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Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa

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For a guerilla leader Manuel de Santa Cruz, see Manuel Santa Cruz Loidi.
Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa
Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta.png
Born1922
San Sebastián, Spain
Died2019
Valencia, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationmilitary
Known forhistorian
Political partyCarlism

Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa (1922 – 2019) was a Spanish historian. He is known mostly as the author of massive, 29-volume series titled Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español. Written under the pen-name of "Manuel de Santa Cruz", it covers the history of Carlism between 1939 and 1966 and is considered a fundamental work of reference for any student of the movement in the Francoist era. Galarreta is also moderately recognized as a periodista, who contributed to numerous right-wing periodicals; for almost 40 years he was the moving spirit behind a Navarrese weekly/bi-weekly Siempre P'alante. He advanced the Traditionalist outlook highly saturated with Integrism; in particular, he was a vehement advocate of the religious unity of Spain. Politically he maintained a low profile, though he participated in Carlist cultural pursuits and a few times he wrote documents issued by the Carlist executive.

Family and youth

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father (2fL) and uncles

The Ruiz de Galarreta family originated from Álava; throughout the centuries it branched out, especially across Vascongadas and Navarre.[1] One branch settled in the Navarrese hamlet of Zudaire in Sierra de Urbasa; they got their hidalguia confirmed in the late 16th century and re-confirmed a number of times later.[2] Its descendants moved to nearby Estella and grew to include distinguished citizens; one was the alcalde of the city.[3] The oldest identified strictly paternal ancestor of Alberto was born in the mid-18th century.[4] His great-grandson and the grandfather of Alberto, Felipe Ruiz de Galarreta Dombrasas (died 1926)[5] was also born in Estella, but some time in the 1870s he moved to Pamplona, where in 1875 he married Pilar Maestu (in some spellings Maeztu)[6] Navarro.[7] It is not clear what he was doing for a living, yet he was a prominent figure, since his death was mentioned even in Madrid newspapers.[8]

Felipe and Pilar had at least six children, born between the late 1870s and the late 1880s. One daughter became a religious,[9] two sons entered the military[10] and the other three commenced the career of entrepreneurs.[11] One of them was Alberto's father, Teodoro Ruiz de Galarreta Maestu (1884–1954).[12] He entered into commerce and traded in grain and seeds; at Camino de la Estación in Pamplona he operated a large warehouse[13] and travelled on business to Guatemala[14] or Argentina.[15] In some present-day works he is referred to as "gran empresario".[16] However, he is remembered rather due to his passion for stereoscopic photography; some 600 of his excellent quality photographs form part of the Navarrese cultural heritage.[17] In 1921 he married María Felisa Mocoroa Durán, a girl from San Sebastián;[18] she was daughter to a Donostian comerciante trading in seeds,[19] Juan Mocoroa.[20]

with sister in Donostia, 1932

Teodoro and María Felisa had two children, Alberto and his younger sister Elvira.[21] They spent their childhood in San Sebastián;[22] none of the sources consulted provided information on his early schooling and fate during the civil war, though one notes that he “vividly remembered those years of terror and heroism”.[23] He intended to commence a religious career and entered a Jesuit novitiate in the Veruela Abbey; however, his superiors found he did not have the vocation needed. The young Ruiz de Galarreta in 1939 opted for medicine,[24] studied in Valencia and graduated with a thesis on the history of medicine,[25] which he applied to Navy medical services later.[26] He did not marry and had no children.[27] His best-known relative is his nephew, a Valencian business tycoon named Alberto Catalá Ruiz de Galarreta.[28] His cousin Ignacio Ruiz de Galarreta Maisonnave was dean of the Pamplona Colegio de Abogados in the 1970s;[29] his wife María Isabel Hualde Redín wrote lyrics to Riau-Riau.[30] Their son José Ignacio Ruiz de Galarreta Hualde was a Jesuit theologian[31] and author of numerous popular books revolving around religious topics.[32] Salvador Gayarre Ruiz de Galarreta, an architect, was grandson to Alberto's paternal uncle.[33]

[edit]
Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes

In 1949 Galarreta was admitted to entry exams to the Cuerpo de Sanidád de la Armada, the medical branch of the Spanish Navy.[34] It is not clear whether he passed the exams that year or shortly afterwards; however, at the turn of the decade he served in the Hospital de Marina in Cartagena. In 1951 he was released from the hospital and posted to a minelayer named Vulcano, though official sources provide confusing evidence as to his rank; the ones from April 1951[35] and January 1952[36] list him as teniente médico, while the one from April 1952 as alférez de navío.[37] His service on the sea continued, when in 1952 he was moved to the Segunda Flotilla de Destructores[38] at an unclear location. In 1954 Galarreta was promoted from lieutenant medic to Capitan Médico de la Armada[39] and commenced service on the light cruiser Miguel de Cervantes,[40] one of the most powerful ships of the Spanish navy of the early Francoist era. However, in 1956 he was posted to a tugboat flotilla; at the time he was listed as alumno attending the surgeon classes,[41] most likely at the University of Valencia. It is not known if and when he completed the curriculum; in 1956 the Junta de la Facultad de Medicina granted his request to proceed with a doctoral dissertation at the Universidad de Madrid,[42] yet there is no information on his PhD laurels.[43] Galarreta's navy postings in the late 1950s and the early 1960s are unclear, though some time before 1964 he was promoted to the first senior officer rank, comandante.[44]

