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Society of Saint Pius X

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Not to be confused with Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.

Society of Saint Pius X
  • Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X
  • Fraternité Sacerdotale Saint-Pie-X
Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X
Abbreviation
  • SSPX
  • FSSPX (official)
Named afterPope Pius X
EstablishedNovember 1, 1970; 54 years ago (1970-11-01)
FounderMarcel Lefebvre
HeadquartersMenzingen, Switzerland
Membership
  • 1,135[1][2]
  •  • 2 bishops (2024)
  •  • 707 priests
  •  • 268 seminarians
  •  • 128 candidates
(in 2022)
Superior General
Davide Pagliarani
Key people
Websitefsspx.org/en Edit this at Wikidata
https://fsspx.news/en

The Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX; Latin: Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X, FSSPX)[a] is a canonically irregular traditionalist Catholic priestly fraternity founded in 1970 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre.[6] Lefebvre was a leading traditionalist at the Second Vatican Council with the Coetus Internationalis Patrum and Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers until 1968. The society was established as a pious union of the Catholic Church with the permission of François Charrière, the Bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg in Switzerland.

The society is named after Pope Pius X, whose anti-Modernist stance it stresses,[7] retaining the Tridentine Mass and pre-Vatican II liturgical books in Latin for the other sacraments. The society's current Superior General is the Reverend Davide Pagliarani, who succeeded Bishop Bernard Fellay in 2018. Several organisations derive from the SSPX such as the mostly American and effectively sedevacantist Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV) and the canonically regular Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), that Pope John Paul II made into a society of apostolic life in 1988.

Tensions between the society and the Holy See climaxed in 1988 with the Écône consecrations: Archbishop Lefebvre consecrated four bishops without the Apostolic Mandate and against a personal warning by Pope John Paul II,[8] resulting in Rome declaring that the bishops who consecrated or were consecrated had incurred latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication.[9] Though the SSPX denied that the bishops incurred any penalty, who, citing canon law, argued that the consecrations were permissible due to a moral and theological crisis in the Catholic Church, making them permissible under canon law, the declared excommunication of the surviving bishops was at their request removed in 2009 in the hope of speedily reaching "full reconciliation and complete communion".

The society's canonical situation remains unresolved. The 2010s saw growing recognition by the Holy See of its sacramental and pastoral activities, with papal recognition extended indefinitely in 2017 to confessions heard by its priests,[10] and local ordinaries allowed to grant delegation to its priests for officially witnessing marriages.[11] In addition, the Holy See named SSPX bishop Fellay as judge in a canonical trial against one of the society's priests.[12] The significance of these recognitions is that, unlike other Catholic sacraments, both confession and marriage require canonical jurisdiction for their validity. While its critics claim the society's priests were not explicitly granted the requisite jurisdiction, it contends that they possessed "supplied jurisdiction" for confessions due to a "state of necessity".[13]

In 2022, the society states it has over 700 priestly members, with 1,135 total members.[2] Several religious institutes, mostly based in France, are associated with the society.[citation needed]

Worldwide, there are an estimated 600,000 people who attend SSPX Mass centres.[14]

History

[edit]
Lefebvre, the society's founder, celebrating Tridentine Mass

Like Traditionalist Catholicism in general, the SSPX was born out of opposition to changes in the Catholic Church that followed the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).[citation needed] The founder and central figure of the society was the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, who had served the Catholic Church as Apostolic Delegate for French-speaking Africa, Archbishop of Dakar, and Superior General of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, a missionary order of priests.[citation needed]

Foundation of the society

[edit]

In September 1970, shortly after his retirement as Superior General of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, Lefebvre was approached by eleven members of the Pontifical French Seminary in Rome.[citation needed] They sought Lefebvre's advice on a conservative seminary where they could complete their studies.[15] He directed them to the University of Fribourg, in Switzerland.[citation needed]

In late 1970, at age 65, urged by the abbot of Hauterive Abbey and the Dominican theologian Father Marie-Dominique Philippe to teach the seminarians personally, Lefebvre, feeling too old to undertake such a large project, told them he would visit François Charrière, Bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg, with a request to set up a religious society.[citation needed] He told them, if he said to go through with it, he would see in it a sign of Divine Providence.[citation needed] Charrière granted Lefebvre's request and, with a document predated by six days to 1 November 1970, he established the Society of St. Pius X as a pia unio (Latin, for "pious, or holy, union") on a provisional (ad experimentum) basis for six years.[citation needed] Pia unio status was the first stage through which a Catholic organisation passed prior to gaining official recognition as a religious institute or society of apostolic life.[citation needed] (Since 1983, the term "Association of the Christian faithful" has replaced "pia unio".) The Society of Saint Pius X was formally founded, adhering to all canonical norms, and receiving the episcopal blessing and encouragement of the local ordinary.[citation needed] Some Swiss laymen offered the International Seminary of Saint Pius X at Écône to the newly formed group, and in 1971 the first 24 candidates entered, followed by a further 32 in October 1972.[16]

