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Bulgarian cuisine

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Bulgarian kebab with rice

Bulgarian cuisine is part of the cuisine of Eastern Europe, sharing characteristics with other Balkan cuisines. Bulgarian cooking traditions are diverse because of geographical factors such as climatic conditions suitable for a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruit. Aside from the variety of local Bulgarian dishes, Bulgarian cuisine shares a number of dishes with its neighboring countries, in particular with Turkish and Greek cuisine.[1]

Bulgarian cuisine includes a significant contribution from Ottoman cuisine,[2][3] and therefore shares a number of dishes with Middle Eastern cuisine, including moussaka,[4] gyuvetch, kyufte, baklava, ayran, and shish kebab.[5][6] Bulgarian food often incorporates salads as appetizers and is also noted for the prominence of dairy products, wines, and other alcoholic drinks such as rakia. The cuisine also features a variety of soups, such as the cold soup tarator, and pastries, such as the filo dough-based banitsa, pita, and the various types of börek.

Main courses are very typically water-based stews, either vegetarian or with lamb, goat meat, veal, chicken, or pork. Deep-frying is not common, but grilling—especially of different kinds of sausages—is prominent. Pork is common, often mixed with veal or lamb, although fish and chicken are also widely used. While most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is popular for grilling meat appetizers (meze) and in some main courses. As a substantial exporter of lamb, Bulgaria's own consumption is notable, especially in the spring.[7]

Similar to other Balkan cultures, the per-capita consumption of yogurt (Bulgarian: кисело мляко, romanized: kiselo mlyako, lit. 'sour milk') among Bulgarians is traditionally higher than the rest of Europe. The country is notable as the historical namesake for Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a microorganism chiefly responsible for the local variety of dairy products.[8] Sirene (сирене), a white brine cheese similar to feta, is also a popular ingredient used in salads and a variety of pastries.

Holidays are often observed in conjunction with certain meals. On Christmas Eve, for instance, tradition requires vegetarian stuffed peppers and cabbage leaves sarmi. New Year's Eve usually involves cabbage dishes, Nikulden (Day of St. Nicholas, December 6) involves fish (usually carp), while Gergyovden (Day of St. George, May 6) is typically celebrated with roast lamb.

Traditional Bulgarian foods

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Sarmi, a traditional Bulgarian Christmas Eve dish

Bulgarian breakfast

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  • Banitsa – baked pastry made of layered stuffing and phyllo. There are many varieties with different names, with arguably the most famous one being with eggs, sirene, and yogurt.[9]
  • Börek – a filled pastry made with layers of filo dough.
  • Tutmanik – similar to pita, made with yeast dough and milk, but with white cheese.
  • Milinki (singular: milinka) – bread roll type pastry with eggs and sirene
  • Princess with minced meat – open-faced baked sandwich with minced meat, and possibly some yellow cheese on top
  • Princess with yellow cheese – open-faced baked sandwich with yellow cheese on top
  • Princess with eggs and cheese – open-faced baked sandwich with egg and sirene mixture on top
  • Mekitsi (singular: mekitsa) – deep-fried dough pastry, typically served with jam, honey, sirene, or icing sugar
  • French toast (Purjena filia) – bread dipped in eggs and milk (either cow's milk or yogurt) and fried in oil
  • Kazanlak doughnuts – a specific type of doughnuts, from the town of Kazanlak
  • Buhti (singular: buhta) – deep-fried dough balls, often served with jam, honey, or sirene
  • Langidi (singular: langida) – somewhat similar to American-style pancakes, soft and eggy
  • Palachinki (singular: palachinka) – Bulgarian-style pancakes that are thinner than American pancakes and sometimes rolled around some stuffing
  • Katmi (singular: katma) – another variant of Bulgarian pancakes, which are bigger and thicker and are rolled around stuffing
  • Popara – might be made from rusks, bread, or kozunak with tea, milk, or sour milk (Bulgarian yogurt). Quite different from other Bulgarian breakfasts, this one was very popular during the 20th century, and many Bulgarians remember this dish with fondness and childhood nostalgia.

