Atanasio de Urioste Velasco
Atanasio de Urioste Velasco | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies Representing Tupiza | |
| In office 2 April 1884 – 19 July 1889 | |
| Preceded by | Eulogio Álvarez Vidaurre |
| Succeeded by | Eulogio Álvarez Vidaurre |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies Representing Sucre | |
| In office 20 August 1908 – 20 August 1912 | |
| Preceded by | Natalicio Taborga Carrillo |
| Succeeded by | Julio Trigo Montes |
| Chargé d'affaires in Paris | |
| In office 4 June 1900 – 28 May 1901 | |
| Preceded by | Juan Daniel Salamanca |
| Succeeded by | David Revilla Carrasco |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Manuel Francisco Atanasio de Urioste Velasco 1 January 1861 Sucre, Bolivia |
| Died | 28 March 1925 (aged 64) Sucre, Bolivia |
| Resting place | General Cemetery of Sucre |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Spouse | Adela Arana Costas |
| Children | 6 |
| Alma mater | University of San Francisco Xavier |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
| Awards | Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic |
| Signature |  |
Atanasio de Urioste Velasco (1 January 1861 – 28 March 1925) was a Bolivian diplomat, politician, and socialite who served in Bolivian delegations to France and Russia.[1] He belonged to the prominent Urioste family, grandson of the magnate Atanasio de Urioste, brother of the Princess of La Glorieta, Clotilde de Urioste, and father to the industrialist and business magnate Armando Julio Urioste Arana.[2] He was secretary of the special mission to represent Bolivia at the coronation of Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1902.[3] He would be the recipient of the Spanish civil Order of Isabella the Catholic, an honor he received due to his distinguished services in the field of diplomacy.[4]
Early life
[edit]Family and education
[edit]
The son of Melitón de Urioste Gómez and Petronila Clotilde Velasco del Rivero, who was a first cousin of José Miguel de Velasco, he was born in the city of Sucre to a prominent family.[5] He was educated in France and England where he received an excellent education and established connections for his later career as a diplomat.[6]
He attended the Lycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie in Paris and Ealing Grammar School in London.[7] While in England, he met with fellow Bolivian aristocrat José Gutiérrez Guerra, who attended Stonyhurst College and would become President of Bolivia.
During his time in United Kingdom, Urioste developed liberal tendencies that would follow him to Bolivia once he returned. Embracing liberalism in economics, he was a staunch proponent of capitalism and industrialisation in his home country.[8]
Political career
[edit]Staunch liberalism and clashes with Baptista
[edit]
Urioste's political career began in 1884 when he joined Eliodoro Camacho's Liberal Party. That same year, Gregorio Pacheco had been elected President of Bolivia and, although conservative in nature, would become a mentor to Urioste.[9] Regardless of his radical liberal ideas, Urioste became a close ally and business partner of Pacheco and future president Aniceto Arce. Urioste distinguished himself serving in the Chamber of Deputies.[10][11] He played a crucial role in expanding and creating electrical grids for several cities in Bolivia, mainly in Sucre. He would become the owner of the first telecommunications and electrical company in Sucre.[12]
During his time in the Chamber of Deputies, there were several instances of fights and disagreements, as noted by the recorded transcripts of many sessions, involving Urioste. He was remembered for being inflexible and passionate, being a staunch liberal, which often led to intense verbal jousts with his political opponents.[13][14]
To his party's dismay, Urioste often acted as a link between the Liberals and Conservatives, oftentimes acting as a mediator between the party leaders. For this, he often clashed with his own partisans as well as with the Conservatives.[5] However, when Mariano Baptista became president in 1892, Urioste's relationship with the Conservatives began to sour. Baptista was not a businessman and he had no connection to Urioste, which meant that clashes of ideology would be frequent between the two. Even before Baptista had risen to the presidency, the two had often had thunderous clashes in Congress.[15] Even after Baptista was president, Urioste often argued and disagreed with him.