Normally, after a suitable period of experience and consultation with the Holy See, a bishop would raise a pia unio to official status at the diocesan level. Lefebvre attempted to bypass this stage and contacted three different Holy See departments to secure early recognition for his society.[citation needed] He successfully obtained a letter of encouragement from Cardinal John Wright, prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy, but there was no approval from the Holy See congregation responsible for raising an association to the level desired by Lefebvre.[citation needed] Cardinal Wright's letter, dated 18 February 1971, said concerning the field of competence of Cardinal Wright's own Congregation, that the association "will be able to contribute much to accomplishing the plan drawn up by this Congregation for worldwide sharing of clergy."[citation needed] Cardinal Wright was still recommending prospective seminarians to apply to Écône as late as 1973.[17]

The establishment of the SSPX was unwelcome to some churchmen, most notably the French bishops, whose theological outlook differed from Lefebvre's, and who had important connections with the Holy See Cardinal Secretary of State, Jean-Marie Villot.[citation needed] According to one defender of Lefebvre, at the meeting of the French episcopal conference at Lourdes in 1972 the seminary at Écône was nicknamed 'le séminaire sauvage'—the "wildcat seminary".[17] By November 1974 the French episcopate indicated that they would not incardinate any of Lefebvre's priests in their dioceses which was the opposite of the desire to incardinate the society's priests by some Swiss bishops.[citation needed] They also publicly criticised Catholics who remained attached to the Tridentine Mass.[18] By this time, the SSPX had opened additional seminaries in Armada, Michigan (1973), and Rome (1974).[citation needed]

The society's first seminary, the International Seminary of Saint Pius X, in Écône, Switzerland. As of 2021, the society has six seminaries – apart from Switzerland in Germany, France, Argentina, Australia, and United States.[19]

Canonical visitation of seminary

[edit]

The first sign of curial intervention was a Vatican meeting on 26 March 1974.[citation needed] By June 1974, a commission of cardinals had been formed to inquire into the SSPX, and decided on a canonical visitation of the seminary by two Belgian priests, held 11–13 November 1974.[citation needed] Franz Schmidberger, later the society's superior general during 1983–1994,[20] said that their report was favourable.[b] However, the seminarians and staff at Écône were shocked by some liberal theological opinions expressed by the two priests.[citation needed] In what he later described as a mood of "doubtlessly excessive indignation", Lefebvre wrote a declaration denouncing what he considered liberal trends "clearly evident" in the council and in the subsequent reforms.[21] This document was leaked and published in January 1975, in the French Traditionalist Catholic journal Itinéraires.[citation needed]

Lefebvre was in serious difficulties.[16] In January 1975, Bishop Pierre Mamie of Fribourg wrote to Rome stating his intention to withdraw the pia unio status that his predecessor had granted.[citation needed] In the same month, Lefebvre was summoned to the Vatican, meeting with the cardinals on 13 February and 3 March.[citation needed] Lefebvre was surprised by their hostility: at one point a French cardinal, Gabriel-Marie Garrone, reportedly called him a "fool".[16]

Growing tensions

[edit]

On 6 May 1975, with the cardinals' approval, Bishop Mamie withdrew the SSPX's pia unio status.[citation needed] Lefebvre instructed his lawyer to lodge appeals, and he ultimately petitioned the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, which turned down the appeal.[citation needed] From this point onward, the SSPX was no longer recognised as a canonical organization.[citation needed]

Lefebvre and the society's leadership always maintained that he was treated unfairly by the Roman Curia, that the suppression of the SSPX was unjust, and that the procedures violated the 1917 Code of Canon Law.[citation needed]

The SSPX continued to operate in spite of its discountenance.[citation needed] In the consistory of 24 May 1976, Pope Paul VI rebuked Archbishop Lefebvre by name—reportedly the first time in 200 years that a pope had publicly reprimanded a Catholic bishop—and appealed to him and his followers to change their minds.[c][citation needed]

Lefebvre announced that he intended to confer ordination on some of his students at the end of June 1976.[citation needed] On 12 June 1976, the Nuncio in Switzerland was given instructions to inform Lefebvre that, by special order of Pope Paul VI, he was forbidden to do so.[22] On 25 June 1976, Archbishop Giovanni Benelli, the deputy Secretary of State, wrote directly to Lefebvre, confirming, by the Pope's special mandate, the prohibition to administer the holy orders, and warning him of the canonical penalties for Lefebvre himself and those whom he would ordain.[22] Lefebvre ignored the warnings and went ahead with the ordinations on 29 June 1976.[citation needed]

In that occasion's sermon, Lefebvre explicitly recognized that he might be struck with suspension, and the new priests with an irregularity that could theoretically prevent them from saying Mass.[23] The next day, 1 July 1976, the Press Office of the Holy See declared that following canon 2373 of the then Code of Canon Law, Lefebvre was automatically suspended for one year from conferring ordination and that those whom he had ordained were automatically suspended from exercising the order received.[citation needed] It was also announced that the Holy See was examining Lefebvre's disobedience to the Pope's orders.[24]

On 11 July 1976, Lefebvre signed a certificate of receipt of a letter from Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio, Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, intimating that further penalties would be imposed per canon 2331 §1 of the then Code of Canon Law concerning obstinate disobedience to legitimate precepts or prohibitions of the Roman Pontiff.[citation needed] He was enjoined, within ten days of receipt of the letter, to take steps "to repair the scandal caused."[citation needed] In a letter of 17 July to Pope Paul VI, Lefebvre declared that he judged his action of 29 June to be legitimate.[citation needed] The Pope considered this response inadequate, and on his instructions, the Congregation for Bishops, on 22 July 1976, suspended Lefebvre for an indefinite time from all exercise of holy orders—he could not confer any of the Sacraments, save Reconciliation or Baptism in an emergency (suspension a divinis).[24]