Cold cuts

[edit]
Lukanka, a traditional Bulgarian cold cut
  • Banski starets (also banski staretz) – spicy sausage,[10] native to the Bansko region[11]
  • Elenski but – air-cured ham sausage, seasoned with herbs[10]
  • Lukanka – spicy salami of minced beef and pork[4]
  • Pastarma – spicy beef sausage;[12] a variant of Anatolian dried meat called pastirma.[13]
  • Sujuk (also soudjouk, sukuk, sukuk, or sucuk) – flat cured, dark red sausage, common in the Balkans, Eastern Mediterranean, and North Africa[14][15]

Soups and stews

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  • Tarator – cold soup of cucumbers, garlic, yogurt, and dill[4]
  • Vegetable soup – with various fresh vegetables and potatoes[16]
  • Nettle soup[17] – with rice and sirene
  • Spinach soup – with sirene and eggs
  • Bob chorba – hot bean soup[18]
  • Lentil soup – brown lentils soup
  • Mushroom soup – with forest mushrooms[16]
  • Chicken soup – made with vermicelli, potatoes, and vegetables
  • Teleshko vareno – boiled veal, potatoes, and vegetables in consommé
  • Ribena chorba – a traditional spicy fish soup, made with thyme and fresh lovage[19]
  • Topcheta soup – a Bulgarian meatball soup thickened with egg yolks and yogurt
  • Lamb soup – made from lamb organ meats
  • Kurban chorba – lamb meat and lamb organ meats, eggs, and vegetables
  • Shkembe chorba – spicy soup made of tripe,[20] reputed in Bulgaria to be a "hangover cure"[21]
  • Pacha – a sour pork's-trotter soup, with sour ingredients such as pickles, bitter fruit, or vinegar in the broth[16]
  • Gyuvetch – spicy vegetable stew with vegetables and sometimes different meats, often cooked in a clay pot[4]
  • Smilyanski fasul – Smilyan bean stew[16]
  • Potato stew
Bulgarian soups
  • Tarator is a cold soup made of yogurt, water, minced cucumber, dill, garlic, and sunflower or olive oil.
    Tarator is a cold soup made of yogurt, water, minced cucumber, dill, garlic, and sunflower or olive oil.
  • Topcheta soup
    Topcheta soup
  • shkembe chorba
    shkembe chorba
  • Teleshko vareno, a traditional Bulgarian soup
    Teleshko vareno, a traditional Bulgarian soup

Salads

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Green salad (left) and shopska salad (right)
  • Ovcharska salata (shepherd's salad) – shopska salad, with the addition of grated egg, mushrooms, and sometimes ham[22]
  • Ruska salata (Russian salad) – salad with potatoes, carrots, gherkins, ham and mayonnaise[22]
  • Shopska salad – a common salad of chopped cucumbers, onions, peppers, and tomatoes with white cheese[23]
  • Snezhanka ("Snow White salad") – chopped cucumbers with yogurt, dill, garlic, and often walnuts[24]
  • Turshiya (also torsi) – pickled vegetables, such as celery, beets, cauliflower, and cabbage, popular in wintertime; variations are selska turshiya (country pickle) and tsarska turshiya (king's pickles)[25]

Sauces, relishes, and appetizers

[edit]
Lyutenica is a traditional Bulgarian sauce made from tomatoes and peppers
  • Lyutenitsa (also lyutenitza) – purée of tomatoes, red peppers, and carrots, often served on bread and topped with white cheese[4]
  • Kyopulu (also kyopolou) – roasted eggplant (aubergine) and bell peppers, mashed with parsley, garlic, and other ingredients[26]
  • Lyutika – spicy sauce
  • Podluchen sauce or yogurt sauce – yogurt with garlic, oil, paprika, salt, and sometimes dill
  • Katino meze – hot starter with chopped pork meat, onion, and mushrooms with fresh butter and spices
  • Drob po selski – chopped liver with onion and peppers
  • Ezik v maslo – sliced tongue in butter
  • Sirene pane – breaded Bulgarian brine white cheese bites
  • Kashkaval pane – breaded kashkaval bites
  • Mussels in butter – with onion and fresh herbs; traditionally from Sozopol

Skara (grill)