coronel stripes
coronel stripes

In 1964 Galarreta was appointed to the Tribunal de Reconocimiento Médico.[45] The appointment effectively terminated Galarreta's service at sea and commenced his spell in navy medical administration, where he was noted, for example, in 1965.[46] He also held additional roles in other similar bodies, for example, in 1966 Galarreta served as comandante médico in the Junta Facultativa de Reconocimiento Médico.[47] He would remain in the administrative branch of the services until the end of his navy career, and some time in the late 1960s or early 1970s promoted to teniente coronel. At this rank in 1973 he served as médico adscrito in the Tribunal de Exámenes para el Cuerpo de Sanidad[48] and is recorded in the same role in 1976.[49] In 1977 he became Jefe del Servicio de Salud Mental y Luchas Sanitarias[50] and a member of the Comisión de Ordenanzas Generales de la Armada.[51] In the late 1970s he became a member of Delegación Permanente de la Junta Superior de Acción Social de la Armada, the navy branch entrusted with social issues like education, financial assistance, sports, holidays, retirement, religious service, etc.[52] He performed this role until 1979; at the time he became Vocal y Asesor Médico de la Delegación de Acción Social de la Armada.[53] In 1979 he served as president of the Junta de Reconocimiento Médico at the Tribunal de Exámenes,[54] where as médico adscrito he was noted also in 1980.[55] The xact year of his retirement is unknown but probably fell in the early 1980s;[56] he retired as a full colonel.[57]

Historian

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Apuntes...

Galarreta did not receive a professional education as an historian, though from the onset he was tempted by historiography; his academic dissertation was dedicated to the history of medicine[58] and focused on José Gómez Ocaña.[59] Some time later he re-worked the thesis; in 1958 it got a prize from the Asociación de Escritores Médicos[60] and the same year it was published by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.[61] It remained Galarreta's sole historiographic work for decades. In 1979 as "Manuel de Santa Cruz"[62] he issued the first volume of what became a massive series, titled Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español. The subsequent 28 volumes were published until 1993 and covered the history of Carlism from 1939 to 1966;[63] each volume was dedicated to one year.[64] Though published irregularly,[65] all volumes retained the same format of soft-cover booklets; they were issued by different Seville and Madrid publishing houses. Volumes 1–14 were financed by Galarreta himself,[66] subsequent ones were funded by Fundación Larramendi.[67]

Apuntes... is a work which adopted a somewhat hybrid format, in-between a typical historiographic account and a printed set of original documents. Though the backbone of each volume are excerpts from or complete written sources, reproduced literally,[68] they are enveloped in the author's narrative which sets the background and advances an interpretative perspective. In the case of most chapters the documentary part prevails,[69] though in some sections the documents quoted are scarce and the descriptive part takes most of the space.[70] Each volume is structured into some 10–15 chapters, organized either around specific threads or specific events. Each chapter falls into 5 to 15 sub-sections, usually though not always centred upon a specific document or a series of documents. Since each volume quotes some 70 to 100 sources, the entire series refers to some 2,500 documents. Each volume ends with a review of major books and periodicals published during the year in question, an index of persons and a summary. In total, the series amounts to some 6,000 pages.[71]

all volumes of Apuntes...

Documents referred to are not necessarily reproduced in extenso; many are presented either as lengthy excerpts or as brief parts, at times reduced to few sentences. They fall into 8 major categories: 1. private letters,[72] 2. official documents issued by Carlist structures,[73] 3. articles from party bulletins or party newspapers,[74] 4. Carlist leaflets and brochures,[75] 5. articles from the non-Carlist press,[76] also a foreign one,[77] 6. documents issued by official administrative structures,[78] 7. excerpts from various books,[79] and 8. private documents (notes, pro-memoria, minutes, and drafts) by various individuals.[80] The work does not contain any archival references and usually there are no footnotes or any sort of guidance as to where the document quoted has been consulted. Exceptions is rather infrequent and loose in-text information, e.g. "en el archivo del Doctor Gassió se halla...".[81] Letters quoted are at times referred with no date;[82] also excerpts from books are at times referred with incomplete bibliographical information.[83]

Catholic activist

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Reinaré en España
Reinaré en España

