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Brooke Magnanti

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Brooke Magnanti
Brooke Magnanti on 7 June 2010
Brooke Magnanti on 7 June 2010
BornBrooke Magnanti
(1975-11-05) 5 November 1975 (age 49)
New Port Richey, Florida, US
Pen nameBelle de Jour, Taro
Occupation
Nationality
  • American
  • British
Alma materFlorida State University (BS)
Sheffield University (PhD)
Notable worksThe Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl
Website
belledejour.substack.com

Brooke Magnanti (born 5 November 1975)[1] is an American-born naturalised British[2] former research scientist, blogger, and writer, who, until her identity was revealed in November 2009, was known by the pen name Belle de Jour.[3] While completing her doctoral studies, between 2003 and 2004, Magnanti supplemented her income by working as a London call girl known by the working name Taro.[4]

Her diary, published as the anonymous blog Belle de Jour: Diary of a London Call Girl, became increasingly popular as speculation surrounded the identity of Belle de Jour. Remaining anonymous, Magnanti went on to have her experiences published as The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl in 2005 and The Further Adventures of a London Call Girl in 2006. Her first two books were UK top 10 best-sellers in the nonfiction hardback and nonfiction paperback lists.

In 2007 Belle's blogs and books were adapted into a television programme, Secret Diary of a Call Girl starring Billie Piper as Belle, with the real name Hannah Baxter. In November 2009, fearing her real identity was about to come out, Magnanti revealed her real name and occupation as a child health scientist.

She is honoured in BBC's 100 Women in 2013 and 2014.[5][6]

Early life

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Born in New Port Richey, United States to an Italian American father and Jewish American mother,[7] Magnanti grew up in Clearwater, Florida.[7] She graduated from the private Clearwater Central Catholic High School where she was named a National Merit Scholar in 1992.[8]

She entered university at the age of 16, going on to receive a B.S. in 1996 from Florida State University. Relocating to the United Kingdom, Magnanti studied for a master's degree in genetic epidemiology and PhD in forensic science from the University of Sheffield in England.[9][10]

Identity

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Pseudonym

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Magnanti's pseudonym was derived from the 1928 novel Belle de jour by Joseph Kessel and the 1967 film of the same name starring Catherine Deneuve, directed by Luis Buñuel. In the film, "Belle de Jour" is an expression translating literally as "daytime beauty", as Deneuve's character frequented the brothel during the daytime, when her husband was absent from home. The expression is adapted from the French phrase "belle de nuit", which translates as "lady of the night", i.e. a prostitute.[11][12]

The weblog Belle de Jour: Diary of a London call girl first appeared in October 2003[12] and won the Guardian newspaper's Best British Weblog 2003, in the second year of the award's existence.[13] There was speculation in the media for several years as to the real identity of the author, whether Belle really was a call girl. Guesses as to who Belle was ranged from Rowan Pelling to Toby Young according to The Telegraph. In 2004 The Sunday Times featured a front-page headline incorrectly identifying Sarah Champion as the author of the blog based on erroneous textual analysis by Donald Foster.[14]

According to The Guardian a fellow British blogger guessed her identity in 2003 but kept it secret. He made a page on his blog containing the googlewhack of Belle de Jour and Brooke Magnanti that allowed him to see if anyone googled the two names. In 2009 he identified IP addresses originating from Associated Newspapers that had accessed the page at which point he contacted Magnanti to alert her.[15] Around the same time tabloid reporters had been escorted from the hospital where she worked for breaking into her office.[16]

Revelation of identity

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On 15 November 2009, The Sunday Times revealed in an interview that the author's real name is Brooke Magnanti;[3] she was 34 years of age at the time.[17] The Guardian's Paul Gallagher described it as the revelation of "one of the best kept literary secrets of the decade".[18] The Daily Telegraph's Stephen Adams said it had been "the new millennium's equivalent of the 1980s' search for the golden hare".[17] Such was the nature of the secret that Magnanti's colleagues did not know until one month before she went public, her publishers had been unaware of her true identity until the previous week and her parents found out on that weekend.[17][18][19]

After signing her first book deal and starting writing articles for newspapers, only two other people were aware of her identity, her agent Patrick Walsh and her accountant, who handled the financial transactions via a shell corporation.[20][21] Magnanti commented that she had thought a former boyfriend was on the verge of outing her,[19][22] and later reported him to the police for threats and harassment against her and her partner.[23]

Writing on her blog on the day of the revelation, Magnanti stated:

