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Coordinates: 51°06′N 20°30′E / 51.1°N 20.5°E / 51.1; 20.5
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Zagaje Formation
Stratigraphic range: Latest Rhaetian-Lower Sinemurian~202–196 Ma [1]
Exposed Layers at Sołtyków
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKamienna Group
Sub-unitsHuta Mudstone Member
Underlies
OverliesUnnamed Rhaetian Beds
AreaPolish epicontinental basin except of the Mazury region and Czêstochowa region. Reaches also into north Germany
Thickness157.5 m
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherMudstone
Location
Coordinates51°06′N 20°30′E / 51.1°N 20.5°E / 51.1; 20.5
Approximate paleocoordinates43°06′N 18°48′E / 43.1°N 18.8°E / 43.1; 18.8
RegionSwietokrzyskie
Country
Type section
Named forThe Town of Zagaje near Gromadzice
Named byKaraszewski (as an informal unit)[3]
Yewtharaptor/sandbox is located in Poland
Yewtharaptor/sandbox
Yewtharaptor/sandbox (Poland)

The Zagaje Formation is a Latest Triassic-Early Jurassic Epoch (Rhaetian-Sinemurian) geologic formation located mostly in Poland with layers also exposed in north Germany. This unit is known for its diverse Ichnofossil assemblages, with traces of invertebrates along vertebrate footprints, as well plants, large coal accumulations, invertebrate remains and ichnofossils.[4] The Zagaje Formation correlates with The lower part of the Höganäs Formation in Scania, as well the Munkerup Member and the Gassum Formation in Denmark.[1]

Paleoenvironment

[edit]
The Zagaje Formation is a mostly continental unit, with riverine and lacustrine sediments (Modern equivalent examples include Lake Wahapo and Lucas Creek in New Zealand)

The Zagaje Formation is particularly visible in the Sołtyków region and is made mostly of Early Jurassic continental mudstone-sandstone deposits linked to the onset of "depositional sequence I". Its age is confirmed as mostly Early Hettangian through stratigraphic and paleontological analyses, including fossil flora and conchostraca findings. Sedimentological studies divide the Sołtyków profile into three parts: ephemeral reservoir deposits, floodplain and lacustrine sediments, and river channel deposits, highlighting dynamic depositional environments influenced by tectonic subsidence and varying hydrological conditions.[1][5][6]

Climate wise, the area was located back in the Hettangian around 45°N paleolatitude in Laurasia within a rise of of 5–10°C above present, were it experienced significant climatic and environmental change related with sea-level fluctuations, manifested locally with a notorious retrogradational fluvial-lacustrine sedimentation, with evidence of a humid climate interspersed with drier seasons. Some plant fossils like Hirmeriella mark points of aridity on what was mostly a humid swampy alluvial-lacustrine habitat.[7][8]

The Zagaje Formation’s deposits are know from both outcrops and borehole profiles that consist primarily of sandstones, mudstones, and interspersed coal and siderite layers. It represents a stratigraphic gap with the underlying Upper Triassic formations and is capped by a transgressive contact with the Skłoby Formation.[1] This unit contains freshwater fauna and diverse trace fossils, including vertebrate tracks.[5][9] The paleoenvironment reflects a dynamic alluvial plain shaped predominantly by high-sinuosity stream processes, transitioning from earlier braided and low-sinuosity stream systems. This evolution is attributed to climatic changes, rising base levels, and decreasing geomorphological gradients. Observations, both from exposures and borehole data, highlight the dominance of avulsion processes, with several depositional subsystems identified. Facies with organic remains are diverse: riverbed biofacies, derived from meandering channels characterized by fining-upward sequences composed of channel lag deposits, point-bar sands, and finer overlying sediments.[6] These deposits exhibit lateral accretion bedding and significant fossil bivalves and large-sized floated plant remains (stems and trunks of large plants) consistent with subaqueous dune migration within the channels; levee deposits derived from successive floods with scarce root traces, while plant remnants are common; Paleosoils with sparse traces of plant roots and remains of floating plants of highly variable size (mainly organic detritus, but also fragments of wood), fragments of bivalve shells and vertebrate remains (amniote bones, tracks, fish scales); the biofacies of the ephemeral water reservoir with plant remains, mainly horsetails, and fossils of insects, ostracods, and conchostraca; The pedogenic soil biofacies with remains of plant roots with preserved organic matter and rhizomes and stems in a living position; Floodplain biofacies with traces of numerous plant roots and plant macroremains, and remains of sedge stems preserved in a living position; Lake-marsh biofacies, dark, laminated mudstones with plant roots and coal, with few fossil bivalves, a large amount of organic matter in the form of plant detritus, and layers of coal and numerous finds of miospores and megaspores.[5][6][8] The local presence of charcoal fragments and high concentrations of PAHs, along with possible burnt plants, provides evidence for wildfires in the region, that likely occurred near the surface with charred wood fragments were subsequently incorporated into sediments by river transport.[10]

