Orfeur Cavenagh

Sir Orfeur Cavenagh
KCSI
Sir Orfeur Cavenagh KCSI
7th Governor of Straits Settlements
	In office; 6 August 1859 – 16 March 1867
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Preceded by	Edmund Augustus Blundell
Succeeded by	Sir Harry St. George Ord
Personal details
Born	8 October 1820; Hythe, Kent
Died	3 July 1891 (aged 70); St. Aubyn, Sussex
Spouse	Elizabeth Marshall Moriarty (m. 1842⁠–⁠1891)
Children	2 sons
Parents	James Gordon Cavenagh (father); Ann née Coates (mother);
Profession	Colonial administrator,; British Army officer
Awards	Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch/service	British Indian Army
Rank	General
Battles/wars	Gwalior campaign; First Anglo-Sikh War; Indian Rebellion

General Sir Orfeur Cavenagh KCSI (8 October 1820 – 3 July 1891) was the last India-appointed Governor of the Straits Settlements, governing from 1859 to 1867.^[1]

Family background

Cavenagh was the third son of James Gordon Cavenagh and Ann née Coates.

Career

Cavenagh trained at Addiscombe Military Seminary, the military academy of the British East India Company. He passed his examination in June 1837, and in early 1838 joined the 32nd Regiment Native Infantry. In 1840 he passed the prescribed examination at Fort William College, Calcutta. He was appointed interpreter and quartermaster to the 41st Regiment Native Infantry. In 1840–1841 he was attached to the force employed in watching the Nepalese frontier.^[2]

He was adjutant of the 4th Irregular Cavalry (Skinner's Horse), and in December 1843 was badly wounded in the Battle of Maharajpore. His leg was severed just above the ankle by a round shot and his horse was killed under him. He was wounded again in January 1846 during the first Anglo-Sikh war, when he was struck in the left arm by a ricochetting round shot. After this he was appointed as Superintendent of the Mysore Princes and of the ex-Ameers of Sindh.^[3]

In 1850 he travelled to Britain and France in political charge of the Nepalese Embassy under Jung Bahadur Rana.^[4] In 1854 he was appointed Town and Fort Major of Calcutta. In this role he was responsible to the governor-general, the Marquess of Dalhousie followed by Lord Canning, for the safety of Fort William during the Indian Rebellion.^[5]

It was in recognition of his services during the rebellion that Canning offered him the post of Governor of the Straits Settlements: he took up the post on 8 August 1859.^[6] Under a royal charter of 1826, Singapore, Malacca, Penang and Dindings had been combined to form the Straits Settlements. The Governor of the Settlements and his council were answerable to the Governor-General of India in Calcutta. The Governor had little formal power, but was able to influence the Calcutta authorities who relied largely on the recommendations of these representatives on legislation and policy in each settlement. Control passed from Bengal to the Colonial Office in London on 1 April 1867 and the Settlements became a Crown colony.^[7] Cavenagh was the last Governor who reported to the Governor-General in Calcutta. His successor, Sir Harry Ord, reported to the Colonial Office in London.

After his term as Straits Settlements governor ended on 16 March 1867,^[8] Cavenagh continued as a general officer in the Bengal Staff Corps, with promotion to lieutenant general in September 1874^[9] and to general in August 1877.^[10]

Personal life

Cavenagh married Elizabeth Marshall Moriarty on 7 September 1842 at Dinapore, India. They had two sons.

In retirement he lived in Long Ditton, Surrey,^[11] and in June 1884 he was made honorary colonel of the 5th Surrey Volunteer Corps.^[12] He died on 3 July 1891 and was buried in the St Mary's churchyard in Long Ditton.^[13] There is also a memorial plaque inside the church.

Honours

Cavenagh was appointed Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in the 1881 Birthday Honours on 24 May 1881.^[14]

Legacy

Singapore's Cavenagh Road and Cavenagh Bridge is named in honour of the governor. The coat of arms of the Cavenagh family can still be seen atop the signage at both ends of the bridge.

