The Smiling, Proud Wanderer
.jpg) Cover of the 1980 edition | |
| Author | Jin Yong |
|---|---|
| Original title | 笑傲江湖 |
| Language | Chinese |
| Genre | Wuxia |
| Publisher | Ming Pao |
Publication date | 1967 |
| Publication place | Hong Kong |
| Media type | |
| Preceded by | The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber |
| Followed by | The Sword Stained with Royal Blood |
| The Smiling, Proud Wanderer | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 笑傲江湖 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 笑傲江湖 | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Laughing Proudly in the Jianghu | ||||||||||
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The Smiling, Proud Wanderer is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It was first serialised in Hong Kong in the newspaper Ming Pao from 20 April 1967 to 12 October 1969.[1] The Chinese title of the novel, Xiao Ao Jiang Hu, literally means to live a carefree life in a mundane world of strife. Alternate English translations of the title include The Wandering Swordsman,[2] Laughing in the Wind,[3] The Peerless Gallant Errant,[4] and The Proud and Gallant Wanderer.[5] Another alternative title, State of Divinity, is used for some of the novel's adaptations.
Plot
[edit]In the jianghu (martial artists' community), there is a highly coveted martial arts manual known as the "Bixie Swordplay Manual", which is the heirloom of the Lin family who runs the Fuwei Security Service in Fuzhou. The Qingcheng School's leader, Yu Canghai, leads his followers to massacre the Lins and seize the manual, but does not find it. Yue Buqun, the leader of the Mount Hua School — a member of the "orthodox" Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance — saves Lin Pingzhi, the Lin family's sole survivor, accepts him as a disciple and trains him in swordplay.
The novel's protagonist is Yue Buqun's most senior disciple, Linghu Chong, an orphaned, happy-go-lucky but honourable swordsman who has a penchant for alcoholic drinks. He befriends the notorious bandit Tian Boguang and saves Yilin, a nun from the (North) Mount Heng School, from Tian's lecherous advances. In the meantime, Liu Zhengfeng of the (South) Mount Heng School announces his decision to leave the jianghu and invites his fellow martial artists to witness his retirement ceremony. The event turns into a bloodbath when Zuo Lengchan, the chief of the Mount Song School, and other "orthodox" schools accuse Liu Zhengfeng of being unfaithful to their alliance by befriending Qu Yang, an elder of the "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang are cornered by Zuo Lengchan and his men and eventually commit suicide. Before dying, Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang give Linghu Chong the score of "Xiaoao Jianghu" ("Laughing Proudly in the Jianghu"), a musical piece they composed together. (The Chinese title of the novel comes from the name of this fictional musical piece.)
Lin Pingzhi's entrance into the Mount Hua School causes Linghu Chong's romantic feelings for Yue Lingshan, Yue Buqun's daughter, to subside because she starts falling in love with Lin Pingzhi. At the same time, Linghu Chong's friendship with Tian Boguang leads him into trouble as it is against the Mount Hua School's rules to associate oneself with any jianghu lowlife or person from an "evil" school. His master punishes him by making him stay alone for a year in a secluded area on Mount Hua to reflect on his "misdeeds". During this time, he discovers carvings of swordplay techniques in a cave, practises them, and unknowingly learns the techniques of the other four sword schools as well as their counters. He also encounters Feng Qingyang, a reclusive Mount Hua School swordsman, who teaches him the powerful skill Nine Swords of Dugu.
The self-proclaimed righteous Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance, though seemingly united, is constantly troubled by politicking and infighting among its members. Linghu Chong gets entangled in the conflicts and sustains serious internal injuries while using his newly mastered skill to defend his Mount Hua School fellows from attacks by Mount Song School members in disguise. The other schools mistake the Nine Swords of Dugu for the Bixie Swordplay, and wrongly accuse Linghu Chong of stealing the "Bixie Swordplay Manual" and keeping it for himself. Yue Buqun also becomes suspicious and secretly jealous of his disciple's sudden leap in prowess.