The high presence of coprolites has allow also to stablish the tropic chain of the local biota, with a clear full ecosystemical substitution of the older Triassic archosaurs by Dinosaurs.[11][12]

Biota

[edit]

Indet. Invertebrates

[edit]

Several unname Ichnofossils are recovered at Soltyków, including conical domichnia (Conichnus?), bivalve straight to winding linear trails, smooth vertical and subvertical branching tunnels, knob-walled tunnels, mace-shaped or irregular ellipsoid chambers, etc.[13][14]

Genus Species Location Material Made By
Cruziana[13][14]
  • C. problematica
  • cf.C. isp
  • Soltyków
 Dwelling structures
  • Annelids
  • Insect larvae
  • Nematodes
Cochlichnus[1][13]
  • C. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Traces
  • Annelids
  • Insect larvae
  • Nematodes
Conichnus[1][13][14]
  • C. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Subcylindrical burrows
  • Annelids
  • Nematodes
  • Crustaceans
Diplichnites[13][14]
  • D. isp.
  • Soltyków
 Hypichnial trackway
  • Insects
  • Myriapods
  • Arachnids
Diplocraterion[1][13]
  • D. parallelum
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 U-Shaped Burrows
  • Crustaceans
  • Annelids
  • Poronidans
  • Insects
  • Fish
Imbrichnus[1][13]
  • I. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Burrows
  • Annelids
  • Bivalves
  • Crustaceans
Kouphichnium[13][14]
  • cf. K. isp.
  • Soltyków
 V-shaped hypichnial marks
  • Xiphosura
  • Malacostraca
Palaeophycus[14]
  • P. isp.
  • Soltyków
 Straight or slightly curved burrows
  • Annelids
  • Bivalves
  • Crustaceans
Planolites[14]
  • P. isp.
  • Soltyków
 Horizontal burrows
  • Annelids
  • Bivalves
  • Crustaceans
Rusophycus[14]
  • R. isp.
  • Soltyków
 Resting Traces
  • Resting traces of arthropods
Scolicia[1][13]
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Moving Traces
  • Locomotion trace of gastropods
Scoyenia[13][14]
  • S. isp.
  • Soltyków
 Linear slender burrows
  • Beetles?
Skolithos[1][13][14]
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Sac/Bottle shaped burrows
  • Annelids
  • Crustaceans
  • Insects
Spongeliomorpha[1][13][14]
  • S. carlsbergi
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Sac/Bottle shaped burrows
  • Annelids
  • Crustaceans
  • Insects

Molluscs

[edit]

Indeterminate gastropod egg capsules are know, similar to the ones recovered in the extant Neritina.[15] 4 unnamed morphotypes of freshwater bivalves of the family Unionidae are know.[5]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Anodonta[16][17]
  • A. liasokeuperina
  • Soltyków
 Isolated Shells A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae
Calceoformites[13][14]
  • C. uchmani
  • Soltyków
 Clog-shaped protrusions Bivalve estabilization traces
Cardinia[15]
  • C. follini
  • C. inglensis
  • C. cf.kullensis
  • Gromadzice
  • Odrowaz
  • Podole
  • Soltyków
 Isolated Shells A Carditidae Bivalve. Indicator of oligohaline settings and found also on the younger Skłoby Formation
Lockeia[1][13]
  • L. siliquaria
  • L. amygdaloides
  • L. czarnockii
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Dwelling traces Resting traces of Bivalves
Ptychoplasma[18]
  • P. conica
  • Soltyków
 Locomotion trace Gastropod Locomotion traces
Scalichnus[1][13][14]
  • S. phiale
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Sac/Bottle shaped burrows Escape structure of mud-dwelling bivalves
Scolicia[1][13]
  • S. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Traces Locomotion and feeding trace of gastropods
Unio[16][19]
  • U. minutus
  • Soltyków
 Isolated Shells A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae
Example of extant specimen of Unio
Viviparus[16][20]
  • V. spp.
  • Soltyków
 Isolated Shells A freshwater snail, member of the family Viviparidae
Example of extant specimen of Viviparus

