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Draft:Apostates in the Book of Mormon

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Apostates in the Book of Mormon is a compendium of dissenters, antichrists, rebels, robbers, and apostates described in the Book of Mormon. Some scholars have proposed that apostacy from the Nephite faith may have resulted from "the syncretization of certain beliefs and practices from normative Nephite religion with those attested in ancient Mesoamerica."[1]

Dates cited below generally accord with those found in the Latter-day Saint scripture index.[2] Names of those who reconverted after apostacy are in boldface type. Excluded from this list are the apostate Lamanite nation and iniquitous Jaredite leaders.

In the Book of Jacob2

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  • Sherem (/ˈʃɛrəm/), an antichrist who used sophistry and flattery to argue against Christ. Discredited by Jacob2, overcome by power of God, confessed own deceit, died (c. fifth century BC).[3] At least one writer argues that Sherem was a son or descendant of Zoram1.[4] Hugh Nibley proposed that "Sherem" means "snub nosed or pug nosed."[5]

In the Book of Mosiah

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  • Noah3, an iniquitous Nephite king, son of Zeniff and father of Limhi. Heavily taxed his people, ordered Abinadi slain, and accused Alma1 of sedition. Life was later spared by Gideon, so fled into the wilderness and commanded followers to desert their wives and children. Burned to death (c. 160 BC).[6]
  • Alma2, son of Alma1, known as "Alma the Younger". Nephite prophet and first chief judge. After seeking to destroy Church with sons of Mosiah2, saw an angel who struck them dumb. Converted, he taught the people and was later appointed chief judge and high priest. During reign, sentenced Nehor, led Nephite army, slew Amlici, baptized many, mourned wickedness in the church, and resigned judgment seat to Nephihah. Preached in Gideon, Zarahemla, Melek, and Ammonihah, where he was reviled. Angelic visitation brought him to Amulek, with whom he went out to preach. Accused by Zeezrom and questioned by Antionah. The people, angered, sought his death and that of other believers. Imprisoned with Amulek, where their prayers broke prison walls. Healed Zeezrom, continued preaching, and encountered and confronted antichrist Korihor. Advised Moroni2 on military strategy. Father of Helaman2, Shiblon, and Corianton. Continued preaching and prophesying until end of his life (c. 100-73 BC).[7]
  • Ammon3, formerly rebellious son of Mosiah2 and brother to Aaron3, Omner, and Himni. After refusing kingship, became a missionary to Lamanites. Converted Lamoni, his wife, and many of his people, none of whom ever fell away. Though attacked by non-believers, could not be slain. In Middoni, freed his brethren from prison, and later helped Anti-Nephi-Lehies migrate to Zarahemla, then to land of Jershon. As high priest over Ammonites, banished the antichrist Korihor. Joined Alma2 on mission to Zoramites where they were astonished to discover the Rameumptom (c. 100 BC).[8]
  • Aaron3, Nephite and formerly rebellious second son of Mosiah2, who after conversion refused the throne and became successful missionary. Cast into prison in Middoni, delivered by Lamoni and Ammon3. Instrumental in converting father of Lamoni. Brother to Ammon3, Omner, and Himni (c. 92 BC).[9]
  • Omner, third son of Mosiah2, unbeliever who tried to destroy the Church, was converted by an angel, and traveled through Zarahemla with brothers to repair injuries they had done (c. 100-74 BC).[10]
  • Himni, youngest son of Mosiah2, unbeliever who tried to destroy the Church, was converted by an angel, and traveled through Zarahemla with brothers to repair injuries they had done. Left in charge of the Church when Alma2 and companions began their missionary journey (c. 100-74 BC).[11]