It feels so much better on this side. Not to have to tell lies, hide things from the people I care about. To be able to defend what my experience of sex work is like to all the sceptics and doubters. Anonymity had a purpose then – it will always have a reason to exist, for writers whose work is too damaging or too controversial to put their names on[22]

A spokesperson for the University of Bristol stated, "This aspect of Dr Magnanti's past is not relevant to her current role at the university", while her publisher said, "It's a courageous decision for Belle de Jour to come forward with her true identity and we support her decision to do so".[22]

Career

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Diary of a London Call Girl

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He: "So why do you do this?"
Me: "I'm not sure I have an answer to that."
"There must be something that you at least tell yourself."
"Well, perhaps I'm the sort of person apt to do something for no good reason other than I can't think of a reason not to."

The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl

Magnanti worked for 14 months as a £300-an-hour prostitute called Taro[24] for a London escort agency from 2003, after submitting her PhD thesis.[17][18] She did so due to lack of funds before her viva voce at the University of Sheffield in 2003[17] and is estimated to have earned more than £100,000 in that period.[25]

She had previously been a science blogger using her real name and started blogging about sex work under a pseudonym.[18] Diary of a London Call Girl was voted Blog of the Year by The Guardian newspaper in 2003. Awards judge Bruce Sterling called it "Archly transgressive, anonymous hooker is definitely manipulating the blog medium, word by word, sentence by sentence far more effectively than any of her competitors ... She is in a league by herself as a blogger."[26] Shortly after receiving the award she signed with literary agency Conville and Walsh who negotiated a publishing deal with Weidenfeld & Nicolson.[27]

Reviews of the books compared her writing to the works of Martin Amis and Nick Hornby,[28] and she frequently quotes from the poems of Philip Larkin. Themes of the blog and books include isolation and personae. "Solitude as much as sex propels these books ... Belle's prickly disbelief in any lasting togetherness picks up an almost existential heft."[29] She writes in Playing the Game "it's not all about the sex – never has been – it's about the heart of darkness."[30]

Later writing

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Magnanti's publisher, Orion Books, printed her first two books as part of its "Non Fiction/Memoir" line.[31] Her third book was classified as fiction and represents a fictional continuation from the first two. Her books have been published in the UK, US, Portugal, Spain, Slovenia, France, Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Romania, Russia, and China.

In 2016 her first thriller The Turning Tide was published in the UK. It attracted positive reviews, with The Guardian listing it among the best recent crime novels[32] and The Times noting "Magnanti's writing is lively and entertaining. When her victims are laid out on that slab, her unspeakably detailed descriptions are good enough to put the wind up Patricia Cornwell."[33]

From November 2005 until May 2006, Magnanti contributed a regular column in The Sunday Telegraph.[34] Since her identity had been revealed she has written about UK libel laws and their effect on science for The Guardian's website Comment Is Free.[35][36]

On 25 February 2010 Magnanti appeared on the BBC political affairs programme This Week to discuss the subject of sex education.[37] She is also an occasional guest on The Book Show broadcast on Sky Arts[38] and has spoken at a number of venues including The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival in conversation with India Knight.[39] She has also spoken on internet and forensic identity as part of the Bristol Festival of Ideas[40] and was a guest on the Stephen Fry 2011 series Fry's Planet Word.

In 2012 Magnanti was selected as ambassador for the Inverness Whisky Festival[41] and was ambassador for the festival's gin section in 2015.[42] Magnanti, along with Tobias Hill, acted as a judge for Fleeting Magazine's 2012 Six-Word Short Story Prize.[43] She was interviewed on Hardtalk on the BBC in October.[44]

Since 2012 she has been contributing blogger to The Daily Telegraph.

Scientist

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Magnanti's PhD thesis, awarded from the University of Sheffield Department of Forensic Pathology, was entitled Macrobioinformatics: the application of informatics methods to records of human remains. It was submitted in September 2003 and the degree was awarded in 2004.[45] After moving to London and while blogging as Belle de Jour she also worked as a computer programmer in cheminformatics at InforSense.[46] She blogged about this career at Cosmas.[47]

Magnanti went on to work as a biostatistician in the Newcastle University Paediatric and Lifecourse Epidemiology Research Group (PLERG),[48] researching a possible link between the occurrence of thyroid cancer in under-25s in NE England and radioiodine fallout exposure from Chernobyl in Ukraine.[49]

