Jump to content

High-speed rail in Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Whoosh (train))

Whoosh
F
KCIC400AF passing through Bandung
Overview
Native nameWaktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat
lit. 'Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Outstanding System'
StatusOperational
OwnerKereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC)
LocaleJava
Termini
Stations4
Websitekcic.co.id
Service
TypeHigh-speed rail
Operator(s)Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC)
Depot(s)Tegalluar
Rolling stockKCIC400AF
Daily ridership24,135 (daily peak)[1][2]
18,200 (average)[1]
Ridership4.3 million (January – August 2024)[1]
5.0 million (October 2023 – August 2024)[1][3]
History
Opened17 October 2023; 14 months ago (2023-10-17)
Technical
Line length142.8 km (88.7 mi)
Number of tracksDouble-track
CharacterViaduct, Tunnel, and grade-separated
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50Hz AC overhead catenary
Operating speed
  • Service:
  • 350 km/h (220 mph)[4]
  • Record:
  • 385 km/h (240 mph)[5]
  • Design:
  • 420 km/h (260 mph)[6]
Highest elevation824 m (2,703 ft)
Current and proposed high-speed railway in Java, Indonesia

Indonesia operates a single high-speed rail service between country's largest city Jakarta, and third largest city Bandung. It is branded as Whoosh (short for Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat, lit. 'Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Outstanding System')[7][8][9] and operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).[10]

The Whoosh is currently the only high-speed railway in Southeast Asia[11] and the Southern Hemisphere.[12] It covers a distance of 143 kilometres (89 mi) with a maximum operating speed of 350 km/h (220 mph),[13][4][14] and design speed of KCIC400AF train of 420 km/h (260 mph),[6][15] making it the fastest commercially operating railway network in the world, tied with a handful of lines in China. The travel time between the two cities averages 45 minutes, down from 3 hours with existing railway line.[12]

Construction start at August 2018, with the cost of $7.3 billion to build,[16][10][17][18] the line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 17 October 2023.[19][20][21] The Whoosh high speed train has served 5.0 million passengers during 11 months of commercial operation.[1][3] As of September 2024, there are 62 daily trips of Whoosh.[3]

History and development

[edit]

Concepts for high-speed rail (HSR) in Indonesia were first seriously contemplated in 2008, leading to discussions at Asian Investment Summit in 2013, and detailed plans being set forth in 2015.[22] The plan to start construction of the Jakarta-Bandung HSR was announced by the Indonesian government in July 2015, after the Chinese President and other world leaders visited the Bandung Conference.[23][24]

Both Japan and China expressed their interest in the high-speed rail projects in Indonesia. Previously, both countries had carried out comprehensive studies into a project for the Jakarta–Bandung section (142.8 km (88.7 mi)). Only the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), had issued a study for a project extending to Surabaya (730 km (450 mi)).[23] The Indonesian HSR bid marked a rivalry between Japan and China in their competition for Asian infrastructure projects.[25]

Japan's proposal

[edit]
Shinkansen E5 series proposed by Japan

Since 2008, Japan has been working on a plan to export their Shinkansen high-speed railway technology to Indonesia. During the Indonesia-Japan Friendship Festival in November 2008, Japan showcased their Shinkansen technology to Indonesian audiences.[26] The idea of high-speed rail backed by funding through soft loans has been proposed by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for the Indonesian island of Java, linking up the densely populated corridor from the capital Jakarta to Surabaya (730 km (450 mi)).[27][28] The island, similar in many respects including terrain and urban density to pre-HSR Honshu, suffered greatly from both freight and passenger congestion.[29]

The idea had been around for some years. However, a new proposal to divide the project into stages emerged, with the first stage being built from Jakarta to Bandung. The conventional travel time of 3 hours would be reduced to 35 minutes at a price of 78 trillion rupiah. JICA finished the detailed feasibility study in 2014. This succeeded an initial study in 2012. By 2013 Indonesia had been undergoing a revival in railway expansion and upgrades. High-speed corridors had been proposed but not implemented.[citation needed]

Japanese domination in the high-speed rail project appeared to be unchallenged until April 2015, when China made a counter-offer.[30]