While accompanying his master and Mount Hua School fellows on a trip to Luoyang, Linghu Chong encounters Ren Yingying, a key figure of the Sun Moon Holy Cult, and falls in love with her. He also meets several jianghu lowlifes, who are friendly towards him and try to heal him. By then, Yue Buqun has grown tired of Linghu Chong's association with jianghu lowlifes so he abandons his disciple. Linghu Chong helps Ren Yingying fend off enemies of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and his injuries worsen over time. Eventually, Ren Yingying brings him to the Shaolin School to seek help. Linghu Chong later learns from Fangzheng, the Shaolin abbot, that Yue Buqun has publicly announced that he has expelled Linghu Chong from the Mount Hua School.
Linghu Chong sinks into despair as he is now an outcast of the "orthodox" side of the jianghu. After leaving Shaolin, he meets a stranger, Xiang Wentian, whom he saves from dozens of enemies. Xiang Wentian becomes sworn brothers with Linghu Chong and brings him to a manor in Hangzhou, where they find Ren Woxing (Ren Yingying's father), the former leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult who had been ousted from power by his deputy, Dongfang Bubai. Ren Woxing breaks out of captivity by knocking out Linghu Chong and using him as a decoy. While trapped inside the dungeon, Linghu Chong discovers carvings of Ren Woxing's infamous Cosmic Absorbing Power and learns the skill. Ren Woxing returns to save Linghu Chong later and tries to persuade him to join the Sun Moon Holy Cult by offering him Ren Yingying's hand in marriage. Linghu Chong declines, but still helps Ren Woxing defeat Dongfang Bubai and regain control of the cult.
Linghu Chong becomes the new head of the (North) Mount Heng School, whose members are all nuns, after he unsuccessfully tries to save its leaders from a masked assassin. He attends a special assembly of the Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance called for by Zuo Lengchan, who attempts to coerce the other four schools into merging into the Mount Song School under his leadership. However, Zuo is defeated and blinded by Yue Buqun, who uses the Bixie Swordplay against him. Yue Buqun becomes the new leader of the alliance.
After leaving the assembly, Linghu Chong and Ren Yingying see Lin Pingzhi brutally slaying members of the Qingcheng School to avenge his family, and overhear a conversation between him and Yue Lingshan, who is now his wife. Lin Pingzhi reveals that both he and Yue Buqun have mastered the Bixie Swordplay, which is considered "unorthodox" because they need to castrate themselves in order to learn it. Linghu Chong also learns that Yue Buqun, his respectable former master, is actually a villainous hypocrite who planned an elaborate scheme against Lin Pingzhi to seize the swordplay manual, hoping to dominate the jianghu with it. Lin Pingzhi then stabs Yue Lingshan to prove his loyalty to Zuo Lengchan, who is plotting revenge against Yue Buqun. Before Yue Lingshan dies, she makes Linghu Chong promise to spare Lin Pingzhi's life as she still loves him. Linghu Chong reluctantly agrees after considering his past romantic feelings for Yue Lingshan.
Yue Buqun schemes to kill Lin Pingzhi, who knows his secret, and seeks to silence him. Linghu Chong, despite his reluctance to be enemies with his former master, ultimately chooses to stop Yue Buqun and protect the innocent from his evil machinations. The finale climaxes with the members of the Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance being trapped in the cave on Mount Hua owing to Yue Buqun's treachery. The schools slaughter each other out of paranoia and distrust, ultimately leading to the alliance's dissolution. Linghu Chong defeats Lin Pingzhi and spares his life, as he had promised Yue Lingshan, but permanently disables Lin Pingzhi to prevent him from hurting others again. Meanwhile, Yue Buqun is killed by Yilin while fighting with Linghu Chong during the frenzy.
