Adrian Hoekstra
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Adrianus Johannes Antonius Hoekstra (28 August 1917 - 7 February 1998) was a member of the Dutch Resistance during World War II.
Hoekstra was born in Oosterhout (NB, The Netherlands) on 28 August 1917.
Hoekstra’s involvement in the Dutch Resistance started locally with the OD (Ordedienst or Order of Service), a group preparing for the return of the exiled Dutch government. This later extended to assisting Jews and downed allied pilots who were in hiding as well as the provision of information about airfields, railway lines, mine production and German troop movements which was passed on to the Allies in Britain. In March 1944, he was arrested and sent to a forced labour camp in Germany. He escaped in March 1945 and eventually returned to Oosterhout as the Allied army fought its way eastwards towards Berlin.
In 1945, he was awarded the Mobilisation War Cross (Mobilisatie-Oorlogskruis) for his war-time activities.
In 1980, the Dutch Government instituted the Resistance Memorial Cross (Verzetsherdenkingskruis) to recognise resistance workers from World War II. Hoekstra was awarded the medal in 1984. The resistance group he was involved in was honoured in September 2024 with a monument in the town of Schipperskerk in Limburg.
Early years
[edit]Hoekstra was born in Oosterhout to Johannes Theodorus Hoekstra and Bernardina Hoekstra (nee Looymans). His father had four children from a previous marriage. Hoekstra was his sixth child. Hoekstra’s father owned a cigar making factory called Lombok Cigars.
Hoekstra attended primary school in Oosterhout. His secondary schooling was as a boarder firstly at a Capuchin seminary in Velp and then at an Augustinian grammar school in Eindhoven. In part because of his dislike of boarding, in part because of his father’s difficult financial position, he left school at the age of 15 to begin work in the factory. In 1938, his father was declared bankrupt, but due to the legal circumstances at the time, the factory could continue to operate. Hoekstra remained involved in the running of the factory with one of his older half-brothers, Joop (Johannes Henricus).
War years
[edit]Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. Hoekstra’s other half-brother, Fredericus J Hoekstra, was killed in action in the first hour of the invasion. After the Dutch capitulation, Hoekstra was recruited to the resistance movement and soon became the leader of the OD[1] in Oosterhout. He also worked with the resistance cell centred around Pater Jacques Kerssemakers OSB [2]. For that group, Hoekstra gathered information about troop movements, local airfields, railway lines and so on, which was then passed through channels to the Allies in Britain.
After the arrest of Kerssemakers in October 1942, Hoekstra went into hiding in Limburg using the alias Wim Koenraad. Initially, he stayed on the bunker-ship De Zwaan[3] which was permanently anchored at Grevenbicht, serving as a supply vessel for other boats. When Hoekstra arrived on De Zwaan, there were already Jewish families on board. The boat’s skipper, Kees Zwaans[4], in conjunction with two other local residents, Twaan Maintz[5] and Frans Kooimans, had set up a group they called MaZwaKo[6], initialisms of their surnames, to coordinate the resistance activities in the area. Around the time that Hoekstra arrived on board and became involved, Kooimans left the group though he continued hiding Jewish families and pilots. The group’s name, however, did not need changing because of Hoekstra’s alias.[6]
Hoekstra remained on De Zwaan for about a year, sometimes acting as a deckhand on other boats despite his lack of experience. A number of Jewish families, Allied pilots and men escaping from forced labour passed through the group’s hands. MaZwaKo also worked with the Pietab-OXO[7] resistance cell which operated around Utrecht in the north of the Netherlands, as well as with Hoekstra’s original group from the Oosterhout area. Hoekstra was the point of contact for each of these.
In October 1943 Hoekstra left De Zwaan but stayed in Limburg to continue his espionage activities. Increasingly, he travelled around the Netherlands, accompanying fugitives from the Nazis for dropping off at other safe houses, picking up microfilm, documents and other information, and liaising with the various cells, especially Pietab-OXO.