Since the mid-1960s Galarreta engaged against what he perceived as "confusion stemming from the Vatican Council", which in his opinion endangered the Catholic unity of Spain. First he tried to re-launch a series of dinners known as Cenas de Cristo Rey; they were designed as measures of countering the new currents and advocated the Integrist vision of religion and public life.[84] At the same time he joined works of the Centro de Estudios Históricos Tomás Zumalacarregui, created as sort of a think-tank by Traditionalists who abandoned the progressist prince Carlos Hugo;[85] later he formed the board of the related Fundación Elías de Tejada.[86] In the 1980s Galarreta engaged in the movement of so-called Uniones Seglares, grass-root organizations set up to oppose secularization and promote religious values.[87] In the early 1990s he emerged as a key person within the movement, and organized annual Jornadas almost single-handedly.[88] In 1997 he became president of the confederation, at the time named the Junta Nacional para la Reconquista de la Unidad Católica de España;[89] its key objective was re-institutionalization of the Catholic unity of Spain. Galarreta remained active in the movement until his death, taking part in countless congresses, conferences and lectures.[90] The movement promoted the presence of religion in public space, advocated traditional values, popularized history, analyzed politics and warned against threats, including these reportedly posed by Freemasonry,[91] so-called "European values"[92] and the growing Muslim presence in Spain.[93] He was also highly skeptical about the pontificate of John Paul II.[94]

El Pensamiento Navarro

Galarreta's religious missionary activity was expressed also throughout his press contributions. Initially, as a member of the military Galarreta was not supposed to publish pieces which might have sounded anti-governmental. Hence, given his criticism towards the planned Francoist law on religious liberty, he started writing using numerous pen-names. His early contributions are difficult to trace;[95] his later pen-names identified are “J. Ulibarri”, “Aurelio de Gregorio”, “P. Loido”, “P. Echániz”, “El Serviola” and “Dr. Felipe Fernández Arqueo”.[96] Since the 1960s he was publishing in the Carlist Pamplonese daily El Pensamiento Navarro. Other Traditionalist periodicals he contributed to include ¿Qué pasa?. In the 1960s he joined forces with Eugenio Vegas Latapié, who represented a competitive branch of monarchism, to found Ciudad Católica, and kept contributing to this prestigious intellectual review during the decades to come. In the 1970s he commenced collaboration with the Blas Piñar-related weekly Fuerza Nueva. In the early 1980s Galarreta was the moving spirit behind founding Siempre P’alante,[97] a popular Navarrese periodical strongly flavored with the Integrist vision of culture and religion;[98] at the same time he was writing for a prestigious intellectual monthly Verbo. To some of these periodicals he kept contributing almost until his last days[99] and Siempre P'alante barely outlived him.[100] Galarreta contributed minor pieces to some Traditionalism-related books.[101] His propagandistic activities involved also a more combative format.[102]

Carlist

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Carlist standard

There is no information on political preferences of Galarreta's paternal ancestors and it is not clear what if any political grouping was supported by his father. However, it is known that his maternal forefathers were related to Carlism and his grandfather, Miguel Mocoroa, joined the legitimist troops during the Third Carlist War.[103] During his teenage years in San Sebastián in the mid-1930s, Galarreta was already a member of the Carlist youth organisation, AET.[104] He also spent long spells in the Gipuzkoan Villafranca de Ordicia, the Basque town entirely dominated by Carlists; he participated in their rituals, including evening rosary intended for the Carlist king, Alfonso Carlos.[105] When serving in the navy (in 1954 he was capitán,[106] in 1964 comandante,[107] and in 1974 teniente coronel[108]) he was hardly in a position to voice genuine political preferences, and none of the works dealing with Carlist history during early Francoism note his direct engagement in the movement.[109] The first notes on Galarreta's links with the Carlist political organization come from the early 1960s, when he formed the intellectual entourage of the then Jefe Delegado, José María Valiente.[110] In 1963 he was the co-author and the moving spirit behind El Carlismo y la Unidad Católica, a document issued by the Comunión Tradicionalista, signed by Valiente and 18 regional leaders.[111] However, he did not assume any role in Carlist structures.

