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Hereditary barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

[edit]
  •   Subsidiary title.
  •   Peerage of the United Kingdom created for a Peer of Scotland or Ireland to have an automatic seat in the House of Lords.
Shield Title Creation Grantee Reason Monarch

Baron Loftus 19 January 1801 Kingdom of Ireland Charles Loftus, Marquess of Ely King George III

Baron Grey 23 June 1801 Earl Grey in the Peerage of United Kingdom
Charles Grey

Baron Nelson 18 August 1801 Earl Nelson in the Peerage of United Kingdom
Kingdom of Great Britain Horatio Nelson, Viscount Nelson Military Peerage–Navy[note 1]

Baron Ellenborough 19 April 1802 Edward Law Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench

Baron Sandys 19 June 1802 Held by the Marquess of Downshire in the Peerage of Ireland since 2013
Mary Hill, Marchioness of Downshire Wife of The Marquess of Downshire[note 1]

Baron Barham 1 May 1805 Earl of Gainsborough in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Charles Middleton, Bt. Military Peerage–Navy[note 1]

Baron Erskine 10 February 1806 Held by the Earl of Buchan in the Peerage of Scotland since 1960
Thomas Erskine[note 2] Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Monteagle 20 February 1806 Kingdom of Ireland John Browne, Marquess of Sligo

Baron Ardrossan 21 February 1806 Kingdom of Scotland Hugh Montgomerie, Earl of Eglinton[note 3]

Baron Granard 24 February 1806 Kingdom of Ireland George Forbes, Earl of Granard

Baron Ailsa 12 November 1806 Marquess of Ailsa in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Kingdom of Scotland Archibald Kennedy, Earl of Cassilis[note 3]

Baron Manners 20 April 1807 Thomas Manners-Sutton[note 4] Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Ireland

Baron Hopetoun 3 February 1809 Marquess of Linlithgow in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Kingdom of Scotland James Hope-Johnstone, Earl of Hopetoun[note 5] [note 1]

Baron Niddry 17 May 1814 Marquess of Linlithgow in the Peerage of the United Kingdom The Prince Regent
on behalf of King George III
John Hope[note 6] Military Peerage–Army

Baron Combermere 17 May 1814 Viscount Combermere in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Stapleton Cotton, Bt. Military Peerage–Army

Baron Exmouth 1 June 1814 Viscount Exmouth in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Edward Pellew, Bt. Military Peerage–Navy

Baron Stewart 1 July 1814 Held by the Marquess of Londonderry in the Peerage of Ireland since 1822
Charles Stewart[note 7] Incumbent Ambassador to Austria

Baron Trench 4 August 1815 Kingdom of Ireland Richard Trench, Earl of Clancarty Incumbent Ambassador to the Netherlands

Baron Meldrum 11 August 1815 Kingdom of Scotland George Gordon, Earl of Aboyne[note 3]

Baron Grinstead 11 August 1815 Kingdom of Ireland John Cole, Earl of Enniskillen

Baron Foxford 11 August 1815 Kingdom of Ireland Edmund Pery, Earl of Limerick

Baron Churchill 11 August 1815 Lord Francis Spencer[note 8] Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron Harris 11 August 1815 George Harris Military Peerage–Army

Baron Hill 16 January 1816 Viscount Hill in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Rowland Hill, Baron Hill Military Peerage–Army[note 1]

Baron Ker of Kersehugh 17 July 1821 Kingdom of Scotland William Kerr, Marquess of Lothian[note 3] King George IV

Baron Minster 17 July 1821 Kingdom of Ireland Henry Conyngham, Marquess Conyngham Incumbent Lord Steward of the Household

Baron Wemyss 17 July 1821 Kingdom of Scotland Francis Douglas, Earl of March, also held with the Earl of Wemyss since 1826

Baron Silchester 17 July 1821 Kingdom of Ireland Thomas Pakenham, Earl of Longford

Baron Oriel 17 July 1821 Held by the Viscount Ferrard in the Peerage of Ireland since 1826, and Viscount Massereene since 1843
John Foster Former Speaker of the House of Commons of Ireland

Baron Ravensworth 17 July 1821 Thomas Liddell, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Tory Party

Baron Delamere 17 July 1821 Thomas Cholmondeley

Baron Forester 17 July 1821 Cecil Weld-Forester

Baron Rayleigh 18 July 1821 Lady Charlotte Strutt Wife of Joseph Strutt[note 1]

Baron Gifford 30 January 1824 Robert Gifford Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas

Baron Wigan 5 July 1826 Kingdom of Scotland James Lindsay, Earl of Balcarres, also held with the Earl of Crawford since 1848

Baron Ranfurly 6 July 1826 Kingdom of Ireland Thomas Knox, Viscount Northland

Baron Wharncliffe 12 July 1826 Earl of Wharncliffe in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
James Stuart-Wortley[note 9] Former Member of Parliament for the Tory Party

Baron Feversham 14 July 1826 Charles Duncombe

Baron Seaford 15 July 1826 Charles Ellis

Baron Plunket 1 May 1827 William Plunket Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas for Ireland

Baron Cowley 21 January 1828 Earl Cowley in the Peerage of United Kingdom
Henry Wellesley[note 10] Incumbent Ambassador to Austria

Baron Heytesbury 23 January 1828 William à Court, Bt. Incumbent Ambassador to Russia

Baron Rosebery 26 January 1828 Kingdom of Scotland Archibald Primrose, Earl of Rosebery[note 3]

Baron Clanwilliam 28 January 1828 Kingdom of Ireland Richard Meade, Earl of Clanwilliam Former Minister of Prussia

Baron Durham 29 January 1828 Earl of Durham in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
John Lambton Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron Skelmersdale 30 January 1828 Edward Bootle-Wilbraham Former Member of Parliament for the Tory Party

Baron Wynford 5 June 1829 William Best Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas

Baron Kilmarnock 17 June 1831 Kingdom of Scotland William Hay, Earl of Erroll[note 3] [note 11] King William IV

Baron Kenlis 10 September 1831 Kingdom of Ireland Thomas Taylour, Marquess of Headfort

Baron Chaworth 10 September 1831 Kingdom of Ireland John Brabazon, Earl of Meath

Baron