Écône consecrations (1988)

[edit]
Main article: Écône consecrations

A central controversy surrounding the SSPX concerns the consecration by Archbishop Lefebvre and Brazilian bishop Antônio de Castro Mayer of four SSPX priests as bishops in 1988, in violation of the orders of Pope John Paul II.[citation needed]

By 1987, Archbishop Lefebvre was 81.[citation needed] If he had died at that point, the SSPX could have their members ordained to the priesthood only at the hands of non-SSPX bishops, regarded by Lefebvre as unreliable and unorthodox.[citation needed] In June 1987, Lefebvre announced his intention to consecrate a successor to the episcopacy. He implied that he intended to do this with or without the approval of the Holy See.[d] In the Catholic Church, a bishop requires the mandate of the Pope if he is to consecrate a bishop,[e] and an unauthorized consecration automatically incurs excommunication.[f] Earlier, Pope Pius XII, in his encyclical Ad Apostolorum principis, had described the sacramental activity of bishops who had been consecrated without papal approval as "gravely illicit, that is, criminal and sacrilegious".[25] The Roman authorities were grieved by Lefebvre's plan, but they began discussions with him and the SSPX, which led to the signing, on 5 May 1988, of a skeleton agreement between Lefebvre and Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the future Pope Benedict XVI.[citation needed]

On Pope John Paul II's instructions, Cardinal Ratzinger replied to Lefebvre on 30 May, insisting on the observance of the May 5 agreement and adding that, if Lefebvre carried out unauthorized consecrations on 30 June, the promised authorization for the ordination to the episcopacy would be withdrawn.[citation needed]

On 3 June, Lefebvre wrote that he intended to proceed.[citation needed] On 9 June, the Pope replied with a personal letter, appealing to him to abandon a design that "would be seen as nothing other than a schismatic act, the theological and canonical consequences of which are known to you."[citation needed] Lefebvre did not reply, and the letter was made public on 16 June.[citation needed]

On 30 June 1988, Archbishop Lefebvre proceeded to ordain to the episcopate four priests of the SSPX. Antônio de Castro Mayer, the retired Bishop of Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil, assisted in the ceremony.[citation needed] Those consecrated as Bishops were: Bernard Fellay, Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Alfonso de Galarreta, and Richard Williamson.[citation needed]

The following day, the Congregation for Bishops issued a decree declaring that Archbishop Lefebvre and the four newly ordained bishops had incurred the automatic canonical penalty of excommunication reserved to the Holy See.[9] On the following day, 2 July, Pope John Paul II issued an apostolic letter known as Ecclesia Dei in which he condemned the Archbishop's action.[26] The Pope stated that, since schism is defined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law as "withdrawal of submission to the Supreme Pontiff or from communion with the members of the Church subject to him" (canon 751),[27] the consecration "constitute[d] a schismatic act", and that, by virtue of canon 1382 of the Code,[28] it entailed ipso facto excommunication for all the bishops involved.[citation needed]

Lefebvre argued that his actions had been necessary because the traditional form of the Catholic faith and sacraments would become extinct without Traditionalist clergy to pass them on to the next generation.[citation needed] He called the ordinations 'opération survie' ("Operation Survival"), citing in his defense canons 1323 and 1324 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the first of which says that "a person who acted coerced by grave fear, even if only relatively grave, or due to necessity or grave inconvenience unless the act is intrinsically evil or tends to the harm of souls" is not subject to penalty for violating a law or precept, while the other says "the perpetrator of a violation is not exempt from a penalty, but the penalty established by law or precept must be tempered or a penance employed in its place if the delict was committed [...] by a person who thought in culpable error that one of the circumstances mentioned in can. 1323, nn. 4 or 5 was present."[29]

Veldhoven, Archbishop Lefebvre giving Communion assisted by Father Franz Schmidberger

Some members of the SSPX disassociated themselves from the society as a result of Lefebvre's actions and, with the approval of the Holy See, formed a separate society called the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.[citation needed]

Bishop Antônio de Castro Mayer resigned as Bishop of Campos on 20 August 1981; he later participated in the 1988 Écône consecrations, declaring "my presence here at this ceremony is a matter of conscience: It is the duty of a profession of the Catholic Faith before the entire Church."[30] After his retirement, Bishop Mayer founded the Priestly Union of Saint John Mary Vianney (SSJV). Under the leadership of his successor, Bishop Licínio Rangel, the SSJV was reconstituted in January 2002 by Pope John Paul II as the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney, with the same territory as the Diocese of Campos.[citation needed]

Discussions with the Holy See

[edit]
Main article: Dialogue between the Holy See and the Society of Saint Pius X

Discussions between the Holy See and the Society of Saint Pius X towards an eventual reconciliation have been ongoing.[citation needed] For years after the 1988 consecrations, there was little if any dialogue between the SSPX and the Holy See.[citation needed] This state of affairs ended when the society led a large pilgrimage to Rome for the "Great Jubilee" of 2000.[citation needed]

