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Calabarzon

Coordinates: 14°00′N 121°30′E / 14°N 121.5°E / 14; 121.5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the historical region, see Southern Tagalog.

Calabarzon
Southern Tagalog
Region
Clockwise (from the top): Aguinaldo Shrine in Cavite, Taal Volcano in Batangas, Malagonlong Bridge in Quezon, Pagsanjan Falls in Laguna and Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal
Motto: 
Calabarzon sa Habang Panahon! (Calabarzon Forever!)
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 14°00′N 121°30′E / 14°N 121.5°E / 14; 121.5
Country Philippines
Island groupLuzon
Regional centerCalamba
Largest cityAntipolo
Area
 • Total
16,873.31 km2 (6,514.82 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Banahaw)
2,170 m (7,120 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Total
16,195,042
 • Density960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 codePH-40
Provinces
5
Independent cities
1
Component cities
21
Municipalities120
Barangays4,019
Cong. districts19
Languages
GDP (2023)₱3.44 trillion
$61.77 billion[2]
Growth rateIncrease (5.2%)[2]
HDIIncrease 0.795 (High)
HDI rank2nd in the Philippines (2019)

Calabarzon (officially stylized in all caps;[3] English: /ˌkɑːləbɑːrˈzɒn/; Tagalog: [kalɐbaɾˈsɔn]), sometimes referred to as Southern Tagalog[4] (Tagalog: Timog Katagalugan[5]) and designated as Region IV‑A,[a] is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is situated southeast of Metro Manila and is bordered by Manila Bay and the South China Sea to the west, Lamon Bay and the Bicol Region to the east, Tayabas Bay and the Sibuyan Sea to the south, and Central Luzon to the north. Comprising five provinces—Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon (hence the acronym)—and one highly urbanized city, Lucena, it is the most populous region in the Philippines, according to the 2020 census (PSA), with over 16.1 million inhabitants.[6] It is also the country's second most densely populated region, after the National Capital Region.[6] Calamba in Laguna serves as the regional center, while Antipolo in Rizal is the most populous city in the region

Before its creation as a separate region, Calabarzon, along with the Mimaropa region, the province of Aurora, and parts of Metro Manila, comprised the historical region known as Southern Tagalog until they were separated in 2002 through Executive Order No. 103.[3]

The history of the area now known as Calabarzon dates back to early historic times.[7] Local historians[8] believe that three of the 10th century place-names mentioned in the Philippines' earliest known written document, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, pertain to regions or polities (bayan) along the shores of Laguna de Bay;[9] and some Filipino-Chinese scholars believe the 10th century trading polity known as Ma-i may actually have been the predecessor of the present day town of Bay, Laguna.[10] Since the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, the region has served as home to some of the most important Philippine historical figures, including the Philippine national hero, José Rizal, who was born in Calamba.

Etymology

[edit]

The name of the region is an acronym of its five component provinces: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon.

History

[edit]

On June 5, 1901, a convention was called on whether or not the province of Manila should annex the district of Morong, which was found to be unable to be self-sufficient as a province. Eventually, on June 11, Act No. 137 of the First Philippine Commission abolished Morong and created a new province, named after the Philippines' national hero, Jose Rizal, who, coincidentally, was a native of Laguna. The new province comprised 29 municipalities, 17 from Manila and 12 from Morong. In 1902, Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, established the Tagalog Republic in the mountains of Rizal. Ultimately, Sakay's Tagalog Republic ended in 1906 when he and his men were betrayed under the guise of holding a national assembly aimed at the self-determination of the Filipino people.[11]

On September 7, 1946, the Third Philippine Republic enacted Republic Act No. 14, which renamed the province of Tayabas to Quezon, in honor of Manuel Quezon,[12] the second President of the Philippines and elected governor of Tayabas in 1906 and congressman of 1st district of Tayabas in 1907 and a native of Baler (now part of Aurora), formerly one of the towns of Quezon Province. In 1951, the northern part of Quezon became the sub-province Aurora, named after Quezon's wife, also a native of Baler.[13] One obvious reason for creating the sub-province was the area's isolation from the rest of Quezon Province: there were no direct links to the rest of the province and much of the terrain was mountainous and heavily forested, which made the area relatively isolated, and its distance from Quezon's capital Lucena.[14]