After her pseudonymous publishing career Magnanti was identified to be working as a research associate in developmental neurotoxicology and cancer epidemiology at the Bristol Initiative for Research of Child Health (BIRCH) at the University of Bristol.[18] Specifically she was part of the EU-funded Henvinet consortium,[50] researching the policies for assessing the risks of developmental neuropathology from exposure to organophosphates.[51] She collaborated on several EU project policy documents regarding human developmental risks of environmental exposure to chlorpyrifos,[52] phthalates,[53] and DecaBDE and HBCD.[54]

Activism

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Brooke Magnanti talking about her book The Sex Myth at Leeds Skeptics

In early 2012, Magnanti published a non-fiction popular science book under her real name entitled The Sex Myth. It covered topics in sexuality studies and sociological research in the effects of adult entertainment and sex work.

Reviewing for The Observer Catherine Hakim wrote "Magnanti offers a pretty sharp analysis of sexual politics: who fabricates the myths and why, the role of both rightwing and leftwing media in building up moral panics, the vast sums obtained by the pressure groups that profit from them, and, more recently, too, by the pharmaceutical companies that plan to profit from newly invented sexual diseases."[55] It drew a less favourable review from Julie Bindel, who writes of Magnanti's book, "I disagree with just about everything she has to say".[56]

In 2011 Brooke Magnanti published a statistical re-analysis criticising the Lilith Report on Lap Dancing and Striptease in the Borough of Camden,[57] a study which had claimed that sexual crimes increased after the opening of lap dancing venues in the area; the analysis showed this was not the case. The independent London newspaper the Camden New Journal highlighted Magnanti's criticism of the Lilith findings.[58]

In May 2016 Magnanti, alongside Paris Lees, was called to give evidence about sex work conditions in the UK to the Home Affairs Committee investigating prostitution laws in Britain.[25] The resulting recommendations by the committee headed by Keith Vaz, released in July 2016, implemented the pair's suggestions[citation needed] to eliminate criminal records[59] of those arrested for prostitution-related crimes.[60] Sex worker nonprofits called the apparent U-turn decision "a stunning victory for sex workers and our demands for decriminalisation" and "a giant step forward for sex workers' rights in the UK."[61]

Secret Diary of a Call Girl

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A television series loosely based on the first book was in development with Channel 4 in the UK, but eventually aired on ITV2 as Secret Diary of a Call Girl. The first series aired from 27 September 2007 to 15 November 2007 starring Billie Piper as Hannah Baxter (Belle). Magnanti met Piper in the course of preparing for the role but maintained her anonymity.[62] A half-hour TV programme covering a meeting and conversation between the two was broadcast on ITV2 on 25 January 2010. The second series commenced broadcasting in the UK on ITV2 on 11 September 2008.

The third series began broadcasting in the UK in January 2010. The fourth and final series started broadcasting in the UK on ITV2 in February 2011.

Personal life

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Magnanti was married and used to live in Lochaber in the Scottish Highlands.[7][63] She became a British citizen in 2013,[2] and moved back to the United States in 2016.[citation needed][64]

Libel case

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In June 2011, an ex-boyfriend issued a libel writ against The Sunday Times for a claim of defamation caused by his mention in the paper. The claim, filed by Flight Lieutenant Owen Morris[65] of RAF Lossiemouth, claimed that following her outing, he was identified as her former boyfriend and therefore mentions of his harassment in the articles had been damaging even though they did not mention him by name.[66] The Sunday Times printed an apology in February 2012,[67] followed by The Week who agreed to pay damages.[68]

Bibliography

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Writing as Belle de Jour

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  • Belle de Jour (2010). Belle's Best Bits. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2794-9.

Writing as Dr Brooke Magnanti

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Selected scientific works

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  • Magnanti, Brooke; Dorak, M. Tevfik; Parker, Louise; Craft, Alan W.; James, Peter W.; McNally, Richard J. Q. (2008). "Geographical analysis of thyroid cancer in young people from northern England: Evidence for a sustained excess in females in Cumbria". European Journal of Cancer. 45 (9): 1624–1629. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.12.024. PMID 19179067.
  • Magnanti, Brooke; Nicholls, A.; Sayle, R. (2003). David Arnold and Alan Chalmers and Franco Niccolucci (ed.). Multi-Platform Skeletal Visualisation and Reproduction in Stereolithography. 4th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage. Brighton, United Kingdom: Eurographics Association. pp. 89–92. doi:10.2312/VAST/VAST03/089-092.