In March 2015, Indonesian president Joko Widodo travelled to Tokyo and Beijing. In Tokyo, from 22 to 25 March, Joko Widodo met then-Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Widodo obtained a commitment for Japanese loan support for improving Jakarta's municipal rail network, but no progress was made on resolving issues with the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail project.[25]

China's proposal

[edit]
CR400AF proposed by China

On 26 March 2015, Joko Widodo visited Beijing and met China's leader Xi Jinping. Xi publicly announced support for the Indonesian high-speed project and the two governments signed a memorandum specifying China's interest in the Jakarta–Bandung line.[25] In April 2015, China submitted a bid for the Indonesian high-speed rail project, much to Japan's dismay.[31]

In July 2015, the Indonesian government released its plan to build the high-speed rail connecting Jakarta and Bandung, and arranged a contest between Japanese and Chinese train-makers as potential bidders.[23] China responded by launching the Chinese High-speed Rail Technology Exposition in Senayan City shopping mall in Jakarta in August 2015.[32]

Both China and Japan have engaged in fierce competition through intense lobbying for the contract. Some, including the Jakarta Post's Craig Oehlers, have said that the fundamental reason for the two countries' competition is geostrategy, rather than economics.[33][34]

Short cancellation and resumption

[edit]

President Joko Widodo was expected to announce the winning bid of Indonesia's first high-speed rail project in early September 2015. However, on 3 September 2015, the Indonesian government announced that it had cancelled the high-speed rail project, and was now favouring the slower and cheaper rail alternative.[35]

In mid-September 2015, China announced it would fully meet the Indonesian government's demands and offered a new proposal that did not require Indonesia to assume any fiscal burden or debt guarantee in proceeding with the project.[36] Later that month, Indonesia selected China for the $5 billion project.[37][38][39] Indonesia awarded the contract to China. Some analysists speculated that Beijing had outmaneuvered Tokyo on the bid as a result of a competitive financing package for Indonesia.[31][40]

Japan's response

[edit]

Japan's then-Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga called the Indonesian move "difficult to understand" and "extremely regrettable".[27][30] The situation "can only be described as extremely deplorable," Suga also said.[36] Indonesia's State-Owned Enterprises Minister Rini Soemarno confirmed the Chinese bid was picked instead of the Japanese plan because of its relaxed financing.[41]

China supplemented its bid by committing to establish a joint venture with Indonesian firms to produce rolling stock for high-speed rail, electric rail, light rail systems, not only for Indonesia but also for export to other Asian countries; to transfer related technology; and to renovate and rebuild train stations.[25]

Development and construction

[edit]
Interior of Premium Economy Class of KCIC400AF

In January 2016, the Indonesian transportation minister released a route permit[42] for a high-speed railway between Jakarta and Bandung (142.8 kilometres) with stations located at Halim (Jakarta end), Karawang, Padalarang, and Tegalluar (Bandung end) with a Tegalluar depot.[43] 71.63-kilometre (44.51 mi) of the track would be at ground level, 53.54-kilometre (33.27 mi) would be elevated, and 15.63-kilometre (9.71 mi) would be underground.[44] The concession period, the period during which only the KCIC can operate the line, is 50 years from 31 May 2019 and cannot be prolonged, except in a force majeure situation.[45] Ground was broken on the project on 21 January 2016 and was expected to be completed in September 2023. The HSR is governed by the KCIC, an organization composed 60 percent by an Indonesian consortium, and 40 percent by China Railway International.[46] The Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail was planned to begin its operations in 2019.[47]

In October 2016, the Indonesian government announced its intention to build a 600-kilometre (370 mi) medium-high speed railway between Jakarta and Surabaya, and invited Japan to participate in this project.[48] However, almost seven years later, in July 2023 the project was cancelled due to the lack of progress. Subsequently, President Joko Widodo removed the Jakarta-Surabaya semi-high speed train from the national strategic project (PSN) towards the end of his term in 2024.[49]

In 2023, the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail construction partially finished and was set to start commercial operation starting October 2023.[50] The Jakarta-Bandung HSR began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023, and commercial operations on 2 October 2023.[51][52]

Controversies

[edit]

In April 2016, five Chinese high-speed rail project workers were arrested at Halim Perdanakusuma Airbase.[53] This incident highlighted the refusal of Indonesian Air Force to give up lands belonging to the Halim Perdanakusuma airbase in East Jakarta. It was reported that one of the railway stations would be located on land currently within Halim Airbase.[54]