References

^ Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 9780810873872. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ Letter of 20 January 1868 to R. Bain, Adjutant General Bengal Staff Corps in Cavenagh, Orfeur. "Private letter book of Orfeur Cavenagh, no. 11, 1865–68". Cavenagh letter books, 1859–68. University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ "The Aga Khan I in Calcutta". Hasan Ali Shah Aga Khan I (1233–1298/1817–1881). The Heritage Web Site (Ismaili electronic library and database). Retrieved 18 October 2007. At length, however, through the intervention of the British envoy, it was agreed that the Aga Khan should be allowed to remain in India provided he stayed at Calcutta from where he could not be a menace to the Iranian government as from Sind. The government of India wrote to Superintendent of Mysore Princes and ex-Amirs of Sind [Cavenagh], a letter which reads:- "It having been determined upon political considerations that the Persian nobleman Aga Khan Mahallati, shall be required to reside for the present in Bengal. I am directed to inform you that the President in Council considers that it will be expedient to fix the Aga's residence in the vicinity of Calcutta and to place him under your care. ..." ... Sir Orfeur Cavenagh (1821–1891) had arranged for a house at Dumdum (where the city's airport is now) in Calcutta under the care of Bengal Presidency.
^ Vibart 1894, p. 473.
^ Malleson, CSI, Colonel G. B. (1891). "Chapter III: The first mutterings of the storm". The Indian Mutiny of 1857. London: Seely and Co Ltd (republished on the web by the HyperWar Foundation). pp. 34, 36. Retrieved 18 October 2007. Major Orfeur Cavenagh, an officer of great shrewdness and perspicacity, who filled the important office of Town-Major of Fort William in Calcutta, visited, October and November 1856, the districts just beyond Agra. He had been struck everywhere by the altered demeanour of the sipáhís, and loyal natives had reported to him the great change which had taken place in the feelings of the natives generally towards the English. Disaffection, he was assured, was now the rule in all classes. To the clear vision of this able officer it was evident that, unless precautions were taken, some great disaster would ensue." ... "one of the sergeants attached to Fort William reported to Cavenagh a remarkable conversation, between two sipáhís, which he had overheard ... " ... "Cavenagh, who, as Town-Major, was responsible to the Governor-General for the safety of Fort William, took at once measures to baffle the designs of which he had been informed, and then drove straight to Lord Canning to report the circumstance to him. Lord Canning listened to Cavenagh with the deepest interest, and sanctioned the measures he proposed. These were to transfer from Dam-Dam, where one wing of the regiment which was responsible for the safety of the Presidency, the 53rd Foot, was located, one company to Fort William. For the moment the outbreak was deferred.
^ Vibart 1894, pp. 473–4.
^ Cornelius, Vernon (3 October 2017). "Past and present leaders of Singapore". Singapore infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
^ "Past and present leaders of Singapore". Singapore National Library Board. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
^ "No. 24146". The London Gazette. 30 October 1874. p. 5155.
^ "No. 24508". The London Gazette. 2 October 1877. p. 5457.
^ "No. 26195". The London Gazette. 25 August 1891. p. 4585.
^ "No. 25362". The London Gazette. 6 June 1884. p. 2485.
^ "Photo of Cavenagh's grave". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ "No. 24976". The London Gazette. 24 May 1881. pp. 2673–2675.

Bibliography

Cavenagh-Mainwaring, J. G. The Mainwarings of Whitmore and Biddulph in the County of Stafford. pp. 180–181.
Vibart, H.M. (1894). Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note. Westminster: Archibald Constable. pp. 473–4. OL 23336661M.

External links

Cavenagh family fonds at University of Victoria, Special Collections
Cavenagh family letterbooks at University of Victoria, Special Collections

Government offices
Preceded by Edmund Augustus Blundell	Governor of Straits Settlements 1859–1867	Succeeded by Major-General Sir Harry St. George Ord

[1] Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 9780810873872. Retrieved 9 March 2019.