On September 24, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted Presidential Decree No. 1, which organized the provinces into 11 regions as part of Marcos' Integrated Reorganization Plan.[15] The IRP created Region IV, known as the Southern Tagalog region, and was the largest region in the Philippines. At this time, Region IV consisted of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Quezon, Rizal, Romblon, and Palawan. In 1979, Aurora formally became a province independent of Quezon and was also included in Region IV.[citation needed]

On May 17, 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 103, which reorganized the Southern Tagalog region. Due to its size, Region IV was split into two separate regions, Region IV-A (Calabarzon) and Region IV-B (Mimaropa). Aurora was transferred to Region III, Central Luzon, the province's geographic location;[3] the total separation of Aurora from Quezon & transfer of Aurora to Central Luzon were the fulfillment of the wishes of the residents of the original Municipalities of Baler and Casiguran to be truly independent from the Quezon Province for the first time & the result of original formation of Pampanga since the Spanish occupation. [16] Many residents and government leaders of Aurora objected to the change.[17] The next year, Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 246, which declared Calamba as the regional center of the region.[18] On the other hand, Lucena is home to most of the branches of governmental agencies, businesses, banks and service facilities in the region.

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Geography of the Philippines
See also: Cavite § Geography, Laguna § Geography, Batangas § Geography, Rizal (province) § Geography, and Quezon § Geography

The region is the 12th largest region in the Philippines, with an area of 16,873.31 km2 (6,514.82 sq mi). The region itself is relatively flat, but also consists of coastal areas and highlands.[19] It is bordered by Manila Bay in the west, Metro Manila, Bulacan, and Aurora in the north, Lamon Bay and Bicol in the east, and the Isla Verde Passage in the south. Each province in the region is composed of different environments, ranging from low coastal areas to rugged mountainous ones.

Cavite is characterized by rolling hinterlands punctured by hills, with a shoreline bordering Manila Bay and a rugged portion bordering Batangas near Mount Pico de Loro. Tagaytay is located in Cavite, bordering Alfonso, Silang, Calamba, and Santa Rosa. Mount Sungay is the highest peak in the province and can be found in Tagaytay. There are nine islands in Cavite, most notable of which is the island of Corregidor. Historically a site of great strategic importance, Corregidor is found at the mouth of Manila Bay and is under the jurisdiction of Cavite City.

Laguna has rugged terrain, with narrow plains near the shores of Laguna de Bay and mountainous ranges further inland. Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines, and is named after the town of Bay. Laguna is also home to Mount Makiling, a dormant volcano near Los Baños reputed for its mystical properties. There are also a lot of hot springs near the Makiling area, especially in San Pablo. Another famous landmark in Laguna are the Pagsanjan Falls, in Cavinti. The water from the Pagsanjan Falls comes from the Bumbungan River. Mount Banahaw borders Laguna and Quezon, and is similarly considered to be a holy mountain like Makiling.

Aerial view of the Taal Volcano

The Batangas area is mostly elevated, with small low flat lands and scattered mountain areas. Batangas is also home to the Taal Volcano, a complex volcano and one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes. The Taal Volcano is situated within Taal Lake, making Taal a third-order island, and possibly one of the largest in the world. Other islands in Batangas are Verde Island, near the Isla Verde Passage, and Fortune Island in Nasugbu. Batangas borders Cavite via Mount Pico de Loro, known for the views that could be found in its summit. Mount Macolod and Mount Batulao can also be found in Batangas.

Rizal is situated north of Laguna de Bay, and consists of a mixture of valleys and mountain ranges, with flat low-lying areas in the western portion of the province near Manila. The eastern portion of Rizal has hills and ridges which form part of the Sierra Madre range. Talim Island, the largest island in Laguna de Bay, is under the jurisdiction of the province of Rizal.

Quezon province is mountainous, with few plains and swamps, and the tail-end of the Sierra Madre running through it. Quezon is a narrow province, with the Tayabas Isthmus comprising the southern part of the province and connecting it to the Bicol Peninsula. The southern part also consists of the Bondoc Peninsula, sandwiched between the Tayabas Bay and Ragay Gulf.