In February 2018, Onan Hiroshi, a Japanese cartoonist, described Indonesian President Joko Widodo as a "High-speed rail beggar"[55] pointing out Indonesia's request for Japan's assistance in completing the project. The cartoon quickly drew protest from Indonesian internet users, and by 25 February, the cartoonist tweeted an apology, removed the drawings, and closed the page.[56]

Phase I

[edit]
Jakarta–Bandung High-Speed Rail
Legend
Halim
Jakarta
West Java
 Karawang
Padalarang Kereta Api Indonesia
Tegalluar Summarecon
Tegalluar Depot
This diagram:

Infrastructure

[edit]

11% of the railway consists of tunnel sections spanned over 13 tunnels, while 38% is set on viaducts. Tunnel 6, the longest tunnel, has a length of 4,478 meters on the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail.[57] Halim railway station, the largest station on the railway, is situated in Makasar in East Jakarta and consists of three platforms with six track lines; it is expected to connect with LRT Jabodebek. The station has a total area of 78,315 square metres.[58]

The railway is built on a double track and electrified, suitable for 350 km/h (220 mph).

Stations

[edit]

There are four stations on the line.[59] One of them, Karawang, was officially opened in 24 December 2024.

Station Transfers Station distance[60] Travel distance Location
Halim
- 0 km East Jakarta Jakarta
Karawang Bus interchange Shuttle buses to The Grand Outlet and Summarecon Villagio Outlets 41.17 km 41.17 km Karawang Regency West Java
Padalarang
55.55 km 97.22 km West Bandung Regency West Java
Tegalluar Summarecon Bus interchange DAMRI and Bigbird shuttle buses

(with further transfer to at Gedebage station)

45.58 km 142.80 km Bandung Regency

Rolling stock

[edit]

The Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail will use 11 trainsets of the derivative of CR400AF called KCIC400AF.[61][62] There is also one comprehensive inspection train which is also a derivative of CR400AF called KCIC400AF-CIT.[61][62] All trains are manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang.[61][62]

Maintenance facility

[edit]
  • Tegalluar Depot (Cileunyi, Bandung)

Funding and joint venture

[edit]
KCIC400AF-CIT passing through Bekasi

The China Railway Group Limited (CREC) will form a joint venture with a consortium of Indonesia's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) led by PT Wijaya Karya Tbk in developing the first High Speed Train (HST) in the country.[63]

On Friday, 16 October 2015, Chinese and Indonesian state-owned companies officially signed the deal to build the first high-speed railway in Indonesia.[64] The project cost was estimated to be US$5.5 billion (80 trillion rupiah). The deal was signed by China Railway International Co. Ltd. Chairman Yang Zhongmin and Dwi Windarto, the president director of a consortium of Indonesian state companies, PT Pilar Sinergi BUMN Indonesia.[65] China Development Bank has given a commitment to fund 75 percent of the project costs with loan terms of 40 years for the loan—with an initial grace period of 10 years—with fixed loan rate. CRCC will hold majority shares in the planned JV company, while WIKA holds 30 percent and small portions for local toll operator PT Jasa Marga Tbk (IDX: JSMR), train operator PT Kereta Api Indonesia and plantation company PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII.[63]

In late August 2016, it was reported that the China Development Bank had not yet disbursed funds for the loan and that KCIC, the consortium executing the project, was not sure when funds would become available.[66]

Timeline

[edit]

2016

[edit]
  • January: Indonesian president Joko Widodo attended a ground breaking ceremony near Jakarta and announced that the project had commenced.
  • May: Continual delays in acquiring land were being reported. The president of the Indonesian joint venture firm managing the project KCIC, Hanggoro Budi Wiryawan, expressed frustration at the Department of Transport requirement that all of the land needed for the project (estimated to be 600 ha) be acquired before final construction permits could be issued. Hanggoro argued that it was more usual for construction permits to be issued when just 10% of the required land for a project had been acquired. He said that the delays in the Department of Transport were unreasonable. Issues surrounding acquisition of land were complicated by the fact that the main station at the Jakarta end was planned to be on land occupied by the Indonesian Air Force at Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. It was not clear whether the Air Force was prepared to release the land.
  • August: The Minister for State-Owned Enterprises, Rini Soemarno, said that the process of issuing permits for the project was running smoothly after earlier delays. She said that she believed that construction on the railway could start within a week.
  • November: 82 percent of land needed has been acquired, but bank funding will only be attainable after 100 percent land is acquired.[67]

