1960 had allowed Chiang Kai-shek to seek for unlimited terms. After the death of Vice-President Chen Cheng in 1965. Chiang decided to pick premier Yen Chia-kan to be his running-mate, filling the vacancy. In the end, Yen was elected by a narrow majority, 55 per cent of the votes, while Chiang received 98 per cent of the votes.

Electors

The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place National Assembly House in Nanjing. According to the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, the term of the delegates who were elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election in the north was extended indefinitely until "re-election is possible in their original electoral district". In total, there were 2,884 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this third session of the first National Assembly.

Results

President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Chiang Kai-shek	Kuomintang	2,843	100.00
Total			2,843	100.00

Valid votes			2,843	98.58
Invalid/blank votes			41	1.42
Total votes			2,884	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,884	100.00
Source: Schafferer^[2]

Vice President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Yen Chia-kan	Kuomintang	1,592	100.00
Total			1,592	100.00

Valid votes			1,592	55.20
Invalid/blank votes			1,292	44.80
Total votes			2,884	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,884	100.00
Source: Schafferer^[2]

References

^ 第一屆國民大會第一次會議實錄
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Christian Schafferer (2003) The Power of the Ballot Box: Political Development and Election Campaigning in Taiwan Cite error: The named reference "CS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ 周婉窈 [in Chinese] (December 2009). 臺灣歷史圖說（增訂本） (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan: Linking Publishing Company. p. 281. ISBN 978-957-08-3489-5. 按照中華民國憲法，總統只能連任一次；蔣介石已擔任兩任總統，理應鞠躬下臺。該年三月修改臨時條款，蔣介石連任成功，他終將五任總統之職（1948-1975），直至過世為止。

[1] 第一屆國民大會第一次會議實錄

[CS-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Christian Schafferer (2003) The Power of the Ballot Box: Political Development and Election Campaigning in Taiwan Cite error: The named reference "CS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[3] 周婉窈 [in Chinese] (December 2009). 臺灣歷史圖說（增訂本） (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan: Linking Publishing Company. p. 281. ISBN 978-957-08-3489-5. 按照中華民國憲法，總統只能連任一次；蔣介石已擔任兩任總統，理應鞠躬下臺。該年三月修改臨時條款，蔣介石連任成功，他終將五任總統之職（1948-1975），直至過世為止。

[1]

[2]

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