Easter lynch mob
[edit]One of the most famous stories about Urioste took place during the presidency of Aniceto Arce when a mob surrounded the Cathedral of Sucre during Easter and had the intention to lynch the president. Urioste disguised him as a priest and took him into his own home, despite the fact that they had completely opposing political views.[16][9] They were, however, business partners and allies at the time, showing Urioste's self-interest in saving the President's life.
Civil War of 1898-1899
[edit]Tensions
[edit]
Conservative President Severo Fernández wanted to settle the decade-long debate regarding what city was officially the Bolivian capital. Up until 1880, the seat of executive power was wherever the current president resided. Hence, Congress met, between 1825 and 1900, on twenty-nine occasions in Sucre, twenty in La Paz, seven in Oruro, two in Cochabamba and one in Tapacarí. Officially, the capital of Bolivia was Sucre since the presidency of Antonio José de Sucre, remaining as such over the years due to the lack of resources to build a new capital and the influence of its aristocracy. However, by the 1880s, conservative presidents chose to settle in Sucre, making it the de facto capital of the country.[17]
On October 31, 1898, the deputies of Sucre proposed to definitively install the executive capital in Sucre, known as the "Radicatory Law". However, their La Paz counterparts proposed that the Congress should move to Cochabamba (a neutral place), and were rejected.[18] The liberals seemed to initially accept the plan to make Sucre the official capital. The liberals had done so strategically since if they vetoed they would provoke the inhabitants of the capital, however, if it was approved they could convince the people and the garrison of La Paz (under the orders of Colonel José Manuel Pando) to mount an insurrection. Even though Urioste was a native of Sucre, he supported Pando's movement, causing him to be briefly exiled from his city. On November 6, there was a massive riot in La Paz which called for federalism and for their city to be the capital. On November 14, a Federal Committee was created and chaired by Colonel Pando while its deputies defended their cause in Congress. Three days later, the "Radicatory Law" was approved, with Sucre as the capital and seat of executive power. On November 19, it was officially promulgated.[17]
In response, on December 12, with the people of La Paz in their favor, a Federal Board of Liberals and some authorities who switched sides (the Prefect and Commander General Serapio Reyes Ortiz and the Minister of Instruction Macario Pinilla) was formed.[18] Pando's liberals allied themselves with Pablo Zárate Willka, cacique of the Altiplano.
Outbreak of the Civil War
[edit]
After these events, the deputies from La Paz withdrew to their department by order of the Federal Board. The people of La Paz received their representatives with exalted cheers and acclamations.[19] The overthrow of Fernández had now become a main objective of the federalists. In juxtaposition to La Paz, in Sucre, there were public demonstrations in support of the government.[18] Now in La Paz, Urioste denounced several other liberals from Sucre that had abandoned the cause and flipped to the Conservative Party. He had even armed himself and was prepared to die for the Liberal Party, but was persuaded not to fight by his wife.[9]
_(Pg._437).png)
Fernández decided to march on La Paz with the three divisions stationed in Sucre (Bolívar, Junín and Hussars). In Challapata, he found out that the rebels had acquired more than two thousand weapons, so he called for the recruitment of volunteers in the capital.[20] Two brigades were formed, the first was made up of the 25 de Mayo battalion and the Sucre squadron. These were made up of upper-class youths with their own horses and weapons, and included the battalion Olañeta and the Monteagudo squadron, made up of young men from popular classes. During their march to reinforce the president, the government forces plundered the indigenous populations in the countryside,[21] an action which Urioste denounced and would later create a charity fund for the affected families.