2017

[edit]
  • March: The project is stalled due to land, finance and security issues. Among others is the Indonesian Air Force reluctance to release 49 hectares of the lands surrounding Halim Perdanakusuma Airbase on the south-eastern outskirts of Jakarta for the construction of the station.[68]
  • April: PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia-China (KCIC) and High-Speed Railway Contractor Consortium (KSRCC) signed an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract on the Jakarta – Bandung bullet train on April 4, 2017. Contractors will proceed with construction following the contract signing.[69]

2018

[edit]
  • January: The Jakarta Post referred to the project as "stagnant" and Maritime Affairs Coordinating Minister Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan announced that a review would be conducted to consider whether a high-speed rail system really was needed between Jakarta and Bandung because "the cities are only 140 kilometres apart."[70]
  • March: It was reported that government agencies (the National Land Agency and the Agrarian and Spatial Planning Ministry) suspected that there had been maladministration in the acquisition of over 1,800 plots of land for the project. As a result, approval of permits for the use of land for the project had been delayed.[71]
  • April: State-owned enterprises minister Rini Soemarno, on a visit to Beijing, said that project construction would start in the coming month, May, and that she hoped that perhaps construction could start even sooner. She also said that she hoped land acquisition could be completed by the end of May.[72]
  • July: Three lawsuits received legal approval from the courts to proceed with claims seeking compensation for their properties affected by the project. Meanwhile, KCIC said that the progress of the project would not be affected by the lawsuits. The main financier of the project, China Development Bank, had disbursed $170 million in May and was due to disburse another $1.1 billion before the end of July.[73]
  • August: Beginning construction after a cooperation contract was signed with Cars Dardela Joint Operation as construction supervisor for the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Train Project.[74]

2019

[edit]
  • March: The boring machine arrived and was assembled. Drilling started under the Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road between KM 3+600 - KM5+800. Progress Reached 13%[75]
  • May: The Walini tunnel become the first breakthrough tunnel in the high speed rail projects. Celebrated by many group of minister including a Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Rini Soemarno and the West Java Governor Ridwan Kamil. According to Rini Soemarno, progress reached 17.5% but estimated to be 59% in late 2019,[76] and land acquisition was almost 100%.[76] Ridwan Kamil hoped to commence the high speed rail operation in 2021.[77]
  • September: The construction progress reached 32.8% and land acquisition progress reached 99.0%.[78]
  • October: Construction progress 38.2%.[79]

2020

[edit]

In mid-February 2020, construction progress reached 44 percent and land acquisitions reach 99.96 percent.[80] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, work of the project has been halted temporarily, resulting in the delay of the targeted finish of construction and start of the operation.[81] Three months later, construction progress reached 48.3 percent and the construction works resumed, which follow government's health and safety measures, such as social/physical distancing in response to the pandemic.[82] In September, Director of KCIC Xin Xuezhong stated that construction progress reached 60 percent and land acquisitions reached 100 percent.[83][84]

2021

[edit]
  • April: The General Manager of Material Equipment of PT KCIC stated that until March 2021 the construction of the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail has reached 70 percent and is expected to be completed by the end of 2022.[85]
  • November: The construction progress reaches 79%.[86]

2022

[edit]
KCIC400AF at Halim Station
  • September: KCIC received the first delivery of KCIC400AF trainsets in Tanjung Priok Port, Jakarta.[87]
  • November: During the G20 Summit in Bali, President Jokowi and Xi remotely attended the trial run of CIT400AF inspection train, which ended a series of its maiden powered runs on HSR tracks to the west of Tegalluar station.[88]
  • December: A track laying machine and a DF4B locomotive used in the construction of the railway derailed in West Bandung west of Padalarang station, killing 2 workers and injuring another four. As result, track laying activities were temporarily halted while other construction works were allowed to continue.[89][90]