Nine years later, on 21 January 2009, the Holy See remitted the excommunications of the society's bishops that it had declared at the time of the 1988 consecrations and expressed the hope that all members of the society would follow this up by speedily returning to full communion with the Church.[citation needed]

Discussions since then have been complex, stemming from the society's insistence that the teachings of the Second Vatican Council on ecumenism, religious liberty, and collegiality are inconsistent with Catholic teaching and doctrine, a claim that the Holy See views as unacceptable, but recent discussions have indicated the possibility of an understanding.[citation needed] In an interview on 4 March 2017 with DICI, the official news organ of the society, Bishop Bernard Fellay stated:

Whether it is a question of religious liberty, collegiality, ecumenism, the new Mass, or even the new rites of the sacraments [...] And now all of a sudden, on these points that have been stumbling blocks, the emissaries from Rome tell us that they are open questions.[31]

In the same month of March 2017, Archbishop Guido Pozzo, the prelate in charge of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei, the Roman Curia's organ for traditionalist societies, stated that the Holy See and the society were close to an agreement regularizing the society's status.[32] In a letter of the same month it was announced that Pope Francis authorized diocesan bishops to grant to SSPX priests faculties to officiate at a marriage valid in the Catholic Church in cases where no priest in good standing could do so.[33]

In July 2017 Bishop Fellay signed a document along with a number of other clergy and academics labelled as a "Filial Correction" of Pope Francis.[citation needed] In twenty-five-page document, which was made public in September after receiving no reply from the Holy See, they criticized the Pope for allegedly promoting heresy through various words, actions and omissions during his pontificate.[34]

Expulsion of Bishop Williamson

[edit]

In August 2012, Bishop Richard Williamson, one of those illicitely consecrated by Lefebvre, administered the sacrament of confirmation to about 100 laypeople at the Benedictine Monastery of the Holy Cross in Nova Friburgo, Brazil, during an unauthorised visit to the State of Rio de Janeiro. The society's South American district superior, interlanguage Christian Bouchacourt, protested against his action on the SSPX website, saying that it was "a serious act against the virtue of obedience."[35] In early October 2012, the leadership of the SSPX gave Williamson a deadline to declare his submission, instead of which he published an "open letter" asking for the resignation of the Superior General.[36] On 4 October 2012, the Society expelled Williamson in a "painful decision" citing the failures "to show respect and obedience deserved by his legitimate superiors".[37]

Bishop Vitus Huonder

[edit]

In May 2019, the SSPX announced that Vitus Huonder, Bishop emeritus of Chur, Switzerland, as per a long-stated intention, had retired to one of the society's houses in order "to dedicate himself to prayer and silence, to celebrate the traditional Mass exclusively, and to work for Tradition, the only way of renewing the Church."[citation needed] In 2015, Bishop Huonder was sent by the former prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and one of Pope Francis' top advisers in the Vatican, Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller to dialogue with the SSPX.[citation needed] After four years Bishop Huonder was permitted to go and live at the society's houses by Pope Francis.[citation needed] He became a big supporter of the society, reporting back positive things to Pope Francis and even producing a video titled "My journey to the SSPX – with Bishop Vitus Huonder" on Youtube.[citation needed] In that video, Bishop Vitus Huonder said that Pope Francis personally told him that the SSPX is not in schism.[citation needed] He was warmly received by the SSPX:

"The Society of Saint Pius X appreciates Bishop Huonder’s courageous decision and rejoices to be able to provide him with the spiritual and priestly surroundings that he desires so deeply. May this example be followed by others, so as to 'restore everything in Christ'."[38]

Bishop Huonder died on 3 April 2024 at the age of 81, following serious illness.[39] His funeral Mass on 17 April was celebrated by Bishop Fellay, and Huonder was buried at the International Seminary of Saint Pius X in Écône next to the tomb of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Huonder's successor, Bishop Joseph Maria Bonnemain, attended the funeral, but did not take part in the celebration, due to the irregular canonical situation of the SSPX.[40]

Death of Bishop Tissier de Mallerais

[edit]

Bishop Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, another of the Bishops illicitely consecrated by Lefebvre, suffered a tragic accident on 28 September 2024, when he fell on the stairs of the Ecône seminary, causing a skull fracture and an internal haemorrhaging; he was promptly brought to the Hospital at Martigny and placed into an induced coma. He died on 8 October 2024, after 10 days of coma; his funeral was held at the International Seminary of Saint Pius X, on 18 October.[41]

The deaths of Bishops Huonder and Tissier de Mallerais, coupled with the expulsion of Bishop Williamson, means that Bernard Fellay and Alfonso de Galarreta are the only remaining Bishops affiliated to the SSPX, prompting Catholic media to speculate whether the Society will proceed to new consecrations.[41]

Canonical situation

[edit]
Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, Paris, occupied by the SSPX since 1977
St. Willibrord's Church, Utrecht, Netherlands, operated by the SSPX since 2015
Minoritenkirche, Vienna, Austria, received by the SSPX as a gift in 2021
Main articles: Canonical situation of the Society of Saint Pius X and Dialogue between the Holy See and the Society of Saint Pius X