In the Book of Alma

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  • Nehor, Nephite apostate, religious theorist, antichrist. Proclaimed against Church, contended with Gideon, grew angry and slew Gideon, condemned by Alma2 for murder and for introducing priestcraft. Executed and died "ignominious" death (c. 91 BC).[12] Namesake of both the Order of Nehors (stiff-necked people of Ammonihah) and the city where Shule battled Corihor1.[13]
  • Amlici, Nephite dissenter who became leader of dissenters, and was slain by Alma2 in battle (c. 87 BC). Namesake of the Amlicite people.[14]
  • Amulek, Nephite son of Giddonah1, who was visited by an angel, converted by and a missionary companion of Alma2, and caused prison walls to tumble (c. 82–74 BC).[15]
  • Zeezrom, Nephite lawyer in Ammonihah. Expert in rhetorical devices, accused Alma2 and Amulek, attempted to bribe Amulek to deny God, caught in own lies. Convinced of God's power, inquired sincerely, astonished at their words. Became sick, healed by Alma2. Converted and baptized, became Nephite missionary (c. 82 BC).[16]
  • Judge in Ammonihah (unnamed), of order of Nehor. Burned believers. Smote, starved, and imprisoned Alma2 and Amulek. Killed by collapse of prison walls (c. 81 BC).[17]
  • Korihor, antichrist who was successful in Zarahemla and Gideon, but was run out of Jershon. Debated Giddonah2 and Alma2, was struck dumb, then trodden down by Zoramites (c. 74 BC).[18]
  • Zoram3, an antichrist. Leader of apostate sect of Nephites, the Zoramites, who trampled Korihor to death. Instigated idol worship, to the dismay of Alma2 (c. 74 BC).[19]
  • Corianton (/ˌkɒriˈæntən/), son of Alma2 (and younger brother to Helaman2 and Shiblon), Nephite missionary after he repented of chasing after the harlot Isabel (c. 74 BC).[20]
  • Amalickiah, Nephite traitor, elder brother of Ammoron, who lead revolt against Helaman2, threatened to drink blood of Moroni1. After poisoning Lehonti and killing king of the Lamanites3, obtained throne and warred with Nephites. Killed by Teancum (c. 70 BC).[21]
  • Ammoron, Nephite traitor, brother of Amalickiah and descendant of Zoram, who engaged in angry correspondence with Moroni1. King of the Lamanites after Amalickiah's death, then killed by Teancum (c. 66-61 BC).[22]
  • Jacob3, Nephite apostate and Zoramite captain, who left city Mulek to fight decoy set by Teancum, was surprised by army of Lehi3, and thereby lost command of city to Moroni1. Killed in ensuring battle (c. 64 BC).[23]
  • Pachus (/ˈpeɪkəs/), rebel king of Nephite dissenters in Zarahemla who allied with Ammoron, drove freemen from land, battled with Moroni1 and Pahoran1, and was slain (c. 61 BC).[24]

In the Book of Helaman

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  • Paanchi, Nephite rebel and son of Pahoran1, who contended with brothers Pahoran2 and Pacumeni for judgment seat. Angry when older brother was appointed, caused rebellion. Condemned to death, which lead to assassination of Pahoran2 (c. 52 BC).[25]
  • Kishkumen, co-founder of Gadianton robbers. Secretly murdered Pahoran2 and escaped justice because of secret combinations. His plan to kill Helaman3 was foiled, leading to his murder.[26]
  • Coriantumr3, Nephite apostate, commander of Lamanite forces, descendant of Zarahemla. Large and mighty man who invaded city of Zarahemla, slew chief judge Pacumeni at city wall, then marched on Bountiful until Moronihah1 cut him down (c. 51 BC).[27]
  • Gadianton, a Nephite dissenter and chief of Gadianton robbers (c. 50 BC). Flattered Kiskumen to become leader of robber band, but after failing to kill Helaman3, fled to the wilderness. Later conspired in murder of chief judge Cezoram and his son, received secret oaths and covenants from the devil, and nearly destroyed Nephites.[28]
  • Seantum (/siˈæntəm/), fratricidal brother of Nephite judge Seezoram. Member of Gadianton band, whose murder of his brother was revealed by Nephi2 through inspiration. Captured by people and tried. Confessed (c. 23 BC).[29]
  • Aminadab, Nephite dissenter living among Lamanites. Reconverted by Nephi2 and Lehi4, whom he testified were conversing with angels (c. 30 BC).[30]
  • Seezoram (/siːˈzɔːrəm/), brother of Seantum and member of Gadianton band, tenth known Nephite chief judge, eventually succeeded by Lachoneus1. How and when he began his reign as chief judge is not known; his first appearance in the Book of Mormon was when Nephi2, son of Helaman, prophesied his murder by hand of his brother, Seantum (c. 23 BC).[31][32] (Not to be confused with Cezoram, another Nephite chief judge who was assassinated earlier.)

