Azuline
Azuline is a coal-tar blue dye that became popular for colouring silk in 1861. It was one of the first synthetic dyes.[1] The name was a combination of "azure" and "aniline". A variant of the name was "Azurine". The word was introduced as a colour term about the same time as "mauve" and "magenta", but it has not survived in the English language.[2]
The dye is made from phenol, first oxidising it with oxalic acid and sulfuric acid to make a red substance called rosolic acid. By treating this with ammonia, a dye called red coralline or péonine was made. When reacted with aniline, the blue azuline was produced. This was invented by Jules Persoz in Paris. A company in Lyon called Guinon, Marnas & Bonnet bought the process and established a patent.[3] In 1862 azuline was selling for 450 francs per kilogram.[4]
Chemists at first did not know the structure of the molecules in the coal tar dyes including azuline.[5]
Use of azuline was superseded by aniline blue.[6]
Properties
[edit]As a solid, azuline has a metallic appearance with a copper red colour. It hardly dissolves in water, but does dissolve in alcohol. In alcohol it has a strong blue colour, but still has a red tinge.[7] The dye is colourfast, resisting fading by light.[5] Sulfuric acid solution gives a red solution. Iodine destroys the substance. Ammonium sulfide reduces the colour to pale yellowish-brown.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ "The New Blue Dye "Azuline"". The Chemical News. 3 (73): 255. 27 April 1861.
- ^ Blaszczyk, Regina Lee; Spiekermann, Uwe (2017). Bright Modernity: Color, Commerce, and Consumer Culture. Springer. ISBN 9783319507453.
- ^ Gaudillière, J. (1998). The Invisible Industrialist: Manufacture and the Construction of Scientific Knowledge. Springer. pp. 128–129. ISBN 9781349264438.
- ^ Morris, Peter J.T.; Travis, Anthony S. (November 1992). "A History of the International Dyestuff Industry". Archived from the original on August 25, 2006. Retrieved 30 January 2018. Originally in American Dyestuff Reporter vol 81 no 11
- ^ a b Reinhardt, Carsten; Travis, Anthony S. (2013). Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modern Chemical Industry. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 116. ISBN 9789401593533.
- ^ REIMANN, M. (1868). ANILINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. J. Wiley and son. p. 148.
- ^ "Dye-stuffs" (PDF). Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ Perkin, W. H. (1862). "XIX. On colouring matters derived from coal tar". Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London. 14 (1): 230. doi:10.1039/qj8621400230.