Sixto Enrique de Borbón

In the 1980s and thanks to his Apuntes... series Galarreta started to emerge as a Carlist pundit and intellectual, but again with no formal party affiliations. He took part in labors of the 1986 congress, which was supposed to unite various branches of Traditionalism; they gave birth to an umbrella organization Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista, yet when listing attendants of related religious events, the press listed Galarreta separately, not among the CTC representatives.[112] His historiographic work, culminating in the 1980s, was done with no support of organized Carlist structures.[113] At the turn of the decade Galarreta collaborated with Lealtad, a bulletin issued by an ephemeral offshoot branch named Tradición Española.[114] When the movement again got fragmented between CTC and Comunión Tradicionalista, Galarreta approached the latter, attracted mostly by its loyalty to Marcel Lefebvre and his vision of Catholicism. He forged friendly links with Rafael Gambra,[115] in the 1990s considered the supreme authority on Traditionalism[116] and since 2001 the formal leader of CT. At times he engaged in polemics on doctrine, for example, in 1997 with the Progressist vision of Carlism[117] or in 2003 with doctrinal re-interpretations by the Traditionalist Alvaro d’Ors.[118] Following the death of Traditionalist pundits Rafael Gambra (2004), Alvaro d’Ors (2004), Francisco Canals (2009) and Juan Vallet de Goytisolo (2011), Galarreta emerged as "el úlitmo carlista histórico".[119] In 2013 Sixto Enrique de Borbón, dynastic leader of the CT-related branch of Carlism, awarded him Cruz de la Orden de Legitimitad Proscrita.[120] His health permitting, also as a nonagenarian Galarreta took part in cultural events related to Carlism; in 2017 he was present during the presentation of a book on the ETA war against Carlism.[121]

Reception and legacy

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Until the end of Francoism Galarreta remained unknown to wider public; he published under nick-names, did not engage in politics and did not hold any role in Carlist structures. He started to emerge as a recognized personality only in the 1980s, when he was in his 60s. On the one hand, it was related to his activity in Uniones Seglares, especially that in the 1990s he became one of the key people behind the movement and in 1997 he ascended to its presidency.[122] On the other hand, in the late 1980s it became already clear that his Apuntes... series was not an ephemeral effort, but that it assumed a massive size comparable to earlier historiographic series on Carlism by Melchor Ferrer, published in the 1940s and the 1950s. Though until the mid-1980s Apuntes... were greeted with almost total silence in the world of professional historiography and Carlism alike, things changed when the Fundación Larramendi took over publishing the series.[123] As a result, on both accounts in the 1990s Galarreta emerged among patriarchs of Traditionalism, especially in its Carlist version, and in the early 21st century he was viewed as “el úlitmo carlista histórico”,[124] celebrated as the authority on history and doctrine. Since the turn of the century he was recognized by some academic historians like Ricardo de la Cierva, José Luis Comellas and Javier Tusell, who considered working on joint projects.[125] His death was acknowledged by both CT[126] and CTC,[127] apart from numerous Catholic institutions and periodicals, though by very few mainstream media.[128]