The government's first brigade encountered Pando and numerous warriors in Cosmini, and were forced to take refuge in the parish of Ayo Ayo, where they were massacred on January 24, 1899.[17] In Potosí, the population was openly against helping the government forces, meanwhile in Santa Cruz and Tarija there was a clearly neutral stance. Among the indigenous communities of Cochabamba, Oruro, La Paz and Potosí there are uprisings in favor of the Liberals.[18]
The decisive confrontation of the civil war was the Battle of the Segundo Crucero, on April 10, 1899, where the president and Pando met. After four hours of combat, Pando's troops were victorious. The defeated withdrew to Oruro and, shortly after, Fernández went into exile. With Pando now in power, Urioste, as a liberal, would become very powerful in Congress, remaining a key figure until the overthrow of his party and ally and friend, José Gutiérrez Guerra, in 1920.
Banking activities
[edit]The Argandoña Bank
[edit]Throughout his life he held various diplomatic positions, his most prominent one being in France. He would also work as a banker and administrator, as he came to be the General Manager of the Argandoña Bank, where he played a crucial role in its creation and flourishment.[15] President Baptista had actually initially opposed the creation of the bank, especially because Francisco Argandoña was a brother-in-law to his fierce rival. Eventually, Baptista, through Arce's efforts, approved and the Bank was created through the Law of October 22, 1892.[22] He also served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Huanchaca Company.[3]
Personal life
[edit]Urioste was married to Adela Arana in 1882, a member of an illustrious Bolivian family, with whom he had six children: Amelia Adela; Armando Julio; Luis Roberto; Emma; Gastón Marcel; and Amalia. His son, Armando Julio, would be an important Bolivian industrialist and one of the wealthiest men in the country.
References
[edit]- ^ Bolivians today (1922).
- ^ El Principado de La Glorieta (1997).
- ^ a b Parker, William Belmont; America, Hispanic Society of (1922). Bolivians of To-day. Hispanic society of America. ISBN 978-0-527-69806-5.
- ^ Redactor (1907).
- ^ a b Los antecedentes de El Crimen de Sucre (1937).
- ^ "Quien es quien en Bolivia" (1942)
- ^ Hilton, Ronald (1971). Who's who in Latin America: Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru; Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruquay. B. Ethridge. ISBN 978-0-87917-021-9.
- ^ Parker, William Belmont; America, Hispanic Society of (1922). Bolivians of To-day. Hispanic society of America. ISBN 978-0-527-69806-5.
- ^ a b c Llallagua (1977).
- ^ Redactor Issue 1 (1907).
- ^ Anuario de leyes, decretos, resoluciones y órdenes supremas (1924).
- ^ Anuario Administrativo (1912).
- ^ Redactor de la H. Cámara de Diputados (Sesiones reservadas).Volume 2 (1910).
- ^ Gaceta judicial de Bolivia Issues 835-846 (1910).
- ^ a b Redactor de la h. Cámara de diputados Volume 2 (1895)
- ^ RAÍCES 3 REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS GENEALOGICAS Y HERALDICAS DE BOLIVIA (2009).
- ^ a b c Lorini, Irma (2006). El nacionalismo en Bolivia de la pre y posguerra del Chaco (1910-1945) (in Spanish). Plural editores. ISBN 978-99905-63-91-7.
- ^ a b c d Medinaceli, Ximena; Soux, María Luisa (2002). Tras las huellas del poder: una mirada histórica al problema de la conspiraciones en Bolivia (in Spanish). Plural editores. ISBN 978-99905-64-56-3.
- ^ Pacheco, Mario Miranda (1993). Bolivia en la hora de su modernización (in Spanish). UNAM. ISBN 978-968-36-3273-9.
- ^ Manuel, Alcántara; Mercedes, García Montero; Francisco, Sánchez López (2018-07-01). Estudios sociales: Memoria del 56.º Congreso Internacional de Americanistas (in Spanish). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. ISBN 978-84-9012-925-8.
- ^ Mendieta, Pilar (2010). Entre la alianza y la confrontación: Pablo Zárate Willka y la rebelión indígena de 1899 en Bolivia (in Spanish). Plural editores. ISBN 978-99954-1-338-5.
- ^ Langer, Erick Detlef (1989). Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 1880-1930. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1491-4.