Anglo-Baloch wars
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| Anglo-Baloch wars | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| British Empire | Independent Baloch tribes, including the Marri, Khetran, and Bugti | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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| Strength | |||||||||
| Thousands of Baloch and allies | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | ||||||||
The Anglo-Baloch wars were three major military conflicts between the Marri Baloch tribesmen and the British Empire in the independent eastern Baloch tribal belt (now in the north-eastern region of Balochistan, Pakistan). The conflicts took place in the 19th and 20th centuries, specifically in 1840, 1880, and 1917.
During these wars, battles were fought mostly in the mountainous tribal areas of Kohistan-e-Marri and adjacent localities. These areas are now under the administrative control of Kohlu, Sibi, Bolan, Barkhan, Nasirabad, and Dera Bugti districts of the Baluchistan province.
First Anglo-Baloch war: 1840
[edit]Context
[edit]By the 1840s, the Baloch had almost lost their national identity after the martyrdom of Mir Mehrab Khan, a Baloch ruler. The subsequent British suzerainty over Kalat State also reduced the Baloch national identity.[1][page needed]
At the same time, without the consultation and agreement of the Baloch, a type of mutual understanding had been formalized between the British Raj and kingdom of Iran for the distribution of Baloch territories between them.[1][page needed] The people of the Kalat State and the Baluch tribesmen felt that the British and the Qajar dynasty of Iran were becoming masters of their fate.
According to Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri, the invasions of the Kalat State and the martyrdom of Mir Mehrab Khan, at the hands of the British Army, opened the doors of Balochistan to British interference in political and military affairs. British suzerainty over Balochistan was also a strong possibility. At the same time it generated reactionary feelings of nationalism among the Baloch.[2]
Cause
[edit]The negative relations between the Marri people and the British started in 1840 due to attacks made on the communications of Sir John Keane's army after it had passed through the Bolan Pass.[3] In March 1840, Sir John Keane decided that there was a dire need to capture the Kahan and its fort from the Marri tribesmen.[4][page needed]
Battles of Kahan
[edit]An punitive expedition against the Marri was launched by the British Army, which ended in failure. Major Claiborne was repulsed in an attempt to storm the Naffusak Pass, losing 179 of his troops, with an additional 92 wounded out of his force of 650 troops.[5] Many of his troops died of heat and dehydration. The fort of Kahan was forced to capitulate with the honors of war.[3]
Aftermath
[edit]The First Anglo-Baloch war proved to be a disastrous campaign for the British overall. Although they held the fort of Kahan throughout the campaign, the British forces were unable to establish a proper safe passage to Kahan and continue reinforcing the Kahan Regiment with resources. The Marri tribesmen however faced no such difficulties in their chain of supplies to the area as they were native to the region and were well aware of the hilly terrain.
After this war, in 1843, the Marri once again rose up against the British forces.[3] This time, the cause of the clashes was the occupancy of Sindh by the forces of the British Empire. Being a Baluch tribe, the Marri were worried about the fate of their neighboring state and their ruler. Colonial officer Richard Isaac Bruce wrote about the Marris:[6][page needed]
The Marris were considered absolutely incorrigible, and were proclaimed outlawed and blockaded on all sides. A proclamation was issued on the Sind Frontier offering a reward of ten rupees for the capture of any Marri.
Second Anglo-Baloch war: 1880
[edit]In 1880, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Marri tribesmen made frequent raids on the British line of communications, ending with the plunder of a treasure convoy. A force of 3,070 British troops under Brigadier-General Macgregor marched through the country.[3]
Third Anglo-Baloch war: 1917
[edit]During World War I, British forces were facing a shortage of recruits and started a campaign to enlist the Marri, who ultimately refused to join the British ranks. As a result, clashes broke out in large areas of the Marri land. These actions lasted for many months under the leadership of General Mir Khuda e Dad Khan Marri. Ultimately Mir Khudaidad Khan Marri was killed with two of his younger brothers. Despite this, they still refused to send their youth to join the war.[1][page needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Marri (1989).
- ^ Bakhsh Marri (1977), p. 243.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm (1911), p. 753.
- ^ Williams (1886).
- ^ "Pass of Nufoosk near Kahun: Advance of the Storm Party, 31st Aug. 1840". BL.uk. British Library. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.
- ^ Bruce (1900).
Bibliography
[edit]- Bakhsh Marri, Mir Khuda (1977) [1974]. Search Lights on Baluches & Baluchistan. Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab Publications. Author was a chief justice of the Balochistan High Court.
- Bruce, Richard Isaac (1900). The Forward Policy and Its Results: Or, Thirty-five Years' Work Amongst the Tribes on Our North-western Frontier of India. London / New York / Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co. – via Open Library.
- Marri, Munir Ahmed (1989). Balochistan Siasi Kashmakash mudhamirat w rujhanaat [Baluchistan: Political Struggle]. Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab Publications. Author was a lawyer and later a district, sessions, and monitoring judge at the High Court of Balochistan.
- Williams, Charles Reynolds (1886). Defence of Kahun: A Forgotten Episode of the First Afghan War, Being a Narrative Compiled From a Journal Kept During the Siege, and From Original Letters. London: W. H. Allen & Co. – via Google Books.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Marri". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 753.