The canonical situation of the SSPX and of its clergy has been the subject of controversy since the 1988 Écône consecrations.[citation needed] While the society is not listed in Annuario Pontificio as a recognized society of apostolic life, it has nonetheless benefited from some significant allowances normally granted only to recognized orders and societies.[citation needed]

Marriage

[edit]

On 27 March 2017, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith communicated that Pope Francis granted local ordinaries the right to give to a priest in good standing the faculty to preside at the marriage of the society's followers, immediately after which they will participate in a Mass celebrated by an SSPX priest, or, if no priest in good standing can receive the couple's consent, to give the faculty instead to an SSPX priest.[42]

Fr. John Zuhlsdorf commented that suspended priests cannot receive faculties:

If the SSPX priests can receive faculties, and they have, all over the place, then they are not suspended.[43]

Confession

[edit]

On 20 November 2016, Pope Francis personally and indefinitely extended an allowance he created during the Holy Year of 2015[44] for penitents confessing to priests affiliated with the SSPX:

For the Jubilee Year I had also granted that those faithful who, for various reasons, attend churches officiated by the priests of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X, can validly and licitly receive the sacramental absolution of their sins.[10][45]

Ordination and Holy Orders

[edit]

During an interview with TV Libertés on 29 January 2017, Bishop Fellay announced that theological discussions with the Holy See had led to permission for the society to licitly ordain priests:

This summer it was confirmed that the Superior General can freely ordain the priests of the society without having to ask permission from the local bishop.[46]

Catholic Mass

[edit]

In 2022, Bishop Athanasius Schneider said that the SSPX was not schismatic as it prays for the Pope during Mass.[47] Bishop Schneider states clearly that Catholics can attend the chapels of the SSPX.[47]

Jurisdiction

[edit]

When told by a journalist of InfoVaticana that what Pope Francis had decided in March 2017 was instead that, "from now on, the weddings celebrated by the priests from the FSSPX are going to be recognized", Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, who had not seen the actual document, remarked:

That is a very significant action of the Holy Father, and it also indicates that in some way there must be a reconciliation of the SSPX because basically what the Pope is saying is that the priests in this society, when they witness marriages, are exercising jurisdiction in the Roman Catholic Church.[48]

In reality, it is local ordinaries, not the society, that in the document are authorized, if they wish, to delegate jurisdiction to SSPX priests to assist canonically at some marriages.[citation needed]

The society's view is that, before Pope Francis's authorizations, their priests held "supplied" jurisdiction (power of governance) for confessions and marriages. They received this supplied jurisdiction by law and not "by delegation or by mandate of the Sovereign Pontiff or the diocesan bishops or of regularly appointed parish priests."[13][49][50]

Since the grants by Pope Francis, the society says that its priests have or can have ordinary jurisdiction for the sacraments of confession and marriage. It adds that, in cases where a diocesan bishop refuses to grant delegation for a marriage, SSPX priests can still use extraordinary jurisdiction.[51]

SSPX today

[edit]
A liturgy held at the society's St. Jude's Chapel, Philadelphia, U.S.

As of March 2021, the society had 3 bishops and 676 priests residing in 36 countries, 760 Mass centers, 159 priories, 135 religious brothers, 82 sister oblates, 190 seminarians in six seminaries, 63 pre-seminarians in three pre-seminaries.[52] Edizioni Piane is the FSSPX's official publishing house in its Italian district.[53]

The society is divided into two classes of territorial units called districts and autonomous houses, each headed by a superior.[citation needed] An autonomous house may become a district after three priories have been established within its jurisdiction.[54] The most recent organizational addition of the society is the Autonomous House of Central America and the Caribbean, formed from territory taken from the District of Mexico, erected on 1 October 2017.[citation needed] Over 120 (>20%) of the society's priests are stationed in the District of France.[52]

The society managed to triple the number of its chapels in Poland from 2019 to 2021.[citation needed]

District of Priories Chapels Retreat centers Schools Source
Africa 8 32 - 5 [54]
Asia 6 54 1 2 [54]
Australia and New Zealand 8 40 - 5 [54]
Austria 4 35 - - [54]
Belgium and the Netherlands 3 12 - 1 [54]
Canada 7 44 1 4 [54]
Eastern Europe 7 27 1 3 [54]
France 46 187 3 62 [54]
Germany 11 52 1 5 [54]
Great Britain and Ireland 6 43 - 1 [54]
Italy 4 25 2 2 [54]
Mexico 6 41 3 1 [54]
South America 8 40 1 4 [54]
Switzerland 9 28 1 7 [54]
USA 22 129 4 32 [54]
Total 155 789 18 134 -
Autonomous house of Priories Chapels Schools Source
Central America and Caribbean 3 25 2 [55]
Brazil 4 18 1 [55]
Spain and Portugal 2 17 - [55]
Total 9 60 3 -

The first seminary founded by the society is the St. Pius X International Seminary located in Écône, Switzerland.[citation needed] Its largest is located in the United States: St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary, Dillwyn, Virginia, and having outgrown its previous facilities, relocated in 2016 from Winona, Minnesota; the former seminary complex continues to house the novitiate of the religious brothers.[citation needed] Other seminaries are located in France (Saint Curé d'Ars Seminary, Flavigny-sur-Ozerain), Germany (Sacred Heart of Jesus Seminary, Zaitzkofen), and Argentina (Seminario Nuestra Señora Corredentora, La Reja).[citation needed] The society also runs pre-seminaries for prospective priestly vocations in Italy (Albano Laziale), Brazil (Santa Maria), and the Philippines (Santa Barbara, Iloilo).[citation needed]

