Bijon Setu massacre

The Bijon Setu massacre (Bengali: বিজন সেতু হত্যাকাণ্ড) was the killing and burning of 16 sadhus and a sadhvi of Ananda Marga, at Bijon Setu, West Bengal, India, on 30 April 1982. Although the attacks were carried out in broad daylight, no arrests were ever made. After repeated calls for a formal judicial investigation, a single-member judicial commission was set up in 2012 to investigate the killings.

Killings

On the morning of 30 April 1982, 17 Ananda Marga sannyasa—16 sadhus and 1 sadhvi—were dragged out of taxis en route to an educational conference at the Ananda Marga's headquarters in Tiljala, Kolkata. They were beaten to death and simultaneously set on fire in three locations. It was reported that the murders took place in broad daylight and were witnessed by thousands of people.^[1]

Initial press reports and reactions

A week after the incident, The Statesman Weekly, a leading Calcutta newspaper in 1982, reported that "[s]eventeen Ananda Margis, two of them women, were killed on April 30 morning by frenzied mobs at three places in South Calcutta on the suspicion that they were child-lifters".^[2]

The reporting did not include any compassion for the victims or their families, a tone that foreshadowed the reactions of both the government and the media. Similar unsympathetic reporting appeared in the 5 May edition of the Statesman and editions of Sunday and India Today. The Minister of State for Home Affairs said the police reaction could have been improved but then went on to reassure members of Parliament that "the Government was watching the activities of the Marg [Ananda Marga members]".^[2] Historian Narasingha Sil concluded in his study the government's overall attitude was that the Ananda Marga members had "got themselves killed because they were so sinfully invidious".^[3] The story sent out by United Press International added that two of the nuns who were killed were "seen carrying a child near a railway station".^[4]

Press coverage

As part of its initial coverage, The Statesman Weekly reported the state's chief minister's suspicions that the attack had been staged to embarrass the party in power before the upcoming election.^[3]^: 4 Ananda Marga blamed the attack on the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)).^[5]^: 257 While this accusation was repeated for many years,^[6]^[7] recent Ananda Marga scholarship^[when?] assumes the mob was motivated by unfounded allegations of child kidnapping.^[8]^: 20

Sil describes how members of Ananda Marga had engaged in many acts of violence, including the murders of members leaving the group. Media coverage and government response made the group out to be far more violent than it actually was. Sil then described how the term chheledhora (child-lifter) is a particularly loathsome label in Bengal, and drew a parallel to how women accused of witchcraft were treated in the West,^[3]^: 15 and reported how three people were beaten to death by a mob after being suspected of child kidnapping, even though no report of kidnappings was ever made to the police.^{[Note 1]}

Historian Helen Crovetto noted that social services provided by the Ananda Marga may have made them more vulnerable to such an accusation.^[5]^: 257

Investigation and aftermath

Jyoti Basu, the chief minister in Bengal at the time of the murders, and his police force were accused of inaction, and he formed the Deb Commission in response to the pressure. Ananda Margis had no faith in the commission because Kanti Ganguly and other prominent CPI(M) leaders were accused in this incident.^[10] The National Human Rights Commission took up the investigation in 1996, but did not make much progress, allegedly due to interference from the state government.^[11] On 30 April 1999, the Ananda Marga Pracharaka Samgha (AMPS) demanded a high-level judicial probe led by a working Supreme Court judge into the mass killing of Ananda Margis.^[12]^[10] On 30 April 2004, Ananda Marga held the first rally in Calcutta commemorating the massacre without the need to acquire a court order for permission.^[13] The group continues to block the bridge and surrounding areas on 30 April every year with a procession.^[14]

After the Trinamool Congress came to power, the Amitabh Lala Commission of Inquiry, a single-member judicial commission under the supervision of Amitabh Lala, a former judge of the Calcutta High Court, was formed in March 2012 to investigate the killings after repeated appeals for a formal judicial inquiry.^[11]^[10] Basu personally said "[w]hat can be done? Such things do happen" when asked about the massacre.^[15] According to Commission sources, documents^[specify] allege that important CPI(M) leaders of the Kasba-Jadavpur area met at Colony Bazar in Picnic Garden on 6 February 1982 to discuss the Ananda Margis, whose headquarters was at a difficult-to-access location in Tiljala then. The meeting was reportedly attended by former Left Front cabinet minister Kanti Ganguly; Sachin Sen; the former local CPI(M) MLA Nirmal Haldar; local CPI(M) leader Amal Majumdar, former councilor of ward no. 108 Tiljala-Kasba; and Somnath Chatterjee, the Member of Parliament from Jadavpur at the time and subsequently Speaker of Lok Sabha. The Ananda Margis were hated by the Communists because they opposed them ideologically, and in the early 1980s the CPI(M) was deeply skeptical of their activities.^{[citation needed]}

Other attacks

The first attack on the Margis took place in 1967 at their Purulia Global Headquarters, where five of their members were allegedly killed by the CPI(M) cadres. Two years later, the Cooch Behar congregation of the Ananda Marga was attacked. The CPI(M) had believed that political ambitions and agenda lay underneath the spiritual-religious cover of the Marga.^{[citation needed]}

Explanatory notes

^ On 25 August 2010 a woman in Chittagong was lynched by a mob after a similar accusation. The news report indicated that this was an ongoing problem.^[9]

References

^ Namboodiri, Udayan (2 May 1997). "Basu Govt still suppressing facts on Margi massacre". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
^ ^a ^b "?", The Statesman Weekly, pp. 1, 7, 8 May 1982 – via cited in Sil (1988), pp. 3–4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sil, Narasingha (1988), "The Troubled World of the Ananda Marga: An Examination", The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, 27 (4)
^ United Press International (1 May 1982), "Mobs in Calcutta Burn 5 Monks Alive, Stab 12", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, United Press International, archived from the original on 6 May 2021, retrieved 7 October 2016
^ ^a ^b Crovetto, Helen (2011), "Ananda Marga, Prout, and the Use of Force", in Lewis, James R. (ed.), Violence and New Religious Movements, Oxford University Press, pp. 249–274, ISBN 978-0-19-973561-7
^ "Controversial Movement Survives Years of Conflict, Emerges Stronger Than Ever". Hinduism Today. May 1989. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
^ "CPI-M's allegation against us baseless, malicious: AMPS". PTI. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
^ Inayatullah, Sohail (2002). Understanding Sarkar: The Indian Episteme Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge. Brill. ISBN 9004121935.
^ "Another woman falls prey to kidnap hoax in Ctg", BanglaNews24.com, 25 August 2010, archived from the original on 7 April 2013
^ ^a ^b ^c "নতুন সরকারের কাছে বিজন সেতু নারকীয় হত্যাকাণ্ডে দোষীদের শাস্তির দাবি আনন্দমার্গ সন্ন্যাসীদের". 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Judicial probe into killings of Margis". The Statesman. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013.
^ "Proof into killings of Ananda Margis sought", The Indian Express, 1 May 1999, archived from the original on 17 January 2008
^ "Police nod for Marga rally". The Telegraph. 28 April 2004. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
^ "Procession for 'slain' Ananda Margis today", The Indian Express, 1 May 2015, archived from the original on 3 May 2015, retrieved 1 May 2015
^ "Why corpses of a 1982 killing are stirring again". The Indian Express. 5 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2023.