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Dishwashing liquid

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Dishwashing liquid in use
Dishwashing liquid with different dyes/scents
Water and dishwashing liquid mixing to form foam

Dishwashing liquid (washing-up liquid in British English), also known as dishwashing soap, dish detergent, or dish soap, is a detergent used in dishwashing. Dishwashing detergent for dishwashers comes in various forms such as cartridges, gels, liquids, packs, powder, and tablets.[1] It is usually a highly-foamy mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation that consumers primarily use for washing glasses, plates, cutlery, and cooking utensils. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid is also used for various informal applications, like creating bubbles, clothes washing, and cleaning off wildlife affected by oil spills.

Dishwashing liquid has existed for a long time with different compositions and conditions for use.[2][3][4] Currently, most dishwashing liquid functions best with hot water. However, there are some special dishwashing liquids designed to work well with cold water or seawater.

History

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Main article: Detergent

Before the invention of detergents in Germany during World War I,[4] consumers used washing soda (sodium carbonate) for dishwashing.[2] [3] The manufacture of liquid detergent for dishwashing began in the middle of the 20th century. Dishwashing detergent production started in the United States in the 1930s–1940s.[4][5] Teepol, the first dishwashing detergent in Europe, commenced production in 1942.[6]

In 2005, dishwashing detergent retail sales totaled nearly 10 billion USD worldwide.[5]

Composition and Safety

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Dishwashing liquid may contain bleach, enzymes, and rinsing aids.[1] The main ingredient is water; the main active ingredients are detergents. Dishwashing liquid has detergent rather than soap because the soaps would react with any minerals in the water to form soap scum. There are other thickening and stabilizing agents in the dishwashing liquid as well.[7]

Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning.[5] The reduced surface tension of water and increased solubility of modern surfactant mixtures allow water to run off dishes very quickly. Additionally, surfactants remove grease and food particles to aid in cleaning dishes.[5] They may also provide foam.[5]

Other ingredients may include hydrotropes, salts, preservatives, fragrances, antibacterial ingredients, and dyes.[5] Preservatives prevent microorganisms' proliferation within the liquid.[5] Antibacterial ingredients make it difficult for bacteria to survive on surfaces.[5]

Some alternatives for dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as borax, essential oil, eucalyptus oil, leftover cooking oil, and bar soap, among others.[8][9]

Items that can be damaged by certain dishwashing liquids (especially with the use of hot water or when put into a dishwasher) include household silver, fine glassware, gold-leafed objects, disposable plastics, as well as objects made of brass, bronze, cast iron, pewter, tin, or wood.[1] Dishwashing liquid components are also harder to rinse off from rough surfaces than smooth surfaces, increasing the chance of accidental ingestion.[10]

In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over triclosan, an antibacterial substance used in some dish liquids.[11] Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can "sabotage some sludge-processing microbes and promote drug resistance in others."[12] As of 2014, at least one US state has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids.[13]

Some dishwashing products contain phosphates. Phosphates make dishes cleaner but can also cause harmful algal bloom as the wastewater goes back to the natural environment.[14] Because of this, many places have banned this component.[14] Phosphates can also cause harmful health effects upon skin contact.[5]

Many dishwashing liquids contain perfume which can cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis.[15] It can also cause hand eczema. Those with sensitive skin should persuade someone else to do the washing up.[16] Recent research has found that Blackcurrant seeds are helpful for lessening the effects of allergies, due to its hydrophobicity.[17] Surfactants that are anionic also showed promising results in preventing skin irritation.[18]

Accidental ingestion of rinse aids (components within dishwashing tablets) can lead to vomiting.[1][19]

Surfactant design

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There has been comparisons of different surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water to determine the most efficient dishwashing liquid.[20][21] Lowering of surface tension helps with the cleaning processes.[20] A study showed that anionic surfactant combined with non-ionic surfactant worked better than anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined.[20] Another study found that cationic and anionic surfactants combined worked better than non-ionic and anionic surfactants combined.[20][21] Anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined are the least effective out of the three.[20][21]

Primary uses

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Dishwashing liquid is primarily for removing food from dirty dishes and tableware.[1][5] Consumers usually scrape heavy soil (large food particles) from the dishes before using dishwashing liquid.[1]

Hand dishwashing

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Dishwashing process

Consumers handwash dishes in the absence of a dishwashing machine and when large "hard-to-clean" items are present, or through preference.[5]

Automatic dishwashing

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Automatic dishwashing is when consumers use a dishwashing machine or other apparatus.[5] It is generally for convenience, sanitation, or personal preference.[5] The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants and more so on the machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes.[5] Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine.[5]