Superiors general

[edit]
Name Nationality Term
Abp Marcel Lefebvre  France 1970–1982
Fr Franz Schmidberger  Germany 1982–1994
Bp Bernard Fellay   Switzerland 1994–2018
Don Davide Pagliarani  Italy 2018–

Notable groups that have split from the SSPX

[edit]

There have been two major kinds of splits from the SSPX.[citation needed] Two notable splits of the first kind involved priests who viewed the SSPX as too liberal and who use the form that the Mass had before Pope John XXIII.[citation needed] The other kind involved groups who have reconciled with the Holy See and who, like the SSPX, use the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal.[citation needed]

Groups which broke with the SSPX which are not recognized by the Holy See include:

  • Society of Saint Pius V – In 1983, nine U.S. SSPX priests broke with or were forced to leave the SSPX's Northeast USA District partly because they were opposed to Lefebvre's instructions that Mass be celebrated according to the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal issued by Pope John XXIII.[citation needed] Those in SSPX circles refer to these priests as "the nine".[citation needed] They began their organization by refusing to complete a transaction of a church that the SSPX was attempting to purchase, using one of the nine priests as the buyer.[citation needed] The founding priests took the money intended for the purchase of the church and kept the church for themselves.[citation needed] A number of the SSPV's priests and the lay people who go to their Masses are openly sedevacantist, a position rejected by the SSPX.[citation needed] Issues occasioning the split were: Lefebvre's order that Society priests must accept the decrees of nullity handed down by diocesan marriage tribunals; the insistence that all Society Masses be celebrated according to the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal; the acceptance of new members into the group who had been ordained to the priesthood according to the revised sacramental rites of Pope Paul VI.[citation needed]
  • Istituto Mater Boni Consilii – (English: "Institute of the Mother of Good Counsel") is a traditionalist congregation of priests that follows the sedeprivationist school of thought.[citation needed] The founders of the institute seceded in 1985 from the Society of St. Pius X under the leadership of Fr. Francesco Ricossa, a one-time faculty member of the Écône seminary.[citation needed] In contrast to the North American-based SSPV, this Institute is based in Europe.[citation needed]
  • Priestly Union Marcel Lefebvre is a traditionalist Catholic apostolic association, founded on July 15, 2014 by Bishop Richard Williamson after his expulsion from the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X.

Groups which broke with the SSPX which reconciled with Rome include:

  • Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP) – It was established in 1988 after the Écône consecrations.[citation needed] Responding to the Holy See's declaration that these constituted a schismatic act and that those involved were thereby automatically excommunicated, twelve priests left the SSPX and established the FSSP, in full communion with the Holy See.[citation needed]
  • Institute of the Good Shepherd – (Institut du Bon-Pasteur, IBP) was established as a papally-recognized society of apostolic life on 8 September 2006 for a group of SSPX members who maintained it was time for the society to accept reconciliation with Pope Benedict XVI.[citation needed]
  • Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer (Filii Sanctissimi Redemptoris, FSSR) founded as a religious community affiliated with the SSPX in 1988. In 2008 the community petitioned to be reconciled with the Holy See, which was accepted by then Pope Benedict XVI.[citation needed]

Supporters

[edit]

Lifestyle and clothing amongst adherents

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In the Society of Saint Pius X, a complementarian position for gender roles is upheld; "In St. Mary's, few married women work, especially once they have children."[56]

Richard Williamson, a former bishop of the SSPX who now aligns with the SSPX Resistance, wrote a pastoral letter, in which he stated that "women's trousers, as worn today, short or long, modest or immodest, tight or loose, open or disguised (like the 'culottes'), are an assault upon woman's womanhood and so they represent a deep-lying revolt against the order willed by God."[57][58] The Atlantic, in covering SSPX, described their female adherents as being "Women in long, modest skirts [who were loading] vans that had enough seats to accommodate eight or nine kids."[56]

During Catholic Mass, though there is no strict dress code, the SSPX advises “Sunday best" attire.[59] Women are recommended to wear skirts that fall at least below the knee, and no tight-fitting clothing.[59] It is customary for women to wear a veil during prayer and worship.[59] Men are encouraged to wear suits and ties.[59]

Controversies

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Main article: Controversies surrounding the Society of Saint Pius X

Political

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After Bishop Richard Williamson, the subject of the complaint by the Anti-Defamation League, denied the use of Nazi gas chambers to massacre Jews in a 2009 interview, the superior-general of the society said that if he repeated his denial, he would be expelled.[60] His actual expulsion in 2012 was for refusing to show due respect and obedience to the SSPX authorities and calling on the superior-general to resign.[61] A German court convicted Williamson of Holocaust denial.[62]

French Nazi collaborator and war criminal Paul Touvier was arrested in an SSPX priory.[citation needed] The priory's superiors claimed that they had granted him asylum as "an act of charity to a homeless man".[citation needed] They claimed no knowledge about the man's background when he first appeared in the priory.[citation needed] On his death, in 1996, an SSPX Requiem Mass was offered for his soul, upon his request.[63]

