Croatian Orthodox Church
The Croatian Orthodox Church (Croatian: Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva) was a religious body created during World War II by the Fascist Ustaše regime in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). It was created in order to assimilate the remaining Serb minority and also to unite other Orthodox communities into a state-based Eastern Orthodox Church.
In 1942, NDH authorities finally made a move to organize a domestic Orthodox Church. This was part of a policy to eliminate Serb culture from Axis Croatia. The church lasted from 1942–45, and was intended to serve as a national church to which Serbs living in Croatia would convert, thus making it possible to describe them as "Croats of Orthodox faith". The Croatian Orthodox Church was managed by Montenegrin nationalist Savić Marković Štedimlija. There were some discussions during the 1990s, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, regarding the revival of such a church.
History
[edit]The Croatian Orthodox Church was created due to the loss of a significant part of the territory to Partisans and Chetniks, as well as the additional German pressure over growing anarchy in the country caused by the persecution of Serbs, which is why a concession to the Serb population was deemed necessary.[1]
The church was formed by a government statute (No. XC-800-Z-1942) on 4 April 1942. On 5 June, using a statute issued by the government, the church's constitution was passed.[2] The church lasted until the collapse of the NDH. A small number of the Serb clergy joined it but the Serbian Church hierarchy along with ordinary Serbs rejected it.[3] Many or most of the church's priests were Serbian priests compelled to change churches in order to survive, along with émigré priests from Russia.
On 7 June, White Russian émigré Germogen Maximov, a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR), became its leader.[4] His enthronement was publicized by the Ustashe regime and the official ceremony took place in front of an armed guard, with the speaker of the Croatian parliament, mayor of Zagreb and several ministers in attendance.[1] He was executed by the Partisans after the war as a collaborator.[5]
Before the Croatian Orthodox Church was formed, the NDH officially described the Eastern Orthodox Church as the "Greek-Eastern Church", and would refer to it as the "Schismatic Church" or the "Greek non-Uniate Church". It was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.[6] The Church was only recognized by one other Orthodox church, the Romanian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Nicodim, on 4 August 1944[7] (at the time, Romania was also under the control of the Fascist regime of Ion Antonescu).
According to historian Jozo Tomasevich, although the Church was established as a way to appease the remaining Serb Orthodox population in the NDH, it was ultimately a means to destroying religious, cultural and national ties between Serbs in Serbia and Serbs in the NDH because the Ustashe could not achieve their goal of exterminating the whole Serb population of Croatia. Persecution of Serbs persisted even after its establishment, though it was not as intense as before.[8]
Proposals for a revival
[edit]On 6 March 1993, Juraj Kolarić, dean of the Catholic Faculty of Theology in Zagreb, was reported by the Tanjug news agency as stating that the "Orthodox Church in Croatia should be organized along the Macedonian principle, with its patriarch, and break away as far as territory was concerned, from Serbia”.[9] Kolarić tried several times to establish such a church by the "Croat Orthodox believers and possible Croatian Orthodox clergy, because then all the conditions for an autocephalous church would be met". Kolarić claimed that if such a church were formed, it would eventually be recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople as the Serbian Orthodox Church would never again be present in Croatia.[citation needed]
In 2010, the Croatian Orthodox Community, which was still an unregistered association at the time, tried to restore the Croatian Orthodox Church.[citation needed]
This association was registered in 2017, and Aleksandar Radoev Ivanov was elected as the president of the association and at the same time the archbishop of the officially unrecognized Croatian Orthodox Church.[citation needed]
Although this church has never been officially registered in Croatia and is not entered in the register of religious communities, it still regularly holds worship service in its space in Domjanićeva street in Zagreb.[citation needed]
Andrija Škulić also presents himself as the archbishop of the Croatian Orthodox Church in Croatia. [10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Tanner, Marcus (2010). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War (Third ed.). Yale University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-30017-159-4.
- ^ Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (Reprint ed.). The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 617. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8.
- ^ Bartulin, Nevenko (2013). The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia: Origins and Theory. BRILL. p. 215. ISBN 978-9-00426-282-9.
- ^ Burgess, Michael (2005). The Eastern Orthodox Churches: Concise Histories with Chronological Checklists of Their Primates. McFarland. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-78642-145-9.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 573.
- ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-25334-656-8.
- ^ Krišto, Jure. Sukob simbola: Politika, vjere i ideologije u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj. Globus, Zagreb 2001. (pg. 258)
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 547.
- ^ "The Orthodox Church in Croatia". Vreme News Digest Agency. 15 March 1993. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 11 Nov 2016.
- ^ Galić, Gabrijela (2022-07-15). "Postoji li Hrvatska pravoslavna crkva?". Faktograf.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2023-07-17.
Sources
[edit]- Paris, Edmond (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.
- Veljko Đ. Đurić (1989). Ustaše i pravoslavlje: hrvatska pravoslavna crkva. Beletra. ISBN 9788674690123.
- Gojo Riste Dakina (1994). Genocide Over the Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia: Be Catholic Or Die. Institute of Contemporary History. ISBN 9788674030585.
- Bartulin, Nevenko (October 2007). "Ideologija nacije i rase: ustaški režim i politika prema Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj 1941-1945" (PDF). Radovi (in Croatian). 39 (1). Institute of Croatian History: 209–241. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241.
Further reading
[edit]- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1998). Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945 [Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945] (in French). Lausanne: L'age d'Homme. ISBN 9782825111529.
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999). L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945 [The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941-1945] (in Italian). Milano: Kaos. ISBN 9788879530798.
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Vol. 1. Jagodina: Gambit. ISBN 9788676240494.
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Vol. 2. Jagodina: Gambit. ISBN 9788676240494.
External links
[edit]- Savic Markovic Stedimlija - Ideologist of "Red Croatia", njegos.org; accessed 20 April 2015
- New Attacks on the Serbian Orthodox Church, hri.org, 4 April 1996
- The Orthodox Church in Croatia Archived 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine, Vreme News Digest Agency No 77, 15 March 1993
- "Hrvatski Pravoslavci" (in Croatian). Croatian Orthodox Community. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
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