Further information: Mount Maburgos

The largest islands in Quezon are the Alabat and Polillo islands, which are both located in Lamon Bay, connecting to Calauag Bay of the town of Calauag. Laguna shares a border with Quezon via Mount Banahaw.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Provinces

[edit]
Political map of Calabarzon

Calabarzon comprises five provinces, 1 highly urbanized city, 21 component cities and 4,019 barangays.

Province or HUC Capital Population (2020)[20] Area[21] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
 Batangas Batangas City 18.0% 2,908,494 3,115.05 1,202.73 930 2,400 5 29 1,078
 Cavite Imus 26.8% 4,344,829 1,526.28 589.30 2,800 7,300 8 15 829
 Laguna Santa Cruz 20.9% 3,382,193 1,928.23 744.49 1,800 4,700 6 24 681
 Quezon Lucena † 12.0% 1,950,459 8,743.84 3,376.02 220 570 1 39 1,209
 Rizal Antipolo 20.6% 3,330,143 1,182.65 456.62 2,800 7,300 1 13 189
Lucena † — 1.7% 278,924 80.21 30.97 3,500 9,100 1 — 33
Total 16,195,042 16,576.26 6,400.13 980 2,500 21 122 4,019

 †  Lucena is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from Quezon province.

Governors and vice governors

[edit]
Governors and vice governors in Calabarzon
Province Governor Vice governor
Name Map Image Name Party Image Name Party

Cavite 		Athena Tolentino NUP Shernan Jaro NUP

Laguna 		Ramil Hernandez Lakas–CMD Katherine Agapay PFP

Batangas 		Hermilando Mandanas PDP–Laban Mark Leviste PDP–Laban

Rizal 		Nina Ynares NPC Reynaldo H. San Juan Jr. PFP

Quezon 		Angelina Tan Anacleto A. Alcala III NPC

Cities

[edit]
View of the City of Calamba, Laguna

Calabarzon has 22 cities (21 component cities and 1 highly urbanized city of Lucena) in total, making it the region with the most cities amongst the Luzon regions. Antipolo is the most populous city in the region, as well as the 6th most populous city of the whole Philippines, while Bacoor and San Pedro is the most densely populated cities in the whole region. A large section of Calabarzon is considered part of the Greater Manila Area; while Batangas City is the center of the Batangas metropolitan area. The region has a gross regional product of ₱1.65 trillion (at current prices), which accounts for 17% of the national GDP.[22]

On August 7, 2000, the municipality of Los Baños, Laguna, was declared as a "Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines"[23][24] through Presidential Proclamation No. 349[25] in recognition of its importance as a center for science and technology, being home to many prestigious educational, environmental and research institutions. This proclamation does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities.

  •  †  Regional center
City Population (2020)[20] Area[26] Density City class Income class Province
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Antipolo[b] 887,399 306.10 118.19 2,900 7,500 Component 1st Rizal
Bacoor[c] 664,625 46.17 17.83 14,000 36,000 Component 1st Cavite
Batangas City 351,437 282.96 109.25 1,200 3,100 Component 1st Batangas
Biñan 407,437 43.50 16.80 9,400 24,000 Component 1st Laguna
Cabuyao 355,330 43.40 16.76 8,200 21,000 Component 1st Laguna
Calaca 87,361 114.58 44.24 760 2,000 Component N/A Batangas
† Calamba 539,671 149.50 57.72 3,600 9,300 Component 1st Laguna
Carmona 106,256 29.68 11.46 3,600 9,300 Component N/A Cavite
Cavite City 100,674 10.89 4.20 9,200 24,000 Component 4th Cavite
Dasmariñas 703,141 90.13 34.80 7,800 20,000 Component 1st Cavite
General Trias 450,583 90.01 34.75 5,000 13,000 Component 1st Cavite
Imus 496,794 53.15 20.52 9,300 24,000 Component 1st Cavite
Lipa 372,931 209.40 80.85 1,800 4,700 Component 1st Batangas
Lucena 278,924 80.21 30.97 3,500 9,100 Highly Urbanized 1st Quezon
San Pablo 285,348 197.56 76.28 1,400 3,600 Component 1st Laguna
San Pedro 326,001 24.05 9.29 14,000 36,000 Component 1st Laguna
Santa Rosa 414,812 54.84 21.17 7,600 20,000 Component 1st Laguna
Santo Tomas 218,500 95.41 36.84 5,900 15,000 Component 1st Batangas
Tagaytay 85,330 65.00 25.10 1,300 3,400 Component 2nd Cavite
Tanauan 193,936 107.16 41.37 1,800 4,700 Component 1st Batangas
Tayabas 112,658 230.95 89.17 490 1,300 Component 6th Quezon
Trece Martires 210,503 39.10 15.10 5,400 14,000 Component 4th Cavite