On 16 October 2013, the society offered to perform a funeral for Nazi war criminal Erich Priebke.[citation needed] Priebke, a baptized Protestant, converted post-war with his wife to a form of Catholicism and had his children baptized.[64] He rejected the cult of race as a "mistake that led down a path of no return."[64] The ceremony did not take place due to protests by some 500 people outside the society's Italian district house in Albano, near Rome.[citation needed] The local authorities of the Catholic Church refused him a public funeral, citing a rule of canon law that, unless they gave some signs of repentance before death, a public funeral must be refused to manifest sinners to whom it cannot be granted without public scandal of the faithful.[65]

Despite controversies surrounding Nazism, the society mentioned that Archbishop Lefebvre's father, René Lefebvre, met his death in the concentration camp at Sonnenburg in February 1944, three years after his arrest by the Gestapo; he died, "his rosary in hand, a victim of Nazi insanity."[66]

The society is also known for supporting the far-right, nationalist, ultra-conservative political party Civitas in France.[67][68]

Sexual abuse and cover-up

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On 5 April 2017, Uppdrag granskning, a Swedish television program focused on investigative journalism, alleged that four members of the SSPX—three priests and a former seminarian—had molested at least a dozen young people in several countries.[69][70][71] The program also stated that evidence of abuse was kept secret by the SSPX and that the priests were allowed to continue in ministry.[69][72]

Kevin Gerard Sloniker, the former seminarian and the only person accused by name in the program, was expelled from the society's St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary in 2005 and began serving a life sentence in 2015.[73] The remaining three accusations regard priests whose names have been withheld (referred to in the program as Fathers P, S, and M); their accusers have likewise remained anonymous.[citation needed] Nonetheless, P was the subject of a canonical trial presided over by Bishop Fellay, authorized by the Holy See in 2013; he was found guilty, and subsequently ordered to retire to a monastery.[citation needed] Crux reports "P refused to go and, according to officials of the SSPX, joined [Bishop] Williamson's Resistance."[74]

In May 2020, the Kansas Bureau of Investigation stated that, as part of its investigation into the four Catholic dioceses in the state, it was also investigating accusations that SSPX members were either perpetrating or covering up clerical sex abuse in the state.[75] The SSPX St. Mary's Rectory in Kansas faced sex abuse allegations, although both the U.S. district of the society and the St. Mary's Rectory denied the allegations.[76]

List of SSPX Priests sentenced for sexual abuse

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  • Uribe Silviano Bernabé — A Mexican SSPX priest and former headmaster who was sentenced in September 2004 by a Bordeaux criminal court to one year for sexual assaults on an adult woman and a thirteen-year-old girl.[77] He appealed the sentence and lost on 17 March 2005.[77] He then brought the case to the Court of Cassation in Paris, which upheld the sentence on 26 April 2006.[citation needed]
  • Frédéric Abbet — On 13 December 2017, he was sentenced to 5 years by a Brussels appeal court for sexual abuse of a young boy in an SSPX boarding school.[citation needed] He had already faced accusations in his native Switzerland in 2005 but had been acquitted by an unofficial SSPX tribunal.[78][79] Father Abbet was to serve the prison sentence in his native Switzerland, where it was later discovered he never did serve his prison sentence but instead lived freely in the community.[80]
  • Christophe Roisnel — On 16 February 2018, this former school headmaster was sentenced to 19 years by the Nanterre criminal court of appeal for multiple counts of rape and acts of torture on female school teachers.[81]
  • Matthew Stafki — On 27 June 2023, he was sentenced to 90 months in prison by a Sherburne County, Minnesota court for sexually abusing his niece. The abuse started when his niece was 9 years old and continued until she was 11.[82][83]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Members and faithful of this group are pejoratively known as Lefebvrists.[3][4] SSPX rejects being called "Lefebvrist" because the term implies that it is not Catholic.[5]
  2. ^ "Archbishop Lefebvre was told that this examination was very positive and that he just had to come to Rome and clarify some questions." Conference of Father Franz Schmidberger, superior general of the Society of St. Pius X at Rockdale, Sydney, Australia, 16 October 1990, by Father Gerard Hogan and Father François Laisney
  3. ^ Nos igitur iterum adhortamur hos Nostros fratres ac filios, eosque exoramus, ut conscii fiant gravium vulnerum quae secus Ecclesiae illaturi sunt. Invitationem ipsis iteramus, ut secum recogitent gravia Christi monita de Ecclesiae unitate (Cfr. Io. 17, 21 ss.) ac de oboedientia erga legitimum Pastorem, ab Ipso universo gregi praepositum, cum signum oboedientiae sit quae Patri ac Filio debetur (Cfr. Luc. 10, 16). Nos eos aperto corde exspectamus apertisque bracchiis ad eos prompte amplectendos: utinam humilitatis exemplum praebentes, ad gaudium Populi Dei rursus viam unitatis et amoris ingredi valeant! (Consistory for the creation of twenty new cardinals, 24 May 1976)
  4. ^ "The situation is such, the work placed in our hands by the good Lord is such, that faced with this darkness in Rome, faced with the Roman authorities' pertinacity in error, faced with this refusal to return to truth or tradition on the part of those who occupy the seats of authority in Rome, faced with all these things, it seems to us that the good Lord is asking for the Church to continue. This is why it is likely that before I give account of my life to the good Lord, I shall have to consecrate some bishops" (Sermon on 29 June 1987)
  5. ^ "No bishop is permitted to consecrate anyone a bishop unless it is first evident that there is a pontifical mandate" (Code of Canon Law, canon 1013)
  6. ^ "A bishop who consecrates someone a bishop without a pontifical mandate and the person who receives the consecration from him incur a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See" (Code of Canon Law, canon 1382).

