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Chordeumatida

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Chordeumatida
Two unidentified species from New Zealand
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Subterclass: Eugnatha
Superorder: Nematophora
Order: Chordeumatida
Pocock, 1894
Suborders

Chordeumatidea
Craspedosomatidea
Heterochordeumatidea
Striariidea

Diversity
c. 50 families, 1200 species
Synonyms

Ascospermophora Verhoeff, 1900
Craspedosomatida Jeekel, 1971

Chordeumatida (from the Greek word for "sausage") is a large order of millipedes containing more than 1,400 species.[1] Also known as sausage millipedes,[2] they are found nearly worldwide.[3] Chordeumatida is the largest order in the superorder Nematophora, a group also known as spinning millipedes because their telsons feature spinnerets used to build nests of silk.[4][5] These millipedes produce this silk to create chambers in which to molt or to lay their eggs.[4]

Description

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Chordeumatidans take on a wide variety of forms, including some that are cylindrical and others that are flat-backed.[5] Most species have 26 to 32 body segments (including the telson) behind the head, with the number usually fixed within species. These millipedes range in length from 3.5 mm to 42 mm, although most species are 10 mm to 25 mm long. They are usually drab in color, ranging from various shades of brown to unpigmented, but some feature distinct patterns.[3]

Species in this order share a set of features that distinguishes them from other millipedes. A key feature is the presence of six large bristles (setae) on the dorsal surface of each body segment, three on each side. The first segment (collum) is relatively narrow, giving the appearance of a distinct "neck" in many species, and the body tapers towards the rear. A dorsal groove runs down the length of the body, and some species feature paranota, lateral extensions of the exoskeleton. Paranota are also found in some other millipedes, notably Polydesmida, from which Chordeumatidans can be distinguished by having a dorsal groove. Unlike most other helminthomorph (worm-like) millipedes, chordeumatidans lack ozopores.[3][6]

Most chordeumatidan species have 30 body segments (including the telson) as adults, and adult females in these species have 50 leg pairs.[4][3] In adult males in this order, two leg pairs (pair 8 and pair 9) are modified into gonopods, leaving 48 pairs of walking legs in the typical adult male chordeumatidan.[5][4][7] Many species in this order, however, deviate from this typical body plan.

Many chordeumatidan species deviate from the usual 30 segments: A few species have 26 segments as adults (e.g., Chamaesoma broelemanni and Opisthocheiron canayerensis), many species have 28 (e.g., Lipseuma josianae[8] and Haasea hungarica), one genus features 29 (Tianella, in which most species have 29[9]), one genus features 31 (Metamastigophorophyllon),[10] and many species have 32 (e.g., Altajosoma kemerovo[11]).[4] Some species also deviate by featuring sexual dimorphism in segment number, specifically, adult males with two segments fewer than adult females, for example, in the family Buotidae (males with 26, females with 28),[12] in Xystrosoma beatense (males with 28, females with the usual 30),[4] and in the family Peterjohnsiidae (males with the usual 30, females with 32).[13]

With these deviations from the usual 30 segments, the number of leg pairs in adults changes, usually with two leg pairs added or subtracted for each segment added to or subtracted from the typical number.[3] For example, in Chamaesoma broelemanni, with only 26 segments (four fewer than the typical number), adult females have only 42 leg pairs, and adult males have only 40 pairs of walking legs (excluding two pairs of gonopods).[14][4] Adult females with 32 segments (two more than the typical number) have 54 leg pairs (e.g., in the family Peterjohnsiidae[13]), which is the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda.[15]

Many species deviate from the expected number of walking legs, however, because they deviate in terms of sex-linked modifications to their legs. For example, many species involve another leg pair in addition to pairs 8 and 9 in the gonopod complex in adult males. In the family Speophilosomatidae, leg pair 7 in adult males is modified as part of the gonopod complex.[16] In many species, the gonopod complex instead includes leg pair 10 in addition to pairs 8 and 9 (e.g., Branneria carinata,[17] Neocambrisoma raveni,[13] Golovatchia magda, and Hoffmaneuma exiguum[18]). The family Chordeumatidae exhibits the most extensive modifications, including five leg pairs (pairs 7 through 11) in the gonopod complex.[5][4] Some species also deviate from the usual body plan by reducing or eliminating leg pairs in the adult female. In the family Chordeumatidae, for example, adult females feature a legless sternite (the "platosternite") where a third pair of legs would otherwise be.[5][4][3] In other species (e.g., the genus Kashmireuma and the species Vieteuma longi), adult females instead exhibit modifications to the second pair of legs, which are reduced to small nubbins.[19]

Development

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Millipedes in this order grow and develop through a series of molts, adding segments until they reach a fixed number in the adult stage, which is usually the same for a given sex in a given species, at which point the molting and the addition of segments and legs stop. This mode of development, known as teloanamorphosis, distinguishes this order from most other orders of millipedes. In most other orders, millipedes continue to molt as adults, developing through either euanamorphosis or hemianamorphosis.[4][20]