[edit]
Shishcheta (left) and Cheverme grill from the Rhodopes (right)
  • Kyufte – meatballs of minced pork meat, seasoned with traditional spices and shaped in a flattened ball
  • Kebapche – similar to meatballs, but seasoned with cumin and shaped in a stick
  • Parjola – pork steak, chop, or flank
  • Shishcheta – marinated pieces of chicken or pork and vegetables
  • Karnache – a type of sausage with special spices
  • Nadenitsa – a type of sausage with special spices
  • Tatarsko kyufte – stuffed meatballs
  • Nevrozno kyufte – very piquant meatballs
  • Chicken in caul
  • Cheverme – used in celebrations such as weddings, graduations, and birthdays; a whole animal, traditionally a pig, but also chicken or a lamb, is slowly cooked in an open fire, rotated manually on a wooden skewer from 4 to 7 hours
  • Meshana skara (mixed grill plate) – consists of kebapche, kyufte, shishche, and karnache or nadenitsa
  • Grilled vegetables – usually a garnish or a side dish
  • Grilled fish (saltwater or freshwater)

Main dishes

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Bulgarian kavarma (left) and yahniya (right)
Tatarsko kufte, a stuffed meatball, prepared by grilling (skara)
Stuffed peppers
Whole pigs, roasted on charcoal in Pernik
  • Ghivetch
  • Yahniya
  • Plakiya
  • Sarma
  • Drob Sarma
  • Wine, Tepsi, or Tas kebab
  • Kavarma
  • Kapama
  • Mish-mash – popular summer dish made with tomatoes, peppers, onion, white brine cheese, eggs, and fresh spices
  • Pilaf – rice with chopped meat, vegetables, or mussels
  • Moussaka
  • Chomlek
  • Mlin
  • Stuffed courgettes
  • Pulneni chushki – Bulgarian stuffed bell peppers[4]
  • Peppers börek
  • Roasted beans
  • Beans with sausage
  • Pork with rice
  • Roasted chicken with potatoes
  • Pork with cabbage
  • Chicken with cabbage
  • Roasted potatoes
  • Drusan kebab
  • Rice with chicken
  • Tatarian meatball
  • Meatball(s) with white sauce stew
  • Kjufteta po Chirpanski – meatballs with potatoes; a recipe from Chirpan
  • Meatloaf 'Rulo "Stephanie"'[clarification needed]
  • Potato balls with sauce
  • Panagyurishte-style eggs
  • Fried courgettes with yogurt sauce
  • Chicken in katmi – popular in a "Thracian" variety
  • Fish Zelnik – with sauerkraut and rice
  • Fish in pastry – usually in celebration of St. Nicholas
  • Stuffed carp or Nikuldenski carp – prepared for the feast of St. Nicholas

Breads and pastries

[edit]
Traditional Bulgarian pogača (left) and a pile of mekitsi with jam (right)

Dairy products

[edit]
Vacuum-packed kashkaval cheese in Bulgarian store

Bulgaria has a strong tradition of using milk and dairy products.[4] Bulgaria even has a namesake strain of bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, used to make many of its cheeses and fermented foods which gives it a distinct flavor.

Sweets

[edit]
A tahini-based halva with pistachios

The name halva (халва) is used for several related varieties of the Middle Eastern dessert. Tahan / tahini halva (тахан / тахини халва) is the most popular version, available in two different types with sunflower and with sesame seed. Traditionally, the regions of Yablanitsa and Haskovo are famous manufacturers of halva.

  • Pumpkin dessert (Печена тиква), Roasted pumpkin
  • Baklava
  • Kadaif
  • Revane
  • Buhti with yogurt
  • Tolumbi (толумби) – fried choux pastry cakes soaked in syrup which is usually made with honey
  • Cookies "Peach" or Praskovki
  • Fruit bread
  • Biscuit cake
  • Torta Garash (Garash cake)
  • Katmi with jam or honey or cheese (today usually with added chocolate)
  • Skalichki
  • Kazanlak Donuts
  • Kazanlak Korabii (Казанлъшки курабии) – a scone like pastry that is egg washed and sprinkled with sugar
  • Keks – similar to marble cake
  • Kompot
  • Kozunak
  • Kurabiiki
  • Lokum
  • Maslenki
  • Milk with rice
  • Oshav
  • Tart with cherries or sour cherries – traditionally from Bobov dol
  • Tart with different fruits
  • Tatlii
  • Tikvenik
Bulgarian sweets

Spices and herbs

[edit]

Other staples

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Traditional Bulgarian drinks

[edit]

Wine

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Perushtitsa Mavrud wine
Main article: Bulgarian wine

Beer

[edit]
A bottle of Zagorka in a traditional mehana
Main article: Beer in Bulgaria

Distilled liqueurs

[edit]
Pelin wine is a bitter liqueur based on wormwood

Fermented beverages

[edit]