References

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  1. ^ fsspx.news 2021.
  2. ^ a b sspx.org 2022.
  3. ^ Douthat 2009.
  4. ^ Pongratz-Lippitt 2021.
  5. ^ du Chalard 1993.
  6. ^ sspx.org 2018.
  7. ^ Knittel 2004.
  8. ^ Ridley 1988.
  9. ^ a b Card. Gantin 1988.
  10. ^ a b Pope Francis 2016.
  11. ^ Card. Müller 2017.
  12. ^ CC 2015.
  13. ^ a b de Mallerais 1991.
  14. ^ https://sspx.org/en/general-statistics-about-sspx-30870 [bare URL]
  15. ^ Gagnon 2003.
  16. ^ a b c Holy Cross Seminary 2003.
  17. ^ a b Davies 1979a.
  18. ^ Davies 1979b.
  19. ^ fsspx.org 2023a.
  20. ^ icc.id.sspx.org 2015.
  21. ^ Lefebvre 1974.
  22. ^ a b Davies 1979c.
  23. ^ Davies 1979d.
  24. ^ a b Davies 1979e.
  25. ^ Pope Pius XII 1958, p. 41.
  26. ^ Pope John Paul II 1988.
  27. ^ CIC 1983a, p. 751.
  28. ^ CIC 1983c, p. 1382.
  29. ^ CIC 1983b, p. 1323-1324.
  30. ^ de Castro Mayer 1988.
  31. ^ sspx.org 2016.
  32. ^ CC 2017a.
  33. ^ Wells 2017.
  34. ^ Associated Press 2017.
  35. ^ "Bishop causes more controversy for breakaway Catholic group". Catholic News Agency. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  36. ^ Wooden, Cindy (24 October 2012). "SSPX expels Bishop Williamson, who opposed talks with Vatican". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  37. ^ Squires, Nick (24 October 2012). "Holocaust denying British bishop expelled from religious order | A renegade British bishop whose denial of the Holocaust precipitated a crisis in Benedict XVI's papacy has been expelled from his ultraconservative order". The Daily Telegraph. London. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  38. ^ sspx.org 2019.
  39. ^ "Im Herrn verstorben: emeritierter Bischof Vitus Huonder". Bistum Chur. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  40. ^ Coppen, Luke (17 April 2024). "Swiss bishop defends attending predecessor's SSPX funeral". The Pillar.
  41. ^ a b Lasserre, Matthieu (9 October 2024). "Bishop Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, senior prelate of the Society of Saint Pius X, dead at 79". La Croix.
  42. ^ Esteves 2017.
  43. ^ Zuhlsdorf 2020.
  44. ^ Pope Francis 2015.
  45. ^ CNA 2016.
  46. ^ CC 2017c.
  47. ^ a b fsspx.news 2022.
  48. ^ Ariza 2017.
  49. ^ sspx.org 2015.
  50. ^ Angles 2014.
  51. ^ sspx.org 2017.
  52. ^ a b LPL 2021.
  53. ^ edizionipiane.it 2024.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p fsspx.org 2023b.
  55. ^ a b c fsspx.org 2023c.
  56. ^ a b Green 2020.
  57. ^ Williamson 1991.
  58. ^ Barber 2009.
  59. ^ a b c d sspx.org 2023.
  60. ^ CC 2009.
  61. ^ CC 2012.
  62. ^ Associated Press 2013.
  63. ^ Fox 2009.
  64. ^ a b Priebke & Giachini 2003, pp. 150, 160–161, 170.
  65. ^ Wooden 2013.
  66. ^ fsspx.org 2024.
  67. ^ Schreiber 2019.
  68. ^ Bunderson 2012.
  69. ^ a b CC 2017b.
  70. ^ Fegan, Svensson & Andersson 2017a.
  71. ^ Fegan, Svensson & Andersson 2017b.
  72. ^ Martiniere et al. 2017.
  73. ^ Kramer 2016.
  74. ^ San Martín 2017.
  75. ^ Hadro 2020.
  76. ^ Thomas 2020.
  77. ^ a b La Dernière Heure 2005.
  78. ^ swissinfo 2017.
  79. ^ Zbinden 2017.
  80. ^ Galindo 2020.
  81. ^ La Croix 2018.
  82. ^ "Former priest sentenced for sexual assault of young girl". 31 August 2023.
  83. ^ "SSPX Priest Charged with Child Sex Crimes".

Sources

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Books

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Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre

Others

SSPX

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Angelus Press

archives.sspx.org

District of the USA

General House

FSSPX News

Others

Code of Canon Law

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Websites

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Vatican

Others

News articles

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The Atlantic

Catholic Culture

Catholic News Agency

National Catholic Reporter

Swedish News

Swiss News

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Society of Saint Pius X.
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