For the typical species in this order, post-embryonic development takes place in nine stages. The juvenile millipede hatches with 6 segments and only 3 pairs of legs in the first stage, then usually goes through stages with 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 25, and 28 segments, before emerging as adults in the ninth and final stage with 30 segments. The male usually begins to develop gonopods in the seventh stage. Species that produce adults with fewer or more segments than the usual number, however, deviate from the typical pattern by adding a different number of segments at some stage, reaching maturity in a different stage, or both.[4]

Distribution

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Chordeumatidans have a wide distribution, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. These millipedes are found in the tropics of Central America, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, and as far south as Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chiloé Island, Chile. Species in this order are present in Madagascar but absent from sub-Saharan Africa and, aside from southern Chile, are largely absent from South America. They are abundant in cold, rocky, mountainous areas of Europe and central Asia, and range northward to Scandinavia, Siberia, and in North America up into Canada and southwest Alaska.[21]

Classification

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Chordeumatida contains approximately 1200 species,[22][23] classified in four suborders and approximately 50 families, although several families contain only one to five genera.[24]

Suborder Chordeumatidea Pocock 1894
Suborder Craspedosomatidea Cook, 1895
Suborder Heterochordeumatidea Shear, 2000
Suborder Striariidea Cook, 1896

References

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  1. ^ "Chordeumatida Pocock, 1894 | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  2. ^ Henen, Derek; Brown, Jeff. Millipedes of Ohio (PDF). Ohio Division of Wildlife. pp. 3, 24.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN 9789004156128.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  5. ^ a b c d e Blower, J. Gordon (1985). Millipedes : keys and notes for the identification of the species. Linnean Society of London, Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-07698-0. OCLC 13439686.
  6. ^ "Putative apomorphies of millipede clades" (PDF). Milli-PEET: Millipede Systematics. The Field Museum, Chicago, IL. 26 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  7. ^ "Millipede Body Organization". Milli-PEET: The class Diplopoda. The Field Museum, Chicago. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  8. ^ Golovatch, Sergei I.; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques; Mauries, Jean-Paul (2006). "Four new Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) from caves in China". Zoosystema. 28 (1): 75–92.
  9. ^ Mauriès, Jean-Paul (1988). "Myriapodes du Népal. II. Diplopodes Craspedosomides nouveaux de l'Himalaya et de la région indo-malaise (Craspedosomidea et Chordeumidea)". Revue suisse de zoologie (in French). 95: 3–49. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.79638. ISSN 0035-418X – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  10. ^ Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2016-12-22). "The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida)". Zootaxa. 4211 (1): 1–205. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  11. ^ Shear, William A. (1990). "On the Central and East Asian milliped family Diplomaragnidae (Diplopoda, Choredeumatida, Diplomaragnoidea)". American Museum Novitates (2977). hdl:2246/5072.
  12. ^ Shear, William A. (2009-11-16). "Buotidae, a new family for the minute North American milliped Buotus carolinus (Chamberlin) 1940 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)". Zootaxa. 2290 (1): 41–49. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2290.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. S2CID 4833397.
  13. ^ a b c Mauries, Jean-Paul (1987). "Craspedosomid Millipedes Discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, New Genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida)". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 25 (1): 107–133 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  14. ^ David, Jean-Francois (1989). "Le cycle biologique de Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut et Verhoeff, 1913 (Diplopoda, Craspedosomatida) en forêt d'Orléans (France)". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A (in French). 4:11 (3): 639–647. doi:10.5962/p.288286. S2CID 132547501 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  15. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688.
  16. ^ Shear, William A.; Tsurusaki, Nobuo; Tanabe, Tsutomu (1994). "Japanese chordeumatid millipeds. I. On the genus Speophilosoma Takakuwa (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Speophilosomatidae)" (PDF). Myriapodologica. 3 (4): 25–36.
  17. ^ Shear, William A. (2003-07-04). "Branneria bonoculus, n. sp., a second species in the North American milliped family Branneriidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea)". Zootaxa. 233 (1): 1–7. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.233.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.
  18. ^ Shear, William A. (1992). "Golovatchia, new genus, and Golovatchiidae, from the Far East of the Russian Republic, with a comment on Hoffmaneumatidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatidae)" (PDF). Myriapodologica. 3 (4): 25–36.
  19. ^ Shear, William A. (2002). "Five New Chordeumatidan Millipeds from China: New Species of Vieteuma (Kashmirieumatidae) and Nepalella (Megalotylidae)". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 53 (6): 63–72 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  20. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe (December 2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  21. ^ Shelley, R. M. & Golavatch, S. I. (2011). "Atlas of myriapod biogeography. I. Indigenous ordinal and supra-ordinal distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on taxon origins and ages, and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class". Insecta Mundi. 158: 1–134.
  22. ^ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny". Annual Review of Entomology. 52 (1): 401–420. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210. PMID 17163800.
  23. ^ Brewer, Michael S.; Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2012). "Millipede Taxonomy after 250 Years: Classification and Taxonomic Practices in a Mega-Diverse yet Understudied Arthropod Group". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e37240. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737240B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037240. PMC 3352885. PMID 22615951.
  24. ^ Shear, W. (2011). "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 159–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32.
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