Informal uses

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Reader's Digest notes it may be used to kill ants and weeds, help spread water-borne fertilizer, and wash human hair.[22]Good Housekeeping says it can be mixed with vinegar to attract and drown fruit flies.[23] Dishwashing detergent can clean mirrors as well as windows.[24]

Washing an oiled Gannet with dishwashing liquid
  • Twibright Labs published Pling, an open-source general-purpose cleaner for glazed, plastic, chrome, and stainless steel bathroom and kitchen surfaces. It uses dishwashing liquid as one of the active ingredients.[25]
  • Dishwashing liquid with water and additional ingredients such as glycerin and sugar produces a bubble-blowing solution.[26]
  • Dishwashing liquid can clean delicate clothing fabrics such as hosiery and lingerie.[27]
  • Dishwashing liquid in a dilute solution can make decals and vinyl graphics easier to position when applying.[28][29]
  • In industry, some use dishwashing liquid for inspecting equipment under pressure for leaks, such as propane fittings.[30][31] They can also use dishwashing liquid for inspecting pneumatic tires for flats, as well as for quality assurance during the installation process, and as a mounting bead lubricant.[32][33][34]
  • Dishwashing liquid can act as an ingredient in making homemade garden pest deterrents. Oregon State University's Cooperative Extension Service notes the use of dishwashing liquid to get rid of spider mites.[34] Dish soap can also deter aphids.[34][35] In some instances, the dish soap may be toxic to plant leaves and cause them to "burn".[34] The University of Georgia noted the use of soap or dish detergent to help spread pesticide on plants, however, the institution did not recommend this method.[36]
  • A solution of dishwashing liquid and water can remove coffee, tea, olive oil, soda and fruit juice stains from fabrics.[37][38] One dishwashing liquid brand can remove stains from white or lightly colored cloth napkins.[39]
  • Dishwashing liquid can treat birds in oil spills.[40][41]

Market share

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Currently, market research companies like Euromonitor and Grand View Research collect data on different brands' market share.[42][43]

Grand View Research gives the general global market trend.[43] For example, for 2021, the company reported dishwashing detergent market share to be at 17.98 billion US dollars worldwide.[43]

Euromonitor International collects market trends of many big brands like Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Henkel, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Ajax.[42]