Notes

  1. ^ Calabarzon (Region IV-A) and Mimaropa (formerly Region IV-B) were created from the division of the Southern Tagalog region (Region IV). The designation "Region IV-B" was officially dropped in 2016 through Republic Act No. 10879. However, the law does not include any provision affecting the status of "Region IV-A", thereby maintaining the status quo in Calabarzon. For a brief period, Region IV-A also served as the designation for Southern Tagalog when it was a sub-region of Metro Manila.
  2. ^ Antipolo was declared a "highly-urbanized city" by President Benigno Aquino; such proclamation however still needs to be ratified in a plebiscite.[27]
  3. ^ Bacoor was declared a "highly urbanized city" by President Rodrigo Duterte; such proclamation however still needs to be ratified in a plebiscite.

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Calabarzon
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 739,776—    
1918 962,856+1.77%
1939 1,388,269+1.76%
1948 1,592,493+1.54%
1960 2,316,173+3.17%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1970 3,356,327+3.77%
1975 3,904,174+3.08%
1980 4,603,435+3.35%
1990 6,349,452+3.27%
1995 7,750,204+3.81%
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000 9,320,629+4.03%
2007 11,757,755+3.26%
2010 12,609,803+2.58%
2015 14,414,774+2.58%
2020 16,195,042+2.32%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[28][1]
See also: Demographics of the Philippines

Calabarzon has a population of 16.1 million people, the largest of all the regions of the Philippines.[20] The population growth rate between 2000 and 2010 of 3.07% decreased from the growth rate between 1990 and 2000 of 3.91%, a trend which coincided with the rest of the nation. Life expectancy in Calabarzon is 68.9 years for men and 75.2 years for women. There are an estimated 356,000 Overseas Filipino Workers originating from Calabarzon.[29]

A vast majority of people living in Calabarzon are Tagalogs. It is estimated that around 5.8 million Tagalogs live in Region IV-A.[30] Taal, in particular, is considered the "Heartland of Tagalog Culture" and is currently the "center" of the Tagalog culture and people. Calabarzon is also home to a sizable number of people with Chinese and Spanish ancestry on account of Chinese immigration and Spanish colonization, respectively. Because of the large majority of Tagalog natives, the majority of people living in Calabarzon speak the Tagalog language. Filipino, being a version of Tagalog, is predominant in the region, which is spoken as a lingua franca of Tagalog speakers of different dialects. English is also used in Calabarzon. In Cavite, Chavacano, a creole language, was once commonly spoken; however, its usage is now in steep decline, and it is now only spoken by a handful of elderly residents in the province. The other native language spoken in Calabarzon is Hatang Kayi, also named as Sinauna, a Central Luzon language spoken in Tanay, Rizal and General Nakar, Quezon; this is related to Kapampangan and Sambalic languages. Other native languages spoken in the region are the Manide language in east Quezon and a small portion in north Quezon, the Umiray Dumaget language in north Quezon and a small area in central Quezon, and the Inagta Alabat language on Alabat Island. Languages not native in the region are also spoken by minority residents, including Bicolano, Butuanon, Cebuano, various Cordilleran languages, Cuyunon, Hiligaynon, Ilocano (especially in Quezon bordering Aurora), Karay-a, Kapampangan, Lumad (indigenous tribal languages in Mindanao), Surigaonon, Waray, Maguindanaon, Maranao and Tausug.