Notes

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  1. ^ Brooke Leigh Magnanti (2011). "The Gyst of It: Autumn Sweeties". Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b Magnanti, Dr Brooke (28 March 2013). "Why is Jacqui Smith welcoming me as a British citizen in 2013?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  3. ^ a b Knight, India (15 November 2009). "I'm Belle de Jour". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  4. ^ "New Escort and PhD Babe". Archived from the original on 10 May 2004.
  5. ^ "100 Women: Who took part?". BBC. 22 November 2013.
  6. ^ "Who are the 100 Women 2014?". BBC News. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Hannah Betts (13 April 2012). "Brooke Magnanti: Sex for money, why not?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  8. ^ Eric Deggans: Subject of Showtime's 'Secret Diary of a Call Girl' grew up in Florida Archived 11 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Tampa Bay Times, 1 April 2011
  9. ^ Zoë Corbyn: Prostitution did not finance Belle de Jour's PhD at the website of Times Higher Education, 19 November 2009
  10. ^ Magnanti, Brooke. "Bio". DrBelle de Jour. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  11. ^ AFP: 'Belle de Jour' scientist backed by boss. The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 September 2009
  12. ^ a b Jacqueline Vickery: Belle de Jour Blog. In: John Derek Hall Downing (ed.): Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. Sage, 2011, ISBN 9780761926887, p. 72
  13. ^ Simon Waldman: British Blog Awards 2003 -The best of British blogging, The Guardian, 18 December 2003
  14. ^ Champion, Sarah (21 March 2004). "I was branded a call-girl blogger". The Observer. UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2006.
  15. ^ Addley, Esther (18 November 2009). "I guessed Belle de Jour's identity, blogger reveals". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  16. ^ Magnanti, Brooke (28 March 2010). "Life without the mask of Belle de Jour". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  17. ^ a b c d e Stephen Adams (15 November 2009). "Belle de Jour author unmask herself amid 'perfect storm' of feelings". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  18. ^ a b c d e Gallagher, Paul (15 November 2009). "Scientist announces that she is call girl and blogger Belle de Jour". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  19. ^ a b "Belle de Jour lifts her veil". CBC News. 15 November 2009. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  20. ^ Ryan Hagen: A Few Questions for Belle de Jour, Call Girl and Scientist – Freakonomics blog. Retrieved 21 November 2009
  21. ^ Arifa Akbar (16 November 2009). "Exposed: The most intimate secret of erotic blogger". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  22. ^ a b c "Belle de Jour drops her anonymity". BBC. 15 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  23. ^ Rayner, Gordon (15 December 2010). "Belle de Jour calls in police after ex-boyfriend's internet rant". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  24. ^ "Geosex.nl – NEW ESCORT AND PHD BABE". 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 10 May 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  25. ^ a b Khomami, Nadia (10 May 2016). "Belle de Jour author cautions MPs over rethink of prostitution laws". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  26. ^ Waldman, Simon (18 December 2003). "British Blog Awards 2003". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  27. ^ "The Bookseller rights report brief article". Retrieved 28 December 2010.[dead link‍]
  28. ^ Guest, Katy (21 January 2005). "A tomboy in stilettos". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  29. ^ Tonkin, Boyd (10 November 2008). "Kiss & tell: The twilight world of tart-lit". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  30. ^ "Diary of a London Call Girl". Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  31. ^ "The Intimate Adventures Of A London Call Girl". Orion Books. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  32. ^ Wilson, Laura (14 April 2016). "The best recent crime novels – review roundup". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  33. ^ "Fiction in short: The Turning Tide by Brooke Magnanti". The Times. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  34. ^ "Belle de Jour – Diary of a London Call Girl". Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  35. ^ Magnanti, Brooke (11 March 2010). "Libel tourism is a public health risk". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  36. ^ Magnanti, Brooke (1 April 2010). "Simon Singh and the threat to science". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  37. ^ "The This Week Guest Gallery 2010". BBC News. n.d. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  38. ^ "Belle de Jour on The Book Show". Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  39. ^ "Belle de Jour in conversation with India Knight". BBC News. 2 March 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  40. ^ "Identity and Identification". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  41. ^ "Whisky festival appeals to 'trendy' audience". STV. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  42. ^ "Drinks festival dancer serves up a twist". The Drinks Business. 8 December 2014.