According to the Jakarta Post, Dwiyana Slamet Riyadi, the president director of KCIC, said that based on a 2022 third-party review, demand for the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail line had fallen to 31,215 passenger trips per day, just over half of the 61,157 estimated in a 2017 feasibility study.[91]

2023

[edit]
Whoosh high-speed train departing Padalarang for Tegalluar after a 2-minute stop
KCIC400AF at Kopo, Bound for Halim
  • May: Starting Monday, 22 May 2023, KCIC is gradually increasing the travel speed of the Jakarta Bandung High Speed Train (KCJB). This is done during the test or testing and commissioning of the train. With the comprehensive inspection train (CIT), the speed of the train was increased from the previous average of 60 to 180 km/h (37 to 112 mph). The increase in the speed or speed of the trial can finally be done after all the initial preparations for testing and commissioning have been successfully completed.[92]
  • June: The speed level of the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Train (KCJB) continued to increase during the trial period. For the first time the train reached a maximum speed of 385 km/h (239 mph) in a test on Thursday, 22 June 2023. The trial was attended by Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan and Minister of Transportation Budi Karya Sumadi. Luhut and Budi Karya tried KCJB from Halim Station, Jakarta, to Padalarang Station and Tegalluar Station, Bandung, round trip. The top speed has reached its maximum at 385 km/h (239 mph).[5]
  • June: The next trial was connecting the two train series was carried out to test reliability if it runs together as a form of anticipation if passengers boom. At certain moments, the train can be combined to increase the transport capacity. Mainly to anticipate a surge in passengers during high season, such as Eid al-Fitr, Christmas and New Year's homecoming, long holidays, and others.[93]
  • September: The High Speed Rail officially opened on Thursday after CCTV announced the opening after many delays of the opening of the line.[93]
  • October: The Line commenced operations on 17 October. 124,000 people rode on the Whoosh between October 17 and November 1.[94]
  • November: daily trip schedule has been increased to 14 round-trip pairs (for a total of 28 trips) offering 16,828 seats, due to high demand as seen from the high number of ticket sales.[94] The number of passengers has since reached 21,312 people on Sunday, November 12, 2023, with an occupancy rate of 98.5%. As a response to this strong demand, PT. Kereta Cepat Indonesia China has increased the number of Whoosh round-trip pairs to 18 per day on the weekends, for a total of 36 trips.[95]
  • December: The Whoosh high speed train has served 1,028,216 passengers during 2 months of commercial operation from 17 October to 25 December 2023. The highest number of passengers served in one day has reached 21,500 passengers per day, including during the current year-end holiday period. This achievement shows the high public interest in modern and reliable public transportation in Indonesia with travel time efficiency and comfort.[96]

Phase 2

[edit]

