Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington

For other people with the same name, see Arthur Herbert (disambiguation).

The Right Honourable The Earl of Torrington
Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, portrait by John Closterman
Born	c.1648
Died	13 April 1716 (aged 67–68)
Buried	Westminster Abbey
Allegiance	England Dutch Republic (1688)
Service / branch	Royal Navy Dutch States Navy (1688)
Years of service	1663–1690
Rank	Admiral (Royal Navy) Lieutenant-admiral general (States Navy)
Commands	HMS Pembroke HMS Constant Warwick HMS Dragon HMS Dreadnought HMS Cambridge HMS Rupert
Battles / wars	Second Anglo-Dutch War St. James's Day Battle Battle of Bugia Bay Third Anglo-Dutch War and Franco-Dutch War Battle of Solebay Battle of Schooneveld Nine Years' War Invasion of England Battle of Bantry Bay Battle of Beachy Head

Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington (c. 1648 – 13 April 1716) was an English naval officer and politician. Dismissed by James II of England in 1688 for refusing to vote to repeal the Test Act, which prevented Catholics from holding public office in England, he brought the Invitation to William to William of Orange at The Hague, disguised as a simple sailor. As a reward he was made commander of William's invasion fleet which landed at Torbay, Devon on 5 November 1688, which initiated the Glorious Revolution.

Early life

Born the son of Sir Edward Herbert and Margaret Smith, daughter of Thomas Smith, Herbert joined the Royal Navy in 1663. He was appointed a lieutenant in the third-rate HMS Defiance and saw action at the St. James's Day Battle in July 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

Promoted to post-captain in 1666, he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Pembroke in April 1667, of the fourth-rate HMS Constant Warwick in September 1668 and of the fourth-rate HMS Dragon in May 1672.

He went on to captain the third-rate HMS Dreadnought in spring 1672 and commanded her at the Battle of Solebay in May 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War. After that he took command of the third-rate HMS Cambridge in October 1673 and was severely injured while commanding her at the Battle of Schooneveld in June 1673. He commissioned the third-rate HMS Rupert in February 1678, and then commanded a squadron tasked with defending Tangier from the Moors in December 1679.

Flag officer

Dutch Admiral Gilles Schey blaming Torrington for the defeat at Beachy Head in the post-battle court-martial

Herbert was appointed Rear-admiral of England in 1683 and Master of the Robes in 1685. These employments brought him in £4,000 a year. However, when James II of England required him to promise that he would vote for the repeal of the Test Act, which prevented Roman Catholics from holding public office, his answer was "that his honour and conscience would not permit him to give any such pledge". The King replied: "Nobody doubts your honour, but a man who lives as you do ought not to talk about his conscience". To this reproach (which came from a bad grace from the lover of Catherine Sedley) Herbert replied: "I have my faults, sir; but I could name people who talk much more about conscience than I am in the habit of doing, and yet lead lives as loose as mine." The King immediately dismissed him from all his offices.

Disguised as a common sailor, Herbert went to the Dutch Republic in June 1688, carrying the Invitation to William. There, he offered his services to William, Prince of Orange at The Hague. Herbert was actively involved in the preparations for the 1688 invasion and for propaganda purposes the Prince appointed him as the lieutenant-admiral general of the Dutch States Navy and commander-in-chief of the fleet which would take him to England on 6 October. However, the Prince decreed that until the moment of rendezvous with the English fleet, Herbert would share command with Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and consult with him on all significant matters. Cornelis Tromp, an aging Dutch officer who still nominally held the post of lieutenant-admiral general, was not consulted by the Prince.

Following the Glorious Revolution, Herbert became Lord High Admiral and then, when the post of Lord High Admiral had been put into commission, he became First Lord of the Admiralty and Senior Naval Lord on the Board of Admiralty in March 1689. He was raised to the peerage by the new King William III as Earl of Torrington and Baron Herbert of Torbay in May 1689, following on his command of the English squadron at the Battle of Bantry Bay. He was credited with being the first to use the expression, "fleet in being". He proposed avoiding a set battle, except under very favourable conditions, until the arrival of reinforcements: by maintaining his fleet in being, he would force the French to remain in the area and prevent them from undertaking other operations.

Herbert commanded the English and Dutch fleets at the Battle of Beachy Head in July 1690, a serious defeat for the allied fleet, in the Nine Years' War. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London and was court-martialed for failing to support the Dutch van squadron against the French, but was acquitted. Nevertheless, he lost his position as First Lord of the Admiralty, and took no further part in public life. The stories that Torrington was not a popular commander, because of his reputation of being a drunk and his habit of taking several prostitutes with him to sea, have been discredited.

In 1696, he acquired Oatlands Park, an estate forfeited by his brother, Sir Edward Herbert, who had followed King James II into exile. He died on 13 April 1716 without children, rendering his titles extinct, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Marriages

Torrington married twice, but had no issue by either wife:

• Firstly to Anne Hadley, from whom he later separated;
• Secondly to the twice widowed Anne (dowager Lady Crew), daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Armine, 2nd Baronet.

Sources

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Hattendorf, John B. "Herbert, Arthur, earl of Torrington (1648–1716)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Laughton, John Knox (1891). "Herbert, Arthur (1647–1716)" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 26. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Le Fevre, Peter (2000). "Arthur Herbert Earl of Torrington". Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century. Stackpole Books. pp. 19–42. ISBN 978-0-8117-2901-7.
• Maltby, William S (1994). "The Origins of a global strategy: England from 1558 to 1713". In Williamson Murray; et al. (eds.). The making of strategy: rulers, states, and war. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56627-8.
• Rodger, N.A.M. (1979). The Admiralty. Offices of State. Lavenham: T. Dalton Ltd. ISBN 0900963948.
• van Gent, T. (2000). 17 Zeventiende Eeuwse Admiralen en hun Zeeslagen (in Dutch). Den Haag: Koninklijke Vereniging van Marineofficieren. p. 90. ISBN 9789090136585.
• Burke's Extinct Peerages: TORRINGTON, E
• Prud'homme van Reine, Ronald (2009). Opkomst en Ondergang van Nederlands Gouden Vloot – Door de ogen van de zeeschilders Willem van de Velde de Oude en de Jonge. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. ISBN 978-90-295-6696-4.