Following his death Galarreta is recorded chiefly as the author of Apuntes..., widely viewed as a continuation of a sort of the “official” Carlist history by Ferrer.[129] Opinions about the series differ. Within Traditionalism it is viewed as an enormous work which remains "referencia inexcusable" for every student of late Carlism and Francoist Spain.[130] Also non-Traditionalist scholars like Ricardo de la Cierva recognize its “oceanic proportions”.[131] However, there are authors who prefer to name Galarreta "el recopilador" rather than a historian.[132] Others stigmatize him as a representative of "línea carlista tradicionalista"[133] or "historiografía neotradicionalista",[134] which is a euphemism for bias and political zeal. An academic scholar notes that Galarreta's work is interesting "desde un punto de vista documental" and "might be useful", but only once is it "liberado de comentarios profundamente comprometidos".[135] Many point to his Integrist[136] or “en clave neointegrista” outlook, which allegedly plagues Apuntes..., though others limit themselves to noting “parcial óptica ideológica”[137] and Galarreta's nature of "combatiente idealista" and "doctrinario".[138] This stance made him see the decline of Carlism not in terms of dynastical turmoil, social change, doctrinal deviation by prince Carlos Hugo, or Francoist repression, but as the result of "defección de la Iglesia después el Concilio Vaticano II".[139] Some claim that the content of Apuntes... is at times "superimposed or mixed up".[140] Regardless of the controversies, Galarreta's work remains a vital source of references for the history of Carlism during the Franco era; one recent PhD work quoted him 63 times,[141] and another referred to him 65 times.[142]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Ruiz de Galarreta entry, [in:] HeraldicaFamiliar service, available here
  2. ^ Ruiz de Galarreta entry, [in:] MisApellidos service, available here
  3. ^ Ángel García Sanz-Marcotegui, Carlistas y Liberales en Estella (1833–1839), [in:] Geografía y Historia 1 (1994), p. 186
  4. ^ Fernando Ruiz de Galarreta entry, [in:] Geneaordonez service, available here
  5. ^ ABC 10.03.26, available here
  6. ^ see e.g. Pilar Maestu Navarro entry, [in:] Geneaordonez service, available here l
  7. ^ Felipe Ruiz de Galarreta Dombrass entry, [in:] Geneaordonez service, available here
  8. ^ compare ABC 10.03.26, available here
  9. ^ named Adóratriz, Diario de Navarra 03.03.1926
  10. ^ Melanio (?-after 1918, married to Ignacia Maisonnave) and Luis (1888-after 1969, married to Martina Mayo; she was granddaughter to a chocolate tycoon Pedro Mayo, Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in:] Fototeca de Navarra, available here, also Felipe Ruiz de Galarreta Dombrass entry, [in:] Geneaordonez service, available here, also Hermanos Ruiz de Galarreta y Maeztu, [in:] TarragonaVintage service, available here
  11. ^ Benigno (?-?) was among founders and shareholders of Banco de Pamplona; he owned also a hotel in San Sebastian, Hermanos Ruiz de Galarreta y Maeztu, [in:] TarragonaVintage service, available here. Leocadio (?-?) was emong co-founders of Credito Navarro, Miguel Angel Riezu Boj, El nacimiento de la banca moderna en Navarra, 1863–1864, [in:] Actas del III Congreso General de Historia de Navarra, Pamplona 1994, p. 17, available online here
  12. ^ Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in:] Fototeca de Navarra, available here
  13. ^ Diario de Navarra 02.10.1906
  14. ^ Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in:] Fototeca de Navarra, available here
  15. ^ Diario de Navarra 30.06.1913
  16. ^ Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in:] Fototeca de Navarra, available here
  17. ^ Hermanos Ruiz de Galarreta y Maeztu, [in:] TarragonaVintage service, available Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in: Fototeca de Navarra, available here
  18. ^ Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in:] Fototeca de Navarra, available here
  19. ^ Guía ilustrada para el forastero en San Sebastián, San Sebastián 1909, p. 38
  20. ^ Diario de Navarra 14.09.1971; he was narried to Carmen Durán y Zubelzu, Banco de España, sucursal de San Sebastián, Informe Resumén, San Sebastián 1906, p. 25, available here
  21. ^ for Elvira (1925–2018) see e.g. Ruiz de Glarreta. Teodoro, [in:] Fototeca de Navarra, available here
  22. ^ Fallece en Valencia Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocora, Gran Cruz de la Orden de la Legitimidad Proscrita, [in:] service Carlismo 16.09.19, available here
  23. ^ Miguel Ayuso, In memoriam. Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa (1922–2019), el último carlista histórico, [in:] Verbo 577–578 (2019), p. 687. From Galarreta's own writings it appears that he spent early months of the war in Pamplona, Manuel de Santa Cruz, La mujer en la guerra revolucionaria, [in:] Verbo 377–378 (1999), pp. 645–650
  24. ^ see his recollections from 1939 at Facultad de Medicina in Valencia, ABC y sus lectores, [in:] ABC 13.07.08, available here
  25. ^ Ayuso 2019, p. 687
  26. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 240 (1949), available here
  27. ^ the necrological note mentioned his nephews and nieces, but not his children, compare ABC 04.10.2019, available here. None of other sources, including press, obituary articles or pieces on Carlist websites, referred to his wife and children