Crustacea

[edit]
Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bulbilimnadia[5][9]
  • B. kilianorum
  • Hucisko
  • Soltyków
 Valves A freshwater Ostracodan of the family Bulbilimnadiidae
Darwinula[5]
  • D. sarytirmenensis
  • D. spp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Valves A freshwater Ostracodan of the family Darwinulidae
Example of Darwinula specimens
Euestheria[21][16][17]
  • E. opalina
  • E. loczyi
  • E. brodieana
  • E. minuta
  • Euestheria sp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Hucisko
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Valves A Freshwater Clam shrimp (Phyllopodan) of the family Lioestheriidae.
Isopodichnus[1][13]
  • I. isp.
  • Gromadzice
  • Kontrewers
  • Odrowaz
  • Soltyków
 Hypichnial marks Feeding and moving traces of phyllopod and notostracan crustaceans

Insects

[edit]

Radial chambers around large tunnels have been recovered, they may be arthropod burrows or traces of roots.[13][14] Large nest structures with septa, similar to nesting behaviour of insects like Cicadas are know.[14]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Artematopodites[22] A. ssp.
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/36, 39, 40 A Coleopteran, member of the family Permosynidae
Blattodea[22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/54 Indeterminate Blattodean remains
Blattulidae[22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/1 Indeterminate Cockroach remains
Caraboidea[22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/12, 15 Indeterminate Beetle remains
Coleoptera[22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
 Isolated Wings Indeterminate Beetle remains
Helminthoidichnites[14] cf. H. isp.
  • Sołtyków
 Gnawing traces surficial gnawing traces made by insects
Hydrobiites[22] H. sp.
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 33 A Coleopteran, member of the family Permosynidae
Linckichnus[14] L. terebrans
  • Sołtyków
 Boring Traces Detritivorous habitation dwellings or oviposition structures of insects in dead wood
Memptus[22] M. sp.
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/44 A Coleopteran, Incertade sedis
Notocupes[22] N. sp.
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/6 A Coleopteran, Incertade sedis
Odrowazicoris[23] O. polonicus
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/2 An Hemipteran, member of the family Belostomatidae
Polysitum[22] P.? sp.
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/14, 29 A Coleopteran, Incertade sedis
Phoroschizidae[22] Indeterminate
  • Odrowaz
 MPK 5/4,5, 8, 20, 35 Indeterminate Beetle remains
Xylonichnus[14] Cf.X. isp.
  • Sołtyków
 Boring Traces Borings in the wood made probably by insect larvae

Fish

[edit]

Unidentified Actinopterygian fish scales and teeth were collected from clayish, organic-rich lake deposits, while some coprolites have been referred to Hybodontiform sharks.[12]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Semionotus[24] S. cf. bergeri Czarniecka Góra Single specimen A Semionotiform bony fish of the family Semionotidae
Paleoniscidae[12] Indeterminate Sołtyków Scales & Teeth Indeterminate Palaeonisciformes specimens

Testudinata

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Chelonipus[12] C. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Turtle Tracks
Testudinata[12] Indeterminate Sołtyków Carapace Fragments Unidentified Turtle remains, quoted to belong to a large sized taxon

Synapsids

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Ameghinichnus[5][6][12] Cf.A. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Small Synapsid tracks, likely from Mammaliaformes
A genus similar to Morganucodon is most probably the best candidate for the local Brasilichnium footprints
Brasilichnium[5][6] Indeterminate Sołtyków Footprints Small Synapsid tracks, likely from Mammaliaformes
Dicynodontipus[12] D. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Tracks referred to Eucynodonts, maybe Tritylodontidae
A genus similar to Tritylodon is most probably the best candidate for the local Dicynodontipus & Therapsipus footprints
Therapsipus[5][12] Cf.T. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Tracks referred to Eucynodonts

Rhynchocephalia

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Rhynchosauroides[5][12] R. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Tracks referable to both Sphenodontidae and Lepidosauromorpha
A small taxon coeval in age like Gephyrosaurus is a good reference for the local Rhynchosauroides tracks

Crocodrylomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Batrachopus[5][12] B. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Crocodrylomorph Tracks, likely of terrestrial taxa
Terrestrial crocodylomorphs such as Protosuchus, were most likely the Batrachopus trackmakers.
Crocodylomorpha[12] Indeterminate Sołtyków Bones inside a large bromalite An Indeterminate Crocodrylomorph, likely preyed on by a large Theropod
Crocodylomorpha[5] Indeterminate Sołtyków Footprints Unnamed 3rd type of Footprint
Malutitetrapodiscus[5][12] Cf.M. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Probably left by small terrestrial crocodylomorphs

Pterosauria

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Pteraichnus[5][12] cf. P. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Pterosaur Tracks, the individuals that left them probably had a wingspan of about 30-40 cm
A small taxon coeval in age like Dimorphodon is a good reference for the local Pteraichnus tracks

Theropods

[edit]

Multiple Theropod bones, mostly fragments and isolated teeth from small, medium and large bodied taxa have been recovered from both Hucisko (up to 25 specimens) and Sołtyków, as well a large set of unnamed tracks of different sizes.[5] Up to 300 vertebrate bromalites are know from Sołtyków, some of them having both fish and archosaur remains, belonging to small and large theropods.[12] Some coprolites, referred to Theropods include plant material, probably ingested acidentally by drinking water.[11] Some elliptical "post-egg" structures egshells & eggs with embryo remains have been referred to theropods, yet may also belong to Ornithischia.[5]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Anchisauripus[5][6][25][26][27]
  • A. ispp.
  • Cf.A. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Adscribed to small to medium slender primitive predatory dinosaurs, related with genera such as Coelophysis or Procompsognathus
Anchisauripus may belong to a genus similar to Procompsognathus
Eubrontes[5][6][26][27]
  • E. isp.
  • Cf.E. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Eubrontes is related to the Genus Dilophosaurus, representing a basal Neotheropods.
Oudated Dilophosaurus model nicknamed "Dyzio", who was done in honor of the Zagaje Finds
Grallator[5][6][25][26][28]
  • G. ispp.
  • Cf.G. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Similar pes with Coelophysidae-alike dinosaurs, related with neotheropods such as Camposaurus or Dracoraptor.
Grallator footprints may belong to a genus similar to Dracoraptor
Kayentapus[5][6][25][26][27]
  • K. soltykovensis[29]
  • K. ispp.
  • Cf.K. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Similar pes with genera such as Notatesseraeraptor, Tachiraptor or Sarcosaurus
Kayentapus footprints may belong to a genus similar to Sarcosaurus
Megalosauripus[5][6][26][30] Cf.M. isp. Sołtyków Footprints They have resemblance with the non-Tetanureae Sinosaurus, but also are convergent with Late Jurassic Orionides trackmakers. Among the largest early Jurassic theropod tracks worldwide.
Megalosauripus footprints can belong to a large relative of Sinosaurus or regional taxa such as Dornraptor
Plesiornis[5][6][26]
  • cf. P. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Theropod Tracks from small sized taxa with convergent features with latter Avians
Stenonyx[5][31]
  • Cf.S. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Small Theropod tracks, likely from juveniles of larger taxa

Sauropodomorpha

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Otozoum[5][6][12] Cf.O. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Tracks referred to early quadrupedal or semibipedal sauropodomorphs
Parabrontopodus[5][6][12] P. isp. Sołtyków Footprints Sauropod tracks, usually referred to taxa similar to Vulcanodon
Local Parabrontopodus resemble the feet of the genus Vulcanodon
Sauropoda[32] Indeterminate Sołtyków Eggshells, eggs with embryo remains & spherical "post-egg" structures Nesting structures & associated eggs referred to sauropods
Example of Megaloolithus, a fossil Sauropod egg
Tetrasauropus[5][6][12] Cf.T. isp Sołtyków Footprints Tracks referred to early quadrupedal or semibipedal sauropodomorphs
Local Tetrasauropus resemble the feet of the genus Aardonyx

Ornithischia

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Anomoepus[5][6][12]
  • A. ispp.
  • Cf.A. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Tracks that resemble the feet of "Stormbergia" and various Genasauria of different sizes
"Stormbergia"´s feet matches with the Anomoepus tracks
Delatorrichnus[5][6][12]
  • D. isp.
 Sołtyków Footprints Tracks usually referred to Heterodontosauridae or similar taxa
Heterodontosaurus´s feet matches with the Delatorrichnus tracks
Moyenisauropus[33]
  • M. karaszevskii
  • M. isp.
  • Cf.M. isp.
 Kontrewers Footprints Ttracks adscribed to basal Thyreophora, vinculated with genera such as Scelidosaurus
Scelidosaurus feet matches with the Moyenisauropus trackmaker