After the collapse of the alliance, Ren Woxing plans an attack on the scattered and fragmented "orthodox" schools in order to unite the jianghu under the control of his "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. He tries to force Linghu Chong to join him, but dies at a crucial moment from a stroke. Ren Yingying becomes the new leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and successfully negotiates a truce between the "orthodox" and "evil" sides of the jianghu. Three years later, she passes the leadership to Xiang Wentian, marries Linghu Chong and they live happily ever after.
Characters
[edit]Schools, clans and organisations
[edit]Five Mountain Sword Schools Alliance
[edit]Sun Moon Holy Cult
[edit]The Sun Moon Holy Cult (日月神教; Rì Yuè Shén Jiào) is based on Black Woods Cliff (黑木崖; hēi mù yá; in present-day Xibaipo, Hebei). Its origin is unclear, Martial artists in the jianghu often refer to the Sun Moon Holy Cult as the "Demonic Cult" (魔教; Mó Jiào), as they previously did to the Ming Cult. Considered eccentric and heretical, the cult is a common enemy of the orthodox schools. Its members are known for engaging in various types of cult-like activities and committing heinous crimes. It was led by Ren Woxing until Dongfang Bubai ousts the former from power in a scheme. Dongfang treats his followers cruelly, forcing them to consume poison pills and giving them antidotes to temporarily ease their agony only if they obey him. Ren Woxing practises the "Cosmic Absorbing Power" (xīxīng dàfǎ), which allows him to drain and absorb an opponent's inner energy, while Dongfang Bubai is said to be invincible after he mastered the skills in the Sunflower Manual (葵花寶典; kuíhuā báodiǎn).
Others
[edit]- Qingcheng School (青城派; Qīngchéng Pài)
- Fuwei Security Service (福威鏢局; Fúwēi Biāojú)
- Shaolin School (少林派; Shàolín Pài)
- Wudang School (武當派; Wǔdāng Pài)
Themes
[edit]In the afterword, Jin Yong mentions that The Smiling, Proud Wanderer can be read as a political allegory disguised as a wuxia novel.[6] As an allegory, it can happen in "any dynasty or organisation".[7] Jin Yong also stated in the afterword that after the novel was published, Vietnamese politicians had once used the names of Yue Buqun and Zuo Lengchan as derogatory terms against one another in parliamentary sessions.[citation needed]
Adaptations
[edit]Films
[edit]| Year | Production | Main cast | Additional information |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | Shaw Brothers Studio (Hong Kong) | Wong Yue, Shih Szu, Michael Chan, Ling Yun | See The Proud Youth |
| 1990 | Film Workshop (Hong Kong) |
Sam Hui, Sharla Cheung, Cecilia Yip, Jacky Cheung, Fennie Yuen, Lau Siu-ming | See The Swordsman |
| 1992 | Jet Li, Rosamund Kwan, Michelle Reis, Brigitte Lin, Fennie Yuen | See Swordsman II | |
| 1993 | Brigitte Lin, Joey Wong, Yu Rongguang | See The East Is Red (1993 film) |
Television
[edit]| Year | Production | Main cast | Additional information |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Chow Yun-fat, Rebecca Chan, Jaime Chik, Kenneth Tsang, Tung Wai, Isabella Wong | See The Smiling, Proud Wanderer (1984 TV series) |
| 1985 | TTV (Taiwan) | Bryan Leung, Leanne Liu | |
| 1996 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Jacky Lui, Fiona Leung, Cherie Chan, Timmy Ho, He Meitian, Wong Wai | See State of Divinity (1996 TV series) |
| 2000 | CTV (Taiwan) | Richie Ren, Anita Yuen, Vivian Chen, Song Ta-ming, Yue Yueli, Tsai Tsan-te, Leanne Liu | See State of Divinity (2000 TV series) |
| MediaCorp (Singapore) | Steve Ma, Fann Wong, Ivy Lee, Chew Chor Meng, Jacelyn Tay, Zheng Geping, Priscelia Chan | See The Legendary Swordsman | |
| 2001 | Ciwen Film & TV Production Co. Ltd. (Mainland China) | Li Yapeng, Xu Qing, Wei Zi, Miao Yiyi, Li Jie, Cheng Lifeng, Yu Chenghui | See Laughing in the Wind |
| 2013 | Cathay Media (Mainland China) | Wallace Huo, Yuan Shanshan, Yang Rong, Chen Xiao, Howie Huang, Joe Chen, Deng Sha, Han Dong, Lü Jiarong, Bryan Leung | See Swordsman (TV series) |
| 2018 | Youku (Mainland China) | Ding Guansen, Xue Haojing, Ding Yuxi, Chen Xun, Jiang Xinxin, Ding Yuxi, Liu Jiatong and Jiang Zhuojun | See New Smiling, Proud Wanderer (2018 TV series) |
Comics
[edit]A total of 26 volumes of the manhua series by Lee Chi Ching, titled State of Divinity, were published by Ming Ho in Hong Kong and M&C (Gramedia Group) in Indonesia.