  28. ^ Alberto Catalá Ruiz de Galarreta is son to Elvira Ruiz de Galarreta Mocora, the sister of Alberto, see Catala Ruiz de Galarreta Alberto, [in:] Empresia service, available here, also Alberto Catalá: "La actuación de la Feria ha sido intachable y jamás hubo tarjetas black", [in:] El Mundo 29.11.14, available here
  29. ^ Boletín Oficial Propiedad Industrial 1986 (01.01.70), p. 192
  30. ^ María Isabel Hualde Redín, [in:] María del Juncal Campo Guinea et al. (eds.), Mujeres que la historia no nombró, Pamplona 2005, p 187
  31. ^ José Enrique Ruiz de Galarreta entry, [in:] VerboDivino service, available here
  32. ^ compare his books e.g. on the Librería Teno service, available here
  33. ^ Luis Ruiz de Galarreta Maestu entry, [in:] Geneaordonez service, available here
  34. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 240 (1949), available here
  35. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 96 (1951), available here
  36. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 14 (1952), available here
  37. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 83 (1952), available here
  38. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 14 (1952), available here
  39. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 39 (1954), available here
  40. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 45 (1954), available here
  41. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 168 (1956), available here
  42. ^ Universidad de Valencia. Anuario de la Facultad de Medicina. Curso 1956–1957, p. 187, available here
  43. ^ one author claims that Galarreta commenced work on PhD thesis, though neither in Universidad de Valencia nor Universidad de Madrid, but in Centro Zumalacarregui, under the supervision of Francisco Elias de Tejada, Jacek Bartyzel, Nic bez Boga, nic wbrew tradycji, Radzymin 2015, ISBN 9788360748732, p. 264
  44. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 91 (1964), available here
  45. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 91 (1964), here
  46. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 81 (1965), available here
  47. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 91 (1966), available here
  48. ^ BOE 240 (1973), available here
  49. ^ BOE 108 (1976), available here
  50. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 118 (1977), available here
  51. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 120 (1977), available here
  52. ^ “una amplia oferta de ayudas, prestaciones sociales y actividades orientadas al bienestar del personal. Aquí se podrían destacar las residencias de acción social, colegios, centros deportivos y socioculturales de la Armada, apartamentos de verano, colegios mayores, y la vicaría episcopal de la Armada”, Sección 4.3, La Dirección de Asistencia al Personal, [in:] La Armada Española, s.l. 2012, p. 98, available here. Now the issues are covered by DIASPER, Dirección de Asistencia Al Personal, [in:] Ministerio de Defense service, available here
  53. ^ Boletín Oficial del Ministerio de Defensa. Diario Oficial de Marina 75 (1979), available here
  54. ^ BOE 206 (1979), available here
  55. ^ BOE 215 (1980), available here
  56. ^ regulations adopted in 1981 envisioned that in the navy teniente coronel retires at the age of 57 o 59, depending upon the specialization, BOE 165 (1981), available here
  57. ^ Ayuso 2019, p. 687
  58. ^ Ayuso 2019, p. 687
  59. ^ it was titled Don José Gómez Ocaña, su vida, su obra y su tiempo
  60. ^ ABC 19.03.58, available here
  61. ^ National Library of Medicine Catalog: Cumulative Listing. Addendum, Berthesda 1972, p. 6239
  62. ^ the pen-name was a clear reference to the iconic Carlist guerilla leader from the Third Carlist War, Manuel Santa Cruz Loidi
  63. ^ the year of 1939 has been chosen as a start because it was the last year featured in the monumental series of Melchor Ferrer, and Apuntes... was supposed to be a kind of its continuation. The somewhat unintuitive year of 1966 has been chosen as the end date because according to Galarreta, it was the year when the religious unity of Spain came to an end, marking a milestone of Spanish history, see Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, [in:] Biblioteca Virtual de Poligráfos. Fundación de Larramendi service, available here
  64. ^ Apuntes... is a series of 28 volumes. Each volume is dedicated to one specific year (e.g. vol. XVI deals with the year of 1954, volume XXVI deals with 1964 etc)
  65. ^ in 1979 there were 3 vols published; in following years the numbers were: 1980 2 vols, 1981 2 vols, 1982 1 volume, 1983 2 vols, 1984–1985 no volume, 1986 1 volume, 1987 1 volume, 1988 3 vols, 1989 2 vols, 1990 3 vols, 1991 3 vols, 1992 no volume, 1993 1 volume (index)
  66. ^ Manuel de Santa Cruz, Larramendi, carlista, [in:] Aportes 46 (2001), p. 23
  67. ^ Santa Cruz 2001, pp. 23–24
  68. ^ the author declared that the series would be merely "una colección de documentosy de noticias referentes a la actividad política de la Comunión Tradicionalista", Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 409
  69. ^ e.g. vol. XXVI (year of 1964) contains a long chapter titled El carlismo sigue defendiendo la Unidad Catolica de Espana (pp. 6–37); most of it is quotations, at times running across a number of pages, from unpublished private documents