In the Book of 3 Nephi

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  • Giddianhi (/ˌɡɪdiˈænhaɪ/), chief of Gadianton robbers who arrogantly demanded Nephite lands from Lachoneus1, then commanded followers to go to battle against Nephites. Defeated and slain (c. AD 16–21).[33]
  • Zemnarihah (/zɛmnəˈraɪhɑː/), leader of Gadianton band, successor to Giddianhi. Laid siege to Nephites, hampered by lack of provisions, withdrew to head northward, cut off by Gidgiddoni, captured and hanged  (c. AD 21).[34]
  • Jacob4, Nephite apostate who was chosen king by secret combination. Seeing he was outnumbered, commanded his people to flee and establish kingdom in north. His city, Jacobugath, was burned (c. AD 29-30).[35]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wright, Mark Alan, and Gardner, Brant (2012). "The Cultural Context of Nephite Apostasy". Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture. 1 (1): 25–55.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Intellectual Reserve, Inc. (24 March 2015). "Index to the Triple Combination".
  3. ^ Jacob 7:1-21
  4. ^ Thompson, A. Keith (2015). "Who Was Sherem?". Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-Day Saint Faith and Scholarship. 14: 1–15.
  5. ^ Nibley, Hugh & Hummel, Sharman Bookwalter (ed.) (2013). Nibley's Commentary on the Book of Mormon, Vol. 1 (ASIN: B00GFY0GUO ed.). {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Mosiah 7:9; Mosiah 11:1–27; Mosiah 12:9-18; Mosiah 13:1-12; Mosiah 17:1; Mosiah 18:1-4, 31-33; Mosiah 19:1-20; Mosiah 23:9–20; Alma 5:4
  7. ^ Mosiah 27:8-37; Mosiah 28:20; Mosiah 29:42-44; Book of Alma, Hel. 4:21, et seq.
  8. ^ Alma 18:2–4; Alma 18:10, 16, 22-32; Alma 19:2, 14, 22-23, 33; Alma 19:33; Alma 20:1-2, 8, 14-28; Alma 21:18, 23; Alma 23:1, 6; Alma 24:5; Alma 26:1–35; Alma 27:5, 10-17, 25; Alma 30:20-21; Alma 31:6, 32, 37-38; Alma 35:1, 14; Alma 37:9; Alma 48:18; Ether 12:15
  9. ^ Mosiah 27:34; Mosiah 29:2-3; Alma 20:2-3; Alma 21:1-17; Alma 22:1-27; Alma 23:1-5, 16; Alma 25:6, 17; Alma 26:10; Alma 27:19, 25; Alma 31:6, 32
  10. ^ Mosiah 27:8-37, Mosiah 28-29; Alma 17; Alma 36; Alma 48, et seq.
  11. ^ Mosiah 27:8-37, Mosiah 28-29; Alma 17; Alma 36; Alma 48, et seq.
  12. ^ Alma 1:2–15; Alma 2:20
  13. ^ Ether 7:9
  14. ^ Alma 2:1-31
  15. ^ Alma 8:19-32; Alma 9-16; Alma 31; Alma 34-35; Helaman 5; Ether 12 et seq.
  16. ^ Alma 10:31-32; Alma 11:21-38, 46; Alma 12:1-8; Alma 14:2-6; Alma 15:3-12; Alma 31:5-6, 32
  17. ^ Alma 14:4-5, 14-24
  18. ^ Alma 30:6-60
  19. ^ Alma 30:59; Alma 31:1
  20. ^ Alma 31:7; Alma 39-42; Alma 43:1-2; Alma 49:30; Alma 63:10
  21. ^ Alma 46:3-11, 28-33; Alma 47-49; Alma 51; Alma 52:3
  22. ^ Alma 52:3-12; Alma 54-57; Alma 59; Alma 62, et seq.
  23. ^ Alma 52:20-35
  24. ^ Alma 61:8; Alma 62:6-8
  25. ^ Hel. 1:3-9
  26. ^ Hel. 1:9–12; Hel. 2:3–9; Hel. 6:18, 24
  27. ^ Helaman 1:15-32
  28. ^ Hel. 2:4-14; Hel. 3:23; Hel. 6:15-37; Hel. 7:25, et. seq.
  29. ^ Hel. 8:27-28; Hel. 9:6, 26-38
  30. ^ Helaman 5:35-41
  31. ^ Helaman 8:27-28
  32. ^ See also Helaman 9:20-37
  33. ^ 3 Ne. 3:1–12; 3 Ne. 4:5–14
  34. ^ 3 Ne. 4:16–28
  35. ^ 3 Ne. 7:9–13; 3 Ne. 9:9
[edit]
  • Matthews, R. J. (2022). Patterns of apostasy in the book of Helaman. In M. S. Nyman (Ed.), The Book of Mormon: Helaman through 3 Nephi 8, according to thy word. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. [1]
  • Thompson, A. K. (2017). Apostate religion in the Book of Mormon. Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture, 25, 191-226. [2]


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