Religion

[edit]

The large majority of the population of Calabarzon are part of a Christian denomination, with the Catholic Church forming the largest proportion with its adherents accounting for 89% of the regional population. It is then followed up by the Iglesia ni Cristo (3.06%) , Philippine Independent Church (0.066%) and the Jesus is Lord Church (0.4%). A small Muslim population also exists, accounting for 0.4% of the regional population.[31]

Population by religious affiliation in CALABARZON (2020)
Affiliation Number Percentage
Roman Catholic[a] 14,390,095
89.1%
Iglesia ni Cristo 494,599
3.06%
Philippine Independent Church 107,210
0.66%
Islam 80,057
0.50%
Jesus is Lord Church 65,036
0.4%
Church of Christ 63,664
0.39%
Seventh-day Adventist 58,949
0.37%
Bible Baptist Church 52,301
0.32%
Christian Missions in the Philippines 45,166
0.28%
Jehovah's Witnesses 45,122
0.28%
Other religious affiliations 737,571
4.57%
None 3,338
0.02%
Not reported 805
0%
Total 16,139,770
100%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[31]
  1. ^ excluding Catholic Charismatic numbering 13,287 persons (0.08%)

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Calabarzon

2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
2006
10.27
2009
11.92
2012
10.92
2015
12.46
2018
7.15
2021
7.20

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Calabarzon is the second largest contributor to the national GDP, accounting for 17% of the gross domestic product. The region boasts a 2.1% inflation rate, lower than the national average of 3%. The region has a 9.2% unemployment rate which is higher than the national average of 7%. Calabarzon, much like the rest of the country, is caught in the middle of being an industrial and an agricultural economy.

Due to the region's proximity to Metro Manila, a large amount of urbanization has taken place over the years. Cavite and Laguna in particular are sites of manufacturing and high-tech industries, with companies like Intel and Panasonic setting up plants in the region. Santa Rosa, Laguna, is home to a host of semi-conductor and automotive companies such as Amkor and Toyota, while General Trias is home to Cavite's largest economic development zone, the PEC Industrial Park.[citation needed]

The region still has a large agricultural base. As of 2002, the region had 282,700 farms, covering 588,500 hectares (1,454,000 acres), or 36.3% of the region's total land area.[40] Cavite alone has almost 70,500 hectares (174,000 acres) of agricultural land. Laguna is home to the International Rice Research Institute, which can be found within the University of the Philippines Los Baños, whose main goal is to find sustainable ways to help rice farmers. Batangas, meanwhile, is home to a large pineapple and coconut industry, which is used to make barong tagalogs and lambanog. Quezon is the country's leader in coconut products such as coconut oil and copra. Quezon's towns such as Tayabas City, Mauban and Infanta are also known producers of commercialized native liqueurs such as lambanog and tuba. Rizal is known for its piggeries. Region IV-A's agricultural base, however, is slowly decreasing. Due to their proximity to large bodies of water, Laguna and Batangas also have sizable fishing industries. Taal Lake is a large source of fresh water fishes for the country.

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in the Philippines
Rizal Shrine in Calamba, Laguna

Due to the region's history and natural resources, tourism plays a major role in the regional economy. Cavite and Laguna are homes to various historical sites, such as the Rizal Shrine in Calamba,[41] and the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit.[42][43][44] San Pablo is famous for its seven lakes,[45] Pagsanjan for its majestic waterfalls and both Taal Lake and the historic Taal town in Batangas. Tayabas is known as the City of Festivals, Rest and Recreation Destination of Quezon and famous for lambanog.

The Minor Basilica of Saint Michael Archangel is the religious testaments of the Tayabenses and declared as National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines, the Casa Comunidad de Tayabas, the former office of the then President Manuel Luis Quezon and the place where Hermano Pule was sentenced to death, and the Malagonlong Bridge and the 9 other century-old Spanish arch type and National Cultural Treasure bridges. Local festivals include the Taytsinoy Festival, Mayohan Festival, Pa'yas Festival Hagisan Festival, Baliskog Festival, Angel Festival, Aguyod Festival and the Turumba Festival every Holy Week.

Lucban is most famous for its annual Pahiyas Festival or locally known as Pahiyas, an event not only visited by local tourists but also by international tourists as well. Devotees and pilgrims also visit Lucban's Kamay ni Hesus Shrine, which has a 50-foot statue of the Ascending Christ on top of a hill.[46] Batangas is also famous for its scenic beaches in Nasugbu and Calatagan. Antipolo is another major tourist spot, found in Rizal. The region is also home to a multitude of baroque churches.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Roads and bridges

[edit]

Being an industrialized region, Calabarzon is dotted with expressways and highways to serve the people traveling to factories and industries, as well as to accommodate traffic that comes to and from Metro Manila, as it is located just east and south of the region. The Pan-Philippine Highway is an important road that crosses through Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, and Quezon, serving as a gateway to the southern parts of Luzon.