While on a mission in March 1944, Hoekstra was arrested and taken to the prison in Scheveningen nicknamed Oranjehotel. Suspecting that he had been betrayed as Wim Koenraad, he reverted to his own name. His interrogators did not make any connection to the activities of his alias, and on May 2[8], he was transferred to a holding camp in Amersfoort. On May 19[8], he was sent to the Rheinhausen prison camp which provided forced labour to the Krupp Hüttenwerke steelworks.
On March 31, 1945, whilst being transported further into Germany, Hoekstra escaped when the train he was on was stopped in Duisburg during an Allied bombing raid. He sought refuge in St Peter Canisius Church, Duisburg, and was able to stay until the advancing Allied army took control of the area and he could return to the Netherlands.
Post War years
[edit]Hoekstra married Clara Isabella Oomen in Oosterhout on 10 October 1945. They subsequently had five children.
He returned to work in the tobacco industry but he could see increased concentration of the industry spelling the end for the small and family run cigar factories in the Netherlands. The loss of the Dutch colonies in Indonesia hastened this situation. In August 1959, the family migrated to Australia and settled in Sydney, where Hoekstra retrained as an industrial chemist.
In anticipation of the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, he wrote a memoir of his experiences during the war years. These were accepted by the Dutch War Archives when he returned to the Netherlands for the celebrations in May 1995
Hoekstra died of cancer at Camden (NSW, Australia) on 7 February 1998.
Aftermath
[edit]In September 2024, descendants of the members of the MaZwaKo resistance group, and the many helpers they had throughout the war, gathered in Born and Schipperskerk in Limburg to commemorate their heroism[9][10][11][12]. A monument was unveiled in a ceremony attended by representatives of the King, the Army and the Yad Vashem Jewish Holocaust museum. Also in attendance was Lyda Silbernberg, who had been in hiding on De Zwaan when Hoekstra first took refuge there, as well as descendants of other Jewish families who had been saved by the group.
De Zwaan is now a tourist vessel, Freya[13][1], operating on day trips out of Kiel in Germany.
References
[edit]- ^ Bol, Stan &, Kops, Cees (2012). Oosterhout in the Tweede Wereldoorlog [Oosterhout in the Second World War] (in Dutch). [Bol, Oosterhout]. p. 22. ISBN 9789081811408.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Brabant Remembers". Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ^ "Zeeuwse Veerboot Eenmalig terug naar Nederland". 2024-12-16. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
- ^ "Zwaans Cornelis & Elisabeth (Driessen)". Yad Vashem (The World Holocaust Remembrance Center). 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
- ^ "Maintz Josephus & Marie (L Ortije)". Yad Vashem (The World Holocaust Remembrance Center). 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
- ^ a b Cammaer, A.P.M. (1994). Het verborgen front:Geschiedenis van de georganiseerde illegaliteit in de provincie Limburg tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Deel II) [The Hidden Front: History of organized resistance in the province of Limburg during the Second World War] (in Dutch) (Deel II ed.). Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (Doctoral Thesis). pp. 1131–1133.
- ^ "249-1325 Dossier - Groep Pietab - Oxo". archieven.nl. 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
- ^ a b "Personal file of Adrianus Hoekstra". Arolsen Archives. 2025-01-03. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
- ^ "Limburgse schippers uit het verzet krijgen na 80 jaar een monument". Scuttevaer. 2024-09-10. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ^ "Monument MaZwaKo". Visit Zuid Limburg. 2024-09-25. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
- ^ "Herdenkingsmonument Schipperskerk in het kader van 80 Jaar Vrijheid". Bie Os. 2024-09-30. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
- ^ "Indrukwekkende Herdenking 80 jaar Vrijheid en Verzet". Sittard Geleen Nieuws. 2024-09-22. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
- ^ "Raddampfer Freya auf dem Nord-Ostsee Kanal". YouTube. 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
Information not directly referenced is based on Hoekstra's memoir My War Years : Working in the Dutch Resistance, (1939-1945) available at this link
General references:
Bol, Stan & Kops, Cees, (2012) Oosterhout in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Bol, Oosterhout
Cammaer, A.P.M., (1994) Het verborgen front: Geschiedenis van the georganiseerde illegaliteit in the provincie Limburg tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (Doctoral Thesis)