[Cavenagh'sOwnResumé-2] Letter of 20 January 1868 to R. Bain, Adjutant General Bengal Staff Corps in Cavenagh, Orfeur. "Private letter book of Orfeur Cavenagh, no. 11, 1865–68". Cavenagh letter books, 1859–68. University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[3] "The Aga Khan I in Calcutta". Hasan Ali Shah Aga Khan I (1233–1298/1817–1881). The Heritage Web Site (Ismaili electronic library and database). Retrieved 18 October 2007. At length, however, through the intervention of the British envoy, it was agreed that the Aga Khan should be allowed to remain in India provided he stayed at Calcutta from where he could not be a menace to the Iranian government as from Sind. The government of India wrote to Superintendent of Mysore Princes and ex-Amirs of Sind [Cavenagh], a letter which reads:- "It having been determined upon political considerations that the Persian nobleman Aga Khan Mahallati, shall be required to reside for the present in Bengal. I am directed to inform you that the President in Council considers that it will be expedient to fix the Aga's residence in the vicinity of Calcutta and to place him under your care. ..." ... Sir Orfeur Cavenagh (1821–1891) had arranged for a house at Dumdum (where the city's airport is now) in Calcutta under the care of Bengal Presidency.

[4] Vibart 1894, p. 473.

[5] Malleson, CSI, Colonel G. B. (1891). "Chapter III: The first mutterings of the storm". The Indian Mutiny of 1857. London: Seely and Co Ltd (republished on the web by the HyperWar Foundation). pp. 34, 36. Retrieved 18 October 2007. Major Orfeur Cavenagh, an officer of great shrewdness and perspicacity, who filled the important office of Town-Major of Fort William in Calcutta, visited, October and November 1856, the districts just beyond Agra. He had been struck everywhere by the altered demeanour of the sipáhís, and loyal natives had reported to him the great change which had taken place in the feelings of the natives generally towards the English. Disaffection, he was assured, was now the rule in all classes. To the clear vision of this able officer it was evident that, unless precautions were taken, some great disaster would ensue." ... "one of the sergeants attached to Fort William reported to Cavenagh a remarkable conversation, between two sipáhís, which he had overheard ... " ... "Cavenagh, who, as Town-Major, was responsible to the Governor-General for the safety of Fort William, took at once measures to baffle the designs of which he had been informed, and then drove straight to Lord Canning to report the circumstance to him. Lord Canning listened to Cavenagh with the deepest interest, and sanctioned the measures he proposed. These were to transfer from Dam-Dam, where one wing of the regiment which was responsible for the safety of the Presidency, the 53rd Foot, was located, one company to Fort William. For the moment the outbreak was deferred.

[6] Vibart 1894, pp. 473–4.

[7] Cornelius, Vernon (3 October 2017). "Past and present leaders of Singapore". Singapore infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved 13 June 2019.

[8] "Past and present leaders of Singapore". Singapore National Library Board. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

[9] "No. 24146". The London Gazette. 30 October 1874. p. 5155.

[10] "No. 24508". The London Gazette. 2 October 1877. p. 5457.

[11] "No. 26195". The London Gazette. 25 August 1891. p. 4585.

[12] "No. 25362". The London Gazette. 6 June 1884. p. 2485.

[13] "Photo of Cavenagh's grave". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

[14] "No. 24976". The London Gazette. 24 May 1881. pp. 2673–2675.

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Governors of Singapore (1819–1959)
(with italics * for the Acting)
Resident of Singapore (1819–1826)	William Farquhar Dr. John Crawfurd
Governors of the Straits Settlements (under British India) (1826–1867)	Robert Fullerton Robert Ibbetson Kenneth Murchison Sir Samuel George Bonham William John Butterworth Edmund Augustus Blundell
Governors of the Straits Settlements (under Colonial Office) (1867–1942)	Sir Orfeur Cavenagh Sir Harry St. George Ord Sir Andrew Clarke Sir William Jervois Sir Archibald Edward Harbord Anson * Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson Sir Archibald Edward Harbord Anson * Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld Sir Cecil Clementi Smith William Edward Maxwell * Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell Sir James Alexander Swettenham * Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham Sir John Anderson Sir Arthur Henderson Young Sir Laurence Nunns Guillemard Sir Hugh Charles Clifford Sir John Scott * Sir Cecil Clementi Sir Andrew Caldecott * Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas
Japanese Mayor of Syonan (1942–1945)	Shigeo Odate Kanichi Naito
British Military Administration of the Straits Settlements (1945–1946)	Lord Louis Mountbatten Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas
Governors of the Crown Colony of Singapore (1946–1959)	Sir Franklin Charles Gimson Wilfred Lawson Blythe * Sir John Fearns Nicoll William Allmond Codrington Goode * Sir Robert Brown Black Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode

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