In 2023, Indonesian and Chinese authorities discussed further plans to extend the railway across the Java island.[97][98] It is estimated that Phase 2 will shorten the travel time between Jakarta and Surabaya from 8 to 13 hours by regular trains to 3.5 hours.[99]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Pecah Rekor! Kereta Cepat Whoosh Angkut 22.249 Penumpang Kemarin". cnbcindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Jumlah Penumpang Whoosh Pecah Rekor, KCIC Klaim Bukti Pengguna Puas". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Whoosh layani 5 juta penumpang dalam waktu kurang dari 11 bulan". antaranews.com (in Indonesian). 5 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  4. ^ a b "雅万高铁助力印尼民众加速奔向美好生活__中国政府网".
  5. ^ a b "Laju Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Tembus 385 Km per Jam". republika.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  6. ^ a b Ramadhani, Awalia (24 May 2023). "Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Train Compared to Japan's Shinkansen". en.tempo.co. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  7. ^ Ritonga, Machradin Wahyudi (2023-10-03). Berindra, Susy (ed.). "Impian Transportasi Tanah Air Melesat Maju dalam Laju Whoosh". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  8. ^ "Pemerintah Beri Nama Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung 'WHOOSH'". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  9. ^ S (1 October 2023). "Indonesia to launch Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail, first in Southeast Asia". Jakarta Post.
  10. ^ a b Malleck, Julia (2 October 2023). "Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail".
  11. ^ Ibrahim, Achmad; Karmini, Niniek (2 October 2023). "Indonesian president launches Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, funded by China". Associate Press.
  12. ^ a b Holland, Maximilian (25 October 2023). "1st High-Speed Train Arrives In Southern Hemisphere — Bandung Confluence". cleantechnica.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  13. ^ "雅万高铁助力印尼民众加速奔向美好生活". 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese). October 18, 2023.
  14. ^ "特稿：中印尼共建"一带一路"合作的"金字招牌"——记习近平主席关心推动的雅万高铁正式开通运营". 中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese). October 18, 2023.
  15. ^ Dwi, Chandra (18 September 2023). "Kompak Dibackingi China, Kereta Cepat RI vs Laos Hebat Mana?". cnbcindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  16. ^ Karmini, Niniek (1 October 2023). "Indonesia is set to launch Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, largely funded by China". The Independent.
  17. ^ Cai, Derek (2 October 2023). "With China's help, Indonesia launches Southeast Asia's first bullet train". CNN.
  18. ^ Asmara, Chandra (2 October 2023). "Indonesia Starts Southeast Asia's First High-Speed Rail Operations". Bloomberg.
  19. ^ Thomas, Vincent Fabian (2023-08-08). "High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  20. ^ Ayu, Annisa (6 March 2024). "Pakai Skema Ini Penumpang KCIC Naik hingga 2 Juta". metrotvnews.com.
  21. ^ Mahardia, Lorenzo (5 March 2024). "Penumpang Kereta Cepat Whoosh Tembus 2 Juta, Berkat Tarif Dinamis?". bisnis.com.
  22. ^ "Company History". Kereta Cepat Indonesia China. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
  23. ^ a b c "Indonesia Plans 'Beauty Contest' Between China and Japan for High-Speed Train". Jakarta Globe. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  24. ^ T. Washington Institute
  25. ^ a b c d Harner, Stephen (1 October 2015). "Japan's Rail Project Loss To China: Why It Matters For Abe's Economic Diplomacy And For China's". Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  26. ^ "JICA in Indonesia-Japan Expo 2008".
  27. ^ a b Robin Harding in Tokyo, Avantika Chilkoti in Jakarta and Tom Mitchell in Beijing (1 October 2015). "Japan cries foul after Indonesia awards rail contract to China". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  28. ^ "Java High Speed Railway Development Project (Phase I)". Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  29. ^ Zakir Hussain, The Straits Times/ANN (28 October 2013). "Jakarta mulls high-speed rail system". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  30. ^ a b "Japan loses Indonesian high-speed railway contract to China". The Japan Times. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  31. ^ a b Shannon Tiezzi (1 October 2015). "It's Official: China, Not Japan, Is Building Indonesia's First High-Speed Railway". The Diplomat. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  32. ^ Yu Yang, ed. (14 August 2015). "Chinese High-speed Rail Expo Held in Indonesia". CRIENGLISH.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  33. ^ Craig P. Oehlers (22 August 2015). "Race for Indonesia's high-speed railway part of a big game". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  34. ^ Try Reza Essra (13 August 2015). "Kereta api cepat Tiongkok disebut canggih dan murah" [China's high-speed train called "sophisticated and cheap"]. Antara News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  35. ^ "Indonesia dumps plans for high-speed rail line: ambassador". The Jakarta Post. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  36. ^ a b "China chosen over Japan for Indonesian rail project". Jiji Press. 29 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  37. ^ Ben Otto and Anita Rachman (30 September 2015). "Indonesia's Handling of High-Speed Train Project Adds to Business Confusion, Mixed messages to Japan, China come as Indonesia courts foreign investors". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  38. ^ "Indonesia to award fast train contract to China - Japanese embassy official". Reuters. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  39. ^ "Indonesia awards multi-billion-dollar railway project to China over Japan". ABC. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  40. ^ Peter Cai (2 October 2015). "China's high-speed rail bet pays off". Business Spectator. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  41. ^ "Indonesia defends bidding process for high-speed rail project after Japan angered at being rejected". The Straits Times. Singapore. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  42. ^ Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor KP. 25 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Trase Jalur Kereta Api Cepat antara Jakarta dan Bandung Lintas Halim-Tegalluar.
  43. ^ Siti Nuraisyah Dewi, Rizki Aulia Rachman (January 13, 2016). "Jonan Keluarkan Izin Trase Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung".
  44. ^ 10 hal yang perlu diketahui tentang Kereta Api Cepat Jakarta-Bandung (11 February 2016). "10 hal yang perlu diketahui tentang Kereta Api Cepat Jakarta-Bandung". Retrieved April 5, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ "Biaya Pembangunan Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung Turun". March 17, 2016.
  46. ^ "Groundbreaking of High Speed Rail Project Jakarta – Bandung". January 21, 2016.
  47. ^ "China to Build $5 Billion High-Speed Rail Line in Indonesia". Bloomberg News. October 16, 2015.
  48. ^ "Pemerintah Minta Jepang Garap Proyek Kereta Jakarta-Surabaya" [Government Asked Japan To Handle Jakarta–Surabaya Railway Project]. VOA Indonesia. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  49. ^ Sandi, Ferry. "Kereta Semi Cepat Jakarta-Surabaya 5,5 Jam Jokowi Batal". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-08-22.
  50. ^ "Indonesia set to open Southeast Asia's 1st high-speed rail in October". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  51. ^ "High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say - Regulations".
  52. ^ "Chinese Premier Li Qiang takes a test ride on Indonesia's new high-speed railway". AP News. 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  53. ^ Sarwanto, Abi. "Lima WN China yang Ditangkap di Halim Punya Dokumen Lengkap". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  54. ^ "High-speed rail plan hits another snag". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  55. ^ "Wawancara Khusus Dengan Onan Hiroshi, Komikus yang Diduga Menghina Presiden Jokowi - Tribunnews.com". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  56. ^ "Japanese Artist Apologizes After Depicting Jokowi as Beggar in Comic Strip | Jakarta Globe". Jakarta Globe. 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  57. ^ "Inilah 13 Tunnel Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung – Terpanjang 4,5 km!". tasikasik.id (in Indonesian). 26 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  58. ^ "Rute Transjakarta ke Stasiun Kereta Cepat Whoosh Halim". republika.co.id (in Indonesian). October 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  59. ^ "KCIC Tambah Satu Stasiun Kereta Cepat di Padalarang". investor.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  60. ^ "Cara Naik Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung, Cek Rute dan Akses Menuju Stasiun". bisnis.tempo.co (in Indonesian). 16 September 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  61. ^ a b c Kereta Cepat Indonesia China [@keretacepat_id] (22 December 2021). "Sobat #KeretaCepat, siapa di sini yang sudah tidak sabar menantikan 2022, serta melajunya Si Komodo Merah di Trial Run nanti?" (in Indonesian) – via Instagram.
  62. ^ a b c Kereta Cepat Indonesia China [@keretacepat_id] (25 May 2022). "Jadi EMU KCJB memiliki nama tipe KCIC400AF, dan KCIC400AF-CIT untuk kereta inspeksinya. Hal tersebut sudah menjadi standar penamaan dari pihak konsorsium mengingat EMU dan CIT KCJB memiliki konfigurasi khusus yang menjadikannya unik dan berbeda dengan tipe lainnya" (in Indonesian) – via Instagram.
  63. ^ a b Vincencia NLS (2 October 2015). "China Railway Construction Corp to form JV with Indonesia's Wijaya Karya for $5.5b HST". Deal Street Asia. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  64. ^ "China, Indonesia sign $5.5 bn high-speed rail deal". Yahoo News and AFP. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  65. ^ Niniek Karmini (16 October 2015). "China, domestic companies to build Indonesia high-speed rail". Yahoo News and AFP. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  66. ^ "High-Speed Train Held Up by Chinese Credit",Tempo, 4 September 2016.