For example, according to Euromonitor International in 2013, Reckitt Benckiser held the highest retail value share percentages in nine countries:[42] Italy (31%), Spain (29%); with Finish brand: Australia (38%), New Zealand (38%), Austria (32%), Ireland (29%), and Israel (27%); Denmark (30%) with Neophos brand; and Portugal (22%) with Calgonit brand.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Top Dishwasher detergent Ratings | Dishwasher detergent Buying Guide – Consumer Reports". 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b Sodium Carbonate from PubChem
  3. ^ a b Balderston, Lydia Ray (1921). Housewifery: A Manual and Text Book of Practical Housekeeping. J.B. Lippincott. p. 23.
  4. ^ a b c "Soaps & Detergent: History 3 – Clean Living". American Cleaning Institute. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zoller, Uri (29 October 2008). Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications. CRC Press. pp. 39–65. ISBN 978-1-57444-757-6.
  6. ^ "Our history". Shell.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  7. ^ "Dishwashing Detergent, Household Floor & Bleach Cleaner | Colgate-Palmolive, Murphy & Ajax Home Care Products". 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  8. ^ Masters, Grace (13 January 2016). "Essential Oils Guide: Reference for Living Young, Healing, Weight Loss ... - Grace Masters - Google Books". Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  9. ^ Evelyn, Evelyn; Saputra, Edy; Komalasari, Komalasari; Utami, Syelvia Putri (28 December 2018). "Community training in dishwashing-liquid soap making from waste cooking oil". Riau Journal of Empowerment. 1 (2): 67–74. doi:10.31258/raje.1.2.9. ISSN 2623-1549.
  10. ^ Bavcon Kralj, Mojca; Fortuna, Anja; Abram, Anže; Trebše, Polonca (31 July 2019). "Dish handwashing: an overlooked source of contamination". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 18 (1): 181–185. doi:10.1007/s10311-019-00918-5. ISSN 1610-3653.
  11. ^ "FDA says studies on triclosan, used in sanitizers and soaps, raise concerns". The Washington Post. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  12. ^ "Another Reason To Avoid Triclosan And Anti-Bacterial Soaps – It's Messing Up Sewage Treatment Systems". 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  13. ^ "Minnesota bans triclosan, an ingredient in antibacterial soaps - LA Times". Los Angeles Times. 25 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  14. ^ a b Kogawa, Ana Carolina; Cernic, Beatriz Gamberini; do Couto, Leandro Giovanni Domingos; Salgado, Hérida Regina Nunes (September 2017). "Synthetic detergents: 100 years of history". Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 25 (6): 934–938. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.006. PMC 5605839. PMID 28951681.
  15. ^ "Contact Dermatitis. What is contact dermatitis? Treatment | Patient". 6 July 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  16. ^ "Protection for hand eczema" (PDF). Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  17. ^ Wasilewski, Tomasz; Seweryn, Artur; Bujak, Tomasz (2 April 2016). "Supercritical carbon dioxide blackcurrant seed extract as an anti-irritant additive for hand dishwashing liquids". Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 9 (2): 114–121. Bibcode:2016GCLR....9..114W. doi:10.1080/17518253.2016.1180432. ISSN 1751-8253.
  18. ^ Seweryn, Artur; Klimaszewska, Emilia; Ogorzałek, Marta (July 2019). "Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids through the Addition of Sulfonic Derivatives of Alkyl Polyglucosides". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 22 (4): 743–750. doi:10.1002/jsde.12299. ISSN 1097-3958.
  19. ^ Day, Rachael C.; Bradberry, Sally M.; Sandilands, Euan A.; Thomas, Simon H. L.; Thompson, John P.; Vale, Allister (3 June 2018). "Exposures to automatic dishwashing rinse aids reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service 2008–2016". Clinical Toxicology. 56 (6): 427–432. doi:10.1080/15563650.2017.1393083. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 29156998.
  20. ^ a b c d e Blagojević, Stevan N.; Blagojević, Slavica M.; Pejić, Nataša D. (1 March 2016). "Performance and Efficiency of Anionic Dishwashing Liquids with Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 19 (2): 363–372. doi:10.1007/s11743-015-1784-5. ISSN 1558-9293.
  21. ^ a b c Jadidi, Nazanin; Adib, Behrooz; Malihi, Farrokh B. (January 2013). "Synergism and Performance Optimization in Liquid Detergents Containing Binary Mixtures of Anionic–Nonionic, and Anionic–Cationic Surfactants". Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 16 (1): 115–121. doi:10.1007/s11743-012-1371-y. ISSN 1097-3958.
  22. ^ "6 Extraordinary Uses for Dishwashing Soap | Reader's Digest". 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  23. ^ Lauren Piro (September 2014), Ten Genius New Uses for Dish Soap, Good Housekeeping, archived from the original on 9 January 2015, retrieved 9 January 2015
  24. ^ "Great Cleaning Tips: How To Wash Windows, Mirrors Without Streaks". HuffPost. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  25. ^ "Twibright Pling". 28 August 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  26. ^ "Blow the Biggest Bubbles - Scientific American". Scientific American. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  27. ^ Mendelson, Cheryl (13 January 2016). Laundry: The Home Comforts Book of Caring for Clothes and Linens - Cheryl Mendelson - Google Books. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-8856-9. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  28. ^ "Decal Instructions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  29. ^ "General Application - Graphic Products". 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  30. ^ "Propane Safety". PopUp Times. 7 July 2012.
  31. ^ Blakesley, Kim (31 December 2014). "How to Leak Test a Copper Supply Pipe | Home Guides | SF Gate". Weekand. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  32. ^ "Tech FAQ: Zinn on Leaking Valve Stems, Chain Length - VeloNews.com". 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  33. ^ "How to Mount an ATV Tire | Field & Stream". 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  34. ^ a b c d Lewis, Alvin C.; Lewis, Ernest; Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory; National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (1979). "Guide to high speed patrol car tires". Law Enforcement Equipment Technology. 33 (480): 15.
  35. ^ "Cold weather gardening: Kale - Frankfort & Franklin County, Kentucky". 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Using Surfactants, Wetting Agents, and Adjuvants in the Greenhouse | Publications | UGA Extension". 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  37. ^ Householder's Survival Manual - Reader's Digest - Google Books. Reader's Digest. 13 January 2016. ISBN 978-0-7621-0135-1. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  38. ^ "Fruit juice (apple, grape, orange); Stain Solutions | U of I Extension". 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  39. ^ "How To Remove The Toughest Stains From Your Table Linens". HuffPost. 3 December 2014. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  40. ^ "Dawn dishwashing detergent saves wildlife". The Washington Post. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  41. ^ "South coast rescued oil birds set to be released - BBC News". BBC News. 25 September 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  42. ^ a b c "Dishwashing industry market share, market research, trends". 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  43. ^ a b c "Global Dishwashing Detergent Market Share Report, 2028". www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

Further reading

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