Plants

[edit]

In Palynology, the Zagaje Formation belongs to the Nathorstisporites hopliticus assemblage (Isoetales), indicating a spike in marshland and lacustrine settings.[34] The Sołtyków outcrop is dominated by Classopollis (Cheirolepidiaceae), Aratrisporites (Cycadidae), Concavisporites (Dipteridaceae) and Cyathidites (Cyatheaceae).[8]

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Aciphyllum[11]
  • A. triangulatum
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities with Pinaceae inside Pinales. The oldest record of a Pinus-like needle in the fossil record
Brachyphyllum[11]
  • B. sp.
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae or Araucariaceae inside Pinales
Brachyphyllum specimen
Caytonia[12][35][36]
  • C. sp.
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Reproductive structure Affinities with Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales
Czekanowskia[12]
  • C. sp.
  • Hucisko
 Branched Shoots Affinities with the Czekanowskiales inside Ginkgoopsida. This Genus is related with relatively drier-cooler conditions.
Desmiophyllum[11]
  • D. harrisii
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles A possible Conifer leaf, recent finds of it associated with the cone genera Sphaerostrobus and Ourostrobus points to a coniferophyte affinity, maybe as a member of Palissyaceae.[37]
Dictyophyllum[12][35][36]
  • D. sp.
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Pinnae Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Dictyophyllum specimen
Goepertella[12][35][36]
  • G. microloba
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Pinnae Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales
Hirmeriella[12][38]
  • H. muensteri
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowąż
 Branched Shoots and reproductive cones Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.
Komlopteris[11]
  • K. distinctiva
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Neocalamites[12][35][36]
  • N. lehmannianus
  • Sołtyków
 Stems Affinities with Calamitaceae inside Equisetopsida. A common horsetail on the Liassic of Europe.
Neocalamites specimens
Nilssonia[11]
  • N. sp.
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae in the Bennettitales or alternatively a member of Nilssoniales
Nilssonia specimen
Odrolepis[12][35][36]
  • O. liassica
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Complete Plants Affinities with Lycopodiales
Otozamites[12][35][36]
  • O. brevifolius
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Leaflets Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales.
Otozamites specimen
Pachypteris[11][12][35][36]
  • P. lanceolata
  • P. papillosa
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Pinnae Affinities Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Paracycas[12][35][36]
  • P. minuta
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Leaflets Affinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida.
Piroconites[12][35][36]
  • P. kuespertii
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Reproductive structure Affinities with Gnetales ,
Phlebopteris[12][35][36]
  • P. angustiloba
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities with Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Phlebopteris specimen
Podozamites[11][12][35][36]
  • P. cf. schenkii 
  • P. sp.
  • Cf. P. sp.
  • Sołtyków
 Branched shoots Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales
Podozamites reconstruction
Pseudotorellia[11]
  • Cf.P. sp.
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities with the Pseudotorelliaceae inside Ginkgoopsida.
Pterophyllum[11][12][35][36]
  • P. sp.
  • Cf.P. sp.
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Leaflets Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales.
Pterophyllum specimen
Ptilozamites[11]
  • P. cycadea
  • Sołtyków
 Cuticles Affinities Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.
Sagenopteris[12][35][36]
  • S. nilssoniana
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Affinities with Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales
Sagenopteris specimen
Schmeissneria[12][39][36]
  • S. microstachys
  • Odrowąż
  • Sołtyków
 Reproductive structure Affinities with Ginkgoopsida or with Angiosperm-convergent Gimnosperms
Swedenborgia[5][39]
  • S. sp.
  • Sołtyków
 Branched Shoots Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales.
Swedenborgia specimens
Thaumatopteris[12][39][36]
  • T. brauniana
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowąż
 Pinnae Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales
Todites[12][39][36]
  • T. princeps
  • Hucisko
  • Odrowąż
 Pinnae Affinities with Osmundaceae in the Osmundales.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Pieñkowski, G. (2004). "The epicontinental Lower Jurassic of Poland". Polish Geological Institute Special Papers. 12 (1): 1–154. S2CID 128922070.
  2. ^ Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission (2016). "Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland" (PDF). GeoForschungsZentrum. 1 (1): 1. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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Bibliography

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