  43. ^ "Fleeting Magazine's Six-Word Short Story Prize". fleetingfleetingmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  44. ^ "Brooke Magnanti: Prostitution was empowering". Hardtalk. BBC. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  45. ^ "Macrobioinformatics: the application of informatics methods to records of human remains". British Library. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  46. ^ "OpenEye Scientific Software CUP V Meeting Feb 29-Mar 2, 2004 Santa Fe, NM". OpenEye Scientific Software. Archived from the original on 7 September 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  47. ^ "Wayback archive of Cosmas cheminformatics blog". Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  48. ^ "Paediatric and Lifecourse Epidemiology Research Group (PLERG) group page". Newcastle University. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  49. ^ Magnanti, B. L.; Dorak, M. T.; Parker, L.; Craft, A. W.; James, P. W.; McNally, R. J. (June 2009). "Geographical analysis of thyroid cancer in young people from northern England: evidence for a sustained excess in females in Cumbria". Eur. J. Cancer. 45 (9): 1624–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.12.024. PMID 19179067.
  50. ^ "HENVINET project page". Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  51. ^ Rowan Hooper (20 November 2009). "Belle de Jour: On science and prostitution". New Scientist.
  52. ^ Saunders, Margaret; Magnanti, Brooke L; Correia Carreira, Sara; Yang, Aileen; Alamo-Hernández, Urinda; Riojas-Rodriguez, Horacio; Calamandrei, Gemma; Koppe, Janna G; Krayer von Krauss, Martin; Keune, Hans; Bartonova, Alena (28 June 2012). "Chlorpyrifos and neurodevelopmental effects: a literature review and expert elicitation on research and policy". Environmental Health. 11 (Suppl 1): S5. Bibcode:2012EnvHe..11S...5S. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S5. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 3388448. PMID 22759505.
  53. ^ Zimmer, Karin Elisabeth; Gutleb, Arno Christian; Ravnum, Solveig; Krayer von Krauss, Martin; Murk, Albertinka J; Ropstad, Erik; Skaare, Janneche Utne; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Lyche, Jan Ludvig; Koppe, Janna G; Magnanti, Brooke L; Yang, Aileen; Bartonova, Alena; Keune, Hans (28 June 2012). "Policy relevant results from an expert elicitation on the health risks of phthalates". Environmental Health. 11 (Suppl 1): S6. Bibcode:2012EnvHe..11S...6Z. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S6. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 3388473. PMID 22759506.
  54. ^ Ravnum, Solveig; Zimmer, Karin E.; Keune, Hans; Gutleb, Arno C.; Murk, Albertinka J.; Koppe, Janna G.; Magnanti, Brooke; Lyche, Jan L.; Eriksen, Gunnar S.; Ropstad, Erik; Skaare, Janneche U.; Kobernus, Michael; Yang, Aileen; Bartonova, Alena; Krayer von Krauss, Martin (28 June 2012). "Policy relevant Results from an Expert Elicitation on the Human Health Risks of Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)". Environmental Health. 11 (1): S7. Bibcode:2012EnvHe..11S...7R. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S7. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 3388476. PMID 22759507.
  55. ^ The Sex Myth: Observer review. The Guardian, 2012-15-4. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  56. ^ Belle de Jour v Julie Bindel. The Guardian, 5 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  57. ^ Lilith Report on Lap Dancing and Striptease in the Borough of Camden Archived 10 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 5 August 2011
  58. ^ Welham, Jamie (3 February 2011). "Lilith Project rape-lap dance link is flawed says Brooke Magnanti". Camden New Journal. London. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  59. ^ "Parliamentlive.tv". Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  60. ^ Khomami, Nadia (30 June 2016). "Decriminalisation of sex workers in England and Wales backed by MPs". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  61. ^ Eastham, Janet (4 July 2016). "A radical moment for Britain's sex workers". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  62. ^ Radio Times, 23–29 January 2010
  63. ^ "My Week – Dr Brooke Magnanti". The Big Issue. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  64. ^ Brooke Magnanti at patreon.com (retrieved 26 March 2019)
  65. ^ "VICE LITTLE EARNER; RAF officer sues for pounds 100,000 over ex-lover Belle's Call Girl Diaries. – Free Online Library". thefreelibrary.com.
  66. ^ Limbrick, Sarah (22 June 2011). "Belle de Jour ex in Sunday Times 100 k libel claim". The Press Gazette. London. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  67. ^ "Flight Lieutenant Owen Morris – apology", The Sunday Times, 26 February 2012
  68. ^ Flight Lieutenant Owen Morris, Press Gazette, 3 May 2012

References

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