The South Luzon Expressway and Southern Tagalog Arterial Road link the port of Batangas to Metro Manila, while the Cavite–Laguna Expressway and Manila–Cavite Expressway (also known as CAVITEX) seamlessly link industrial towns and cities that dot around Cavite and Laguna. All the aforementioned expressways also help accommodate the inter-modal traffic between Calabarzon and Metro Manila, serving as a faster, more viable alternative compared to primary highways that directly cross municipal and city centers.

The Laguna Lake Highway, a joint project of DPWH NCR and Region IV-A, is the widening/rehabilitation at Taytay, Rizal segment, a 3.34-kilometer road.

Currently, there are two more bridges being built - Barkadahan Bridge and Napindan Bridge - which will provide additional 2 lanes crossing over Manggahan Floodway and Pasig River, respectively.[47]

Notable people

[edit]

Batangas

[edit]
Main article: Batangas § Notable people

Cavite

[edit]
Main article: Batangas § Notable people

Laguna

[edit]
Main article: Laguna (province) § Notable people

Quezon (including Lucena)

[edit]
Main article: Quezon § Notable people
Main article: Lucena § Notable personalities

Rizal

[edit]
Main article: Rizal (province) § Notable personalities

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "2021 to 2023 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)". openstat.psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Executive Order No. 1 – Dividing Region IV Into Region IV-A and Region IV-B, Transferring the Province of Aurora to Region III and for Other Purposes". Official Gazette (Philippines). Office of the President of the Philippines. May 17, 2002. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  4. ^ Sources using Calabarzon and Southern Tagalog interchangeably:
    • Nepomuceno, Priam (January 18, 2021). "3 NPA fronts in Southern Tagalog dismantled". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 10, 2023. The military has dismantled three New People's Army (NPA) guerrilla fronts in the Southern Tagalog region... The dismantling of these fronts has put an end to the NPA's terroristic activities in most parts of Region 4-A (Calabarzon).
    • "Malacañang vows probe on deaths of activists in Calabarzon". CNN Philippines. March 8, 2021. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023. Malacañang assured the public an investigation is underway on the deaths of activists in the Southern Tagalog region... In his briefing on Monday, Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque said the government is obligated to probe the killings, which happened during simultaneous police operations in Calabarzon over the weekend.
    • "Moderate to heavy rains expected in Metro Manila, Calabarzon". ABS-CBN News. October 22, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2023. Moderate to heavy rains are expected over Metro Manila and southern Tagalog due to the effect of shearline and trough of a low pressure area (LPA)... In its 11 p.m. weather advisory, PAGASA said moderate to heavy with at times intense rains may persist over Metro Manila and Calabarzon.
  5. ^ Andal, Rudy (August 2, 2018). "Libong OFWs dumagsa sa DOLE" [Thousands of OFWs flock to DOLE]. Pilipino Star Ngayon (in Tagalog). Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  7. ^ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  8. ^ Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 29, 2006). "Pailah is Pila, Laguna". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  9. ^ Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-1069-0.
  10. ^ Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle". Philippine Studies. 53 (1). Ateneo de Manila Press: 119–138. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
  11. ^ Star: The mark of Sakay: The vilified hero of our war with America, retrieved March 9, 2013
  12. ^ An Act to Change the Name of the Province of Tayabas to Quezon (Republic Act 14). September 7, 1946. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  13. ^ An Act Creating the Subprovince of Aurora, Which Shall Comprise the Municipalities of Baler, Casiguran, Dipaculao and Maria Aurora, Province of Quezon (Republic Act 648). June 14, 1951. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  14. ^ Baler For All Time by Edgardo Angara
  15. ^ Reorginazing the Executive Branch of the National Government (Presidential Decree 1). September 24, 1972. Retrieved April 12, 2017. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ "Aurora, Philippines – History". www.aurora.ph. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
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