  70. ^ e.g. volume XXVI (year of 1964) contains a long chapter titled Noviazgo y boda de Don Carlos Hugo de Borbon Parma (pp. 97–137). Except quotations from books and press, the document contains excerpts from 6 previously unknown or barely known sources (private correspondence and leaflets)
  71. ^ entire series is available for download at the digital library of Fundación Larramendi, available here
  72. ^ e.g. from private archives of José María Valiente, see e.g. vol. XXVI, pp. 109–111
  73. ^ e.g. communique of Secretaría General, vol. XXVI, pp. 128–130
  74. ^ e.g. Montejurra, vol. XXVI, pp. 151–157
  75. ^ e.g. see a leaflet of Canarian requeté section, vol. XXVI, pp. 119–120
  76. ^ e.g. see La Vanguardia, vol. XXVI, p. 126
  77. ^ e.g. see Paris Match, vol. XXVI, p. 118
  78. ^ e.g. see declaration of the Navarrese civil governor Bermejo, vol. XVI, p. 157
  79. ^ e.g. by Lavardín, vol. XXVI, pp. 118–119
  80. ^ e.g. see private notes of an unidentified Carlist, vol. XXVI, pp. 180–181
  81. ^ example from volume XVI (Sevilla 1954), p. 210. In the same volume there are other similar references: "en el mismo folio" (p. 29), or "en el archivo de Don Rafael Gambra" (p. 27). Examples from volume XXVI (Sevilla 1964) are e.g. "en el archivo de Don José María Valiente se encuentra una carta..." (p. 162) or "en el archivo de un carlista destacado de aquellos días se encuentran..." (p. 173)
  82. ^ e.g. volume XVI (year of 1954) contains a document referred to as Contestacion de Don Javier a unos sacerdotes navarros (pp. 32–35); it is not dated
  83. ^ see e.g. vol. XVI, pp. 17–18; they contain quotations from Laureano López Rodo, La larga marcha hacia la Monarquía, but neither specific edition nor year nor pages are indicated
  84. ^ “confusión subsiguente al Concilio Vaticano”, Antonio M. Moral Roncal, La cuestión religiosa en la Segunda República Española: Iglesia y carlismo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 9788497429054, p. 188
  85. ^ Bartyzel 2015, p. 264
  86. ^ El Patronato, [in:] Fundación Elías de Tejada service, available here
  87. ^ José Fermín Garralda Arizcun, Historia reciente de la Unidad Católica: un gran bien a conservar en España, [in:] XXV Jornadas de Seglares Españoles por la Unidad Católica, Pamplona 2015, p. 13
  88. ^ Garralda Arizcun 2015, p. 15
  89. ^ Garralda Arizcun 2015, p. 20
  90. ^ Garralda Arizcun 2015, p. 16
  91. ^ see e.g. Manuel de Santa Cruz, Un artículo y un libro sobre la masonería, [in:] Verbo 399–400 (2001), pp. 929–938
  92. ^ see e.g. Manuel de Santa Cruz, El juego entre el amor a la patria y el amor a una cosmovisión, en la España contemporánea, [in:] Verbo 383–384 (2000), pp. 255–276
  93. ^ Garralda Arizcun 2015, pp. 50–51
  94. ^ see e.g. Manuel de Santa Cruz, Francisco y la laicidad: Un primer apunte, [in:] Verbo 521–522 (2014), pp. 41–42.
  95. ^ “su condición de médico militar le impidió en la época de Franco figurar públicamente como propagandista de ideas distintas de las del gobierno y por eso tuvo que recurrir constantemente a numerosos y variados seudónimos”, Ediciones Auzolan, Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, vasconavarro ejemplar y universal, [in:] FB service 14.09.19, available here
  96. ^ Miguel Ayuso, El derecho público cristiano en España (1961–2021). Sesenta años de la Ciudad Católica y la Revista Verbo, Madrid 2022, ISBN 9788411223201, p. 24, see also Miguel Ayuso, Historia y la teoría política tradicionalista (los “Apuntes y documentos” de Manuel de Santa Cruz), [in:] Aportes 17 (1991), p. 86, also Mas sobre Alberto Galarreta, [in:] InfoVaticana service 15.09.2019, available here
  97. ^ formally it was issued by Union Seglar de Navarra, see e.g. its first issue of 1982, available here. Galarreta never assumed the role of presidente or director of the bulletin
  98. ^ Garralda Arizcun 2015, pp. 21–22
  99. ^ his last identified article in Siempre P’alante was published in 2017, Manuel de Santa Cruz, La confesionalidad católica del estado y la reforma de la constitución, [in:] Siempre P’alante 789 (01.01.17), p. 3, available here
  100. ^ Siempre P'alante was issued from 1981 to 2021, compare comments on the periodical which "no ha podido sobrevivir" its co-founder, Reino de Valencia 131 (2021), p. 69
  101. ^ see Manuel de Santa Cruz, El estilo carlista, [in:] Miguel Ayuso (ed.), A los 175 años de carlismo, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788493678777, pp. 27–39
  102. ^ while he could walk, though using crutches, he used to tear down street notes of PCE, Miguel Menéndez Piñar, Obituario: ‘Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta’ por Miquel Menéndez, [in:] Anotaciones de Javier Barraycoa blog, 25.09.19, available here
  103. ^ Ediciones Auzolan 2019
  104. ^ Ayuso 2019, p. 687
  105. ^ Ediciones Auzolan 2019
  106. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 39 (1954), available here
  107. ^ Diario Oficial del Ministerio de Marina 91 (1964), available here
  108. ^ BOE 240 (1973), available here
  109. ^ though he is frequently referred as a source, he does not appear as a protagonist in Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El carlismo: transformación y permanencia del franquismo a la democracia (1962–1977), [PhD thesis Universidad de Navarra] 1996, Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009, Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939–1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965–1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015 (and their commercially released versions), Aurora Villanueva Martínez, El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937–1951, Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788487863714