  67. ^ "Economy in brief: KCIC negotiates land clearance with CDB". November 11, 2016.
  68. ^ John McBeth (28 March 2017). "Indonesia high-speed train, backed by China, comes untracked, President Joko Widodo's signature infrastructure project has stalled for a host of familiar reasons, including resistance from the powerful military". Asia Times.
  69. ^ "Contractors Sign Jakarta - Bandung Bullet Train Agreement".
  70. ^ 'Indonesia to review Jakarta-Bandung railway project', The Jakarta Post, 10 January 2018.
  71. ^ 'Jakarta-Bandung railway project stuck in land acquisition stage', The Jakarta Post, 16 March 2018.
  72. ^ 'Construction of high-speed railway starts in May: Minister', The Jakarta Post, 5 April 2018.
  73. ^ 'Three Lawsuits to proceed against Bandung-Jakarta train project', The Jakarta Post, 11 July 2018.
  74. ^ 'Three Lawsuits to proceed against Bandung-Jakarta train project', Tempo, 11 December 2022.
  75. ^ 'Chinese drilling machines is currently underway in High speed train project '[permanent dead link‍], Warta Kota.Tribun News, 27 March 2019.
  76. ^ a b 'The Walini Tunnel has made a First Breaktrought in High Speed Rail Project ', Warta Kota, Tribun News, 15 May 2019
  77. ^ "Terowongan Walini 608 Meter Jalur Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Sudah Tembus Perkebunan Maswati". Warta Kota (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  78. ^ "Pembebasan Lahan Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Capai 99 Persen". September 11, 2019.
  79. ^ "Construction of Jakarta-Bandung Bullet Train Reaches 38.2 Percent". Netral News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  80. ^ Kiki Safitri (February 23, 2020). "Menhub: Akhir 2021, KA Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Sudah Beroperasi". Kompas (in Indonesian).
  81. ^ Dzulfiqar Fathur Rahman (April 15, 2020). "Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project delayed amid pandemic". The Jakarta Post.
  82. ^ Putri Zakia Salsabila (May 14, 2020). "Kabar Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung Saat Ini Sudah 48,3 Persen". Kompas (in Indonesian).
  83. ^ Anitana Widya Puspa (September 2, 2020). "Sudah 60 Persen, Proyek Kereta Cepat Diharapkan Tak Hanya Kejar Tayang". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  84. ^ Bisnis (September 2, 2020). Rr. Ariyani Yakti Widyastuti (ed.). "Direktur KCIC Sebut Progress Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta - Bandung 60 Persen". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  85. ^ Bestari, Fardi (13 April 2021). "Progres pembangunan proyek kereta cepat Jakarta-Bandung". Tempo (in Indonesian).
  86. ^ "Update Pembangunan Kereta Cepat Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung, Progres Sudah 79 Persen". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  87. ^ "Akhirnya! Rangkaian Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Tiba di Tanjung Priok". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  88. ^ "Ujicoba Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung di Tegalluar Kabupaten Bandung". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  89. ^ "KCIC's DF4B and a track installer (?) machine has been derailed this afternoon (18/12) at Padalarang area". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  90. ^ "2 WNA China Meninggal Akibat Kecelakaan di Jalur Kereta Cepat - Nasional Katadata.co.id". katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 2022-12-19. Retrieved 2022-12-19.
  91. ^ "Indonesian Capital Plan Throws China-Backed Rail Link Into Disarray". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  92. ^ "Kecepatan Uji Coba Kereta Cepat Dinaikkan jadi 180 Km per Jam, Berapa Waktu Tempuh Jakarta-Bandung?". tempo.co (in Indonesian). 24 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  93. ^ a b "Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung Tarik 16 Gerbong, Bisa Angkut 1.200 Orang". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  94. ^ a b "Whoosh High-speed Train to Make 28 Trips a Day Starting November: KCIC". en.tempo.co. 29 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  95. ^ "Jumlah Penumpang KCIC Whoosh Capai 21 Ribu orang Sehari". suarainvestor.com (in Indonesian). 13 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  96. ^ Dewi, Intan Rakhmayanti (26 December 2023). "Kereta Cepat Whoosh Tembus 1 Juta Penumpang dalam Dua Bulan". cnbcindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  97. ^ Sulaiman, Stefanno (6 September 2023). "China, Indonesia discuss extending Jakarta high-speed railway". Reuters.
  98. ^ Ismail, Saifulbahri (14 August 2023). "With Indonesia's high-speed rail set to launch in September, authorities look to Surabaya for phase two". CNA.
  99. ^ Binekasri, Romys (1 November 2023). "Sah! Kereta Cepat Jakarta Surabaya Digarap China". cnbcindonesia.com.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to High-speed rail in Indonesia.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia&oldid=1265505619"