Hot beverages

[edit]
  • Tea – usually prepared with one or several herbs, rose, or fruits
  • Greyana rakia (boiled rakia) – winter alcoholic beverage
  • Greyano vino (mulled wine) – winter alcoholic beverage

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Еconomic.bg (2017-09-12). "История на традиционната българска кухня". Еconomic.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. ^ Stefan Detchev, "From Istanbul to Sarajevo via Belgrade—A Bulgarian Cookbook of 1874", doi:10.1163/9789004367548_015 in Earthly Delights: Economies and Cultures of Food in Ottoman and Danubian Europe, c. 1500–1900, 2018, Balkan Studies Library 23, ISBN 978-90-04-36754-8, p. 396
  3. ^ Iskra Velinova, "The Pleasures of Being Global: Cultural Consumption of Pizza and Sushi in a Bulgarian City", Approaching Consumer Culture, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00226-8_8, p. 190
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Deutsch, p. 87-88.
  5. ^ Culinary Cultures of Europe, ISBN 9789287157447, p. 98
  6. ^ A considerable number of dishes belonging to the "Bulgarian" cuisine are in fact borrowed from the Ottomans. Turkish cuisine forms the core of Balkan cuisine. For more see: Evgenia Krăsteva-Blagoeva, Tasting the Balkans: Food and Identity in Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Part 2, Ethnologia Balkanica, Editors Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, Lit Verlag, 2009, ISBN 3643101074, p. 33.
  7. ^ (April 2006). "Bulgaria Poultry and Products Meat Market Update." Thepoultrysite.com. Accessed July 2011.
  8. ^ "Bulgarians celebrate the art of 'true' homemade yoghurt". Timesofmalta.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  9. ^ Deutsch, p. 87–88.
  10. ^ a b c Bousfield & Willis, p. 232.
  11. ^ Dublin, p. 138.
  12. ^ a b Bousfield & Richardson, p. 40.
  13. ^ Robert Sietsema, New York in a Dozen Dishes (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015), p. 112.
  14. ^ Jonathan Bousfield & Dan Richardson, A Rough Guide to Bulgaria (Rough Guides, 2002), p. 40.
  15. ^ Nichola Fletcher, Sausage: A Country-By-Country Photographic Guide With Recipes (DK: 2012), p. 217.
  16. ^ a b c d Ross, p. 67.
  17. ^ Kay, p. 57.
  18. ^ Kay, p. 57; Ross, p. 67; Kelsey Kinser, Vegan Beans from Around the World: 100 Adventurous Recipes for the Most Delicious, Nutritious, and Flavorful Bean Dishes Ever (Ulysses Press, 2014), p. 29.
  19. ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Bulgaria, p. 233.
  20. ^ Sachsenroeder, p. 144; Deutsch, p. 88.
  21. ^ Kay, p. 57; Ross, p. 70.
  22. ^ a b Sachsenroeder, p. 143.
  23. ^ Deutsch, p. 88; Sachsenroeder, p. 143.
  24. ^ Sachsenroeder, p. 143; Kay, pp. 56-57; Richard Watkins & Christopher Deliso, Bulgaria (Lonely Planet, 2008), p. 55.
  25. ^ Ross, p. 63; Kay, p. 57.
  26. ^ Kay, p. 57, Sachsenroeder, p. 143; DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Bulgaria (DK: rev. ed. 2011), p. 233
  27. ^ Deutsch, p. 87; Bousfield & Willis, p. 232.
  28. ^ Lay, p. 57.
  29. ^ Tropcheva et al., Antifungal activity and identification of Lactobacilli, isolated from traditional dairy product "katak", Anaerobe (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.05.010.

References

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  • DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Bulgaria (DK: rev. ed. 2011).
  • Jonathan Bousfield & Matthew Willis, DK Eyewitness Travel: Bulgaria (DK: 2008).
  • James I. Deutsch, "Bulgaria" in Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia (ed. Lucy M. Long: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).
  • Annie Kay, Bulgaria (Bradt Travel Guides: 2nd ed. 2015), p. 57.
  • Fiona Ross, "Bulgaria" in Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia (ed. Ken Albala: ABC-CLIO, 2011).
  • Agnes Sachsenroeder, CultureShock! Bulgaria: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette (Marshall Cavendish: 2nd ed. 2011).
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