Stage productions
[edit]In 2006, the Hong Kong Dance Company adapted the novel into a stage play, starring Rosanne Wong, Race Wong, Liu Yinghong, Su Shu, Chen Lei and Mi Tao, as a jubilee presentation to celebrate the company's 25th anniversary.
In 2010, the Yangtze Repertory Theatre of America presented the premiere of Laughing in the Wind: A Cautionary Tale in Martial Arts in New York City. The play was adapted and directed by Joanna Chan and featured 18 actors playing 26 roles.
Video games
[edit]- From 2000 to 2002, Interserv International Inc. published three games adapted from the novel using a 3D engine.[8]
- Swordsman Online is a MMORPG developed by Perfect World. The game also features additional schools that do not appear in the novel.
- Linghu Chong was a playable character in the 2008 PC fighting game Street Fighter Online: Mouse Generation.
References
[edit]- ^ The date conforms to the data published in Chen Zhenhui (陳鎮輝), Wuxia Xiaoshuo Xiaoyao Tan (武俠小說逍遙談), 2000, Huizhi Publishing Company (匯智出版有限公司), p. 57.
- ^ Morton, Lisa (2001). The Cinema of Tsui Hark. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 171. ISBN 0786409908.
- ^ Tong, Simon (2008). "The Beat of a Different Drum". In Pung, Alice (ed.). Growing Up Asian in Australia. Black Inc. p. 43. ISBN 978-1921825453.
- ^ Wu, Dingbo; Murphy, Patrick D., eds. (1994). "Gallant Fiction". Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture. Greenwood Press. p. 248. ISBN 0313278083.
- ^ Mostow, Joshua, ed. (2003). "Martial-Arts Fiction and Jin Yong". The Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literature. Columbia University Press. p. 512. ISBN 0231113145.
- ^ "这部小说....通过书中一些人物，企图刻划中国三千多年来政治生活中的若干普遍现象。影射性的小说并无多大意义，政治情况很快就会改变，只有刻划人性，才有较长期的价值。不顾一切的夺取权力，是古今中外政治生活的基本情况，过去几千年是这样，今后几千年恐怕仍会是这样。任我行、东方不败、岳不群、左冷禅这些人，在我设想时主要不是武林高手，而是政治人物。"《笑傲江湖，后记》
- ^ "因为想写的是一些普遍性格，是政治生活中的常见现象，所以本书没有历史背景，这表示，类似的情景可以发生在任何朝代、任何团体之中。"《笑傲江湖，后记》
- ^ "历经20年！国产单机RPG游戏历史回顾 _ 游民星空 GamerSky.com". www.gamersky.com. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
- The Smiling, Proud Wanderer
- 1967 novels
- 20th-century Chinese novels
- Novels first published in serial form
- Works originally published in Ming Pao
- Novels about orphans
- Novels set in Imperial China
- Chinese novels adapted into television series
- Chinese novels adapted into films
- Existentialist novels
- Fiction about self-harm
- Novels set in Shaanxi
- Novels set in Hunan
- Novels set in Shandong
- Novels set in Shanxi
- Novels set in Fujian