Powertrain layout
The powertrain layout of a motorised vehicle such as a car is often defined by the location of the engine or motors and the drive wheels.
Layouts can roughly be divided into three categories: front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD) and four-wheel drive (4WD). Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, and the location of each is dependent on the application for which the vehicle will be used.
Front-wheel-drive layouts
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Front-engine, front-wheel drive
[edit]The front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout (abbreviated as FF layout) places both the internal combustion engine and driven wheels at the front of the vehicle. This is the most common layout for cars since the late 20th century.[1][2]
Mid-engine, front-wheel drive
[edit]Some early front-wheel drive cars from the 1930s had the engine located in the middle of the car.
Rear-engine, front-wheel drive
[edit]A rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout is one in which the engine is between or behind the rear wheels, and drives the front wheels via a driveshaft, the complete reverse of a conventional front-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicle layout. This layout has only been used on prototype and concept cars.
Rear-wheel drive layouts
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Front-engine, rear-wheel drive
[edit]The front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as FR layout) is one where the engine is located at the front of the vehicle and driven wheels are located at the rear.[3] This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century, and remains the most common layout for rear-wheel drive vehicles.[4]
Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
[edit]The mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as MR layout) is one where the rear wheels are driven by an engine placed just in front of them, behind the passenger compartment. In contrast to the rear-engined RR layout, the center of mass of the engine is in front of the rear axle. This layout is typically chosen for its low moment of inertia and relatively favorable weight distribution.
Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive
[edit]The rear-engine, rear-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as RR layout) places both the engine and drive wheels at the rear of the vehicle. In contrast to the MR layout, the center of mass of the engine is between the rear axle and the rear bumper. Although common in electric cars,[5] and in transit buses and coaches due to the elimination of the drive shaft with low-floor bus, this layout has become increasingly rare in fossil-fuelled passenger cars. The Porsche 911 is notable for its continuous use of the RR layout since 1963.
Four-wheel drive layouts
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Drivetrains where power can be sent to all four wheels are referred to as either four-wheel drive (4WD) or all-wheel drive (AWD).[6]
Front-engine, four-wheel drive
[edit]The front-engine, four-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as F4 layout) places the engine at the front of the vehicle and drives all four roadwheels. This layout is typically chosen for better control on many surfaces, and is an important part of rally racing as well as off-road driving.
Most four-wheel-drive layouts are front-engined and are derivatives of earlier front-engine, rear-wheel-drive designs.
Mid-engine, four-wheel drive
[edit]The mid-engine, four-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as M4 layout) places the engine in the middle of the vehicle, between both axles and drives all four road wheels.
Although the term "mid-engine" can mean the engine is placed anywhere in the vehicle such that the centre of gravity of the engine lies between the front and rear axles, it is usually used for sports cars and racing cars where the engine is behind the passenger compartment. The motive output is then sent down a shaft to a differential in the centre of the car, which in the case of an M4 layout, distributes power to both front and rear axles.
Rear-engine, four-wheel drive
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The rear-engine, four-wheel drive layout (abbreviated as R4) places the engine at the rear of the vehicle, and drives all four wheels.
This layout is typically chosen to improve the traction or the handling of existing vehicle designs using the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (RR). For example, the Porsche 911 added all-wheel drive to the existing line-up of rear-wheel drive models in 1989.
Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive
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In automotive design, dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout is mainly used by battery electric vehicles by having two electric motors that each drives the front and rear axle, creating a four-wheel drive layout. This is made possible by the smaller size of electric motors compared to internal combustion engines (ICEs), which in addition are also accompanied by a bulky engine cooling system, allowing it to be fit more versatilely into multiple locations. The use of separate motors for the front and rear drive wheels eliminates the need of a drive shaft that is ubiquitous in four-wheel drive ICE vehicles, freeing up space for bigger battery modules, which are commonly mounted on the chassis floor between the axles.[7]
The dual-motor layout is beneficial in re-distributing torque and power to maximize effective propulsion in response to road grip conditions and weight transfer in the vehicle. For example, during hard acceleration, the front motor must reduce torque and power in order to prevent the front wheels from overspinning as weight transfers to the rear of the vehicle. The excess power is transferred to the rear motor where it can be used immediately. The opposite applies when braking, when the front motor can accept more regenerative braking torque and power.[8] However dual-motor vehicles usually have less range for the same battery size than single-motor designs.[9] In addition, electric vehicles may be equipped with more than two electric motors to achieve greater power output and superior handling. The first mass-produced triple-motor layout was introduced on the Audi e-tron in 2020, which consists of one motor at the front and two motors at the rear.[10][11]
A rare example of a non-electric vehicle utilizing this layout is the Citroën 2CV Sahara, which has two flat-twin petrol engines.[12]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "All About Front-, Rear-, Four- and All-Wheel Drive". www.edmunds.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ "All-Wheel Drive vs. Front-Wheel Drive". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ "FWD vs. RWD: Which Is Best For You?". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ "The Best Wheel Drive For You - Rear Wheel Drive, Front Wheel Drive, Four Wheel Drive, All Wheel Drive". www.kbb.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ Stumpf, Rob (2023-04-19). "Rear-Wheel-Drive Cars Are Back, Baby, and We Have EVs to Thank". The Drive. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ "Wheel Drive Explained - All-Wheel Drive and More". www.vroomgirls.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ Park, Jim. "Dumping the Driveshaft on Electric Vehicles". www.truckinginfo.com. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ "Tesla All Wheel Drive (Dual Motor) Power and Torque Specifications". www.tesla.com. 2015-09-21. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ Ramos, Alex (2022-12-31). "Dual-Motor EVs vs. Single-Motor EVs: Which Is Best?". MUO. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ tsport100 (2020-03-02). "Audi Claim World First with Mass Production Three Motor EV Powertrain". leccar. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ O'Kane, Sean (2020-02-28). "Audi announces three-motor performance versions of the E-Tron". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ "Citroen 2CV 4×4 Sahara". Louwman Museum. 2013-08-04. Retrieved 2024-11-15.