  110. ^ Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641, p. 122
  111. ^ Bartyzel 2015, p. 288
  112. ^ ABC 30.09.86, available here
  113. ^ according to Galarreta, he faced "el discretísimo y habilísimo, pero eficacísimo, boicot que sufrió esta edición por parte de ‘amigos y correligionarios’ que desde nuestras propias filas servían a otras organizaciones e intereses, llevó a la extenuación económica a esta publicación poco después de cruzdo su educador", Santa Cruz 2001, p. 23
  114. ^ Canal 2000, p. 396
  115. ^ Ayuso 1991, p. 86
  116. ^ Rafael Gambra Ciudad 1920–2004, [in:] Filosofia service, available here
  117. ^ see e.g. Galarreta’s damning review of the biography of Don Javier, Manuel Santa Cruz [reseña], Don Javier, una vida al servicio de la libertad, [in:] Aportes 35 (1997), pp. 25–36
  118. ^ see e.g. Manuel de Santa Cruz, Menos discusiones sobre la confesionalidad del estado, [in:] Siempre P’alante 468 (2003), p. 7
  119. ^ Ayuso 2019, pp. 687–688
  120. ^ Ayuso 2022, p. 24
  121. ^ though born and raised in the Basque-dominated Gipuzkoa, Galarreta was brought up in a Spanish-speaking family, with only shallow familiarity with Basque. However, during his adolescence in the Gipuzkoan countryside of Villafrance de Ordicia he refreshed his juvenile Basque and learnt to speak Basque perfectly, in the Gipuzkoan dialect. In some obituaries he was referred to as "vasconavarro ejemplar", Ediciones Auzolan 2019
  122. ^ Garralda Arizcun 2015, p. 20
  123. ^ Santa Cruz 2001, p. 23, Ayuso 1991, p. 86
  124. ^ Ayuso 2019, p. 687
  125. ^ Ayuso 1991, p. 86
  126. ^ see e.g. Fallece en Valencia Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa, Gran Cruz de la Orden de la Legitimidad Proscrita, [in:] CT service 16.09.19, available here. There is a fairly active CT-related Circulo Cultural Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta active in Valencia, see e.g. here
  127. ^ see e.g. José Fermin Garralda, Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocora. In Memoriam, [in:] Ahora Información service, available here
  128. ^ ABC 13.09.2019, available here
  129. ^ Jordi Canal, La storia del carlismo, [in:] Storia X (2004), p. 147, also Canal 2000, p. 392
  130. ^ Ayuso 1991, p. 88; see also "una consulta todavía obligatoria", Manuel Martorell Pérez, Nuevas aportaciones históricas sobre la evolución ideológica del carlismo, [in:] Gerónimo de Uztariz 16 (2000), p. 104
  131. ^ referred after Ayuso 1991, p. 86
  132. ^ Juan-Cruz Alli Aranguren, El carlismo de Franco. De Rodezno a Carlos VIII [PhD thesis UNED], s.l. 2021, p. 679, E.O. [Evaristo Olcina?], Ha fallecido Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, [in:] Tapatalk service 13.09.2019, available here
  133. ^ Marcos Mata González, Interpretaciones historiográficas sobre el Carlismo, siglos XIX al XXI [MA thesis Universidad de Cantabria], Santander 2017, p. 20
  134. ^ Canal 2000, p. 416
  135. ^ “trabajo interesanye desde un punto de vista documental, tanto por lo que se refiere a la recopilación de textos coma a la búsqueda de documentación personal dispersa, que, una vez liberado de comentarios profundamente comprometidos, en clave neointegrista, podría resultar de utilidad para la construcción de la historia del carlismo en los años del franquismo”, Canal 2000, pp. 409–410. Somewhat different opinion is that his assortment of documents is "asépticamente documentada", Miguel Ayuso, Carlismo y tradición política hispánica, [in:] Verbo 467–468 (2008), p. 587
  136. ^ “no exenta de comentarios en clave integrista”, Jordi Canal, El carlismo en España: intepretaciones, problemas, propuestas, [in:] Xosé Ramón Barreiro Fernández (ed.), O liberalismo nos seus contextos: un estado da cuestión, Santiago de Compostela 2008, ISBN 9788497509190, p. 40. See also similar comments in Jordi Canal, La storia del carlismo, [in:] Storia 30 (2004), p. 147
  137. ^ E.O. [Evaristo Olcina?], Ha fallecido Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, [in:] Tapatalk service 13.09.2019, available here
  138. ^ Ayuso 1991, p. 85
  139. ^ Ayuso 1991, p. 87; similar opinion Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957–1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407, p. 270
  140. ^ "todos estos materiales se encuentran a veces superimpuestos o mezclados", Ayuso 1991, p. 87
  141. ^ Josep Miralles Climent, El carlismo militante (1965–1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015
  142. ^ Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009

Further reading

[edit]
  • Miguel Ayuso, Historia y la teoría política tradicionalista (los “Apuntes y documentos” de Manuel de Santa Cruz), [in:] Aportes 17 (1991), pp. 84–88
  • Miguel Ayuso, In memoriam. Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa (1922–2019), el último carlista histórico, [in:] Verbo 577–578 (2019), pp. 687–688
  • Miguel Ayuso, Larramendi, Galarreta y la historia del carlismo reciente, en el centenario de Alberto Galarreta, [in:] Verbo 609-610 (2022), pp. 911–931
  • Juan Retamar Server, El estilo de don Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, [in:] Verbo 609-610 (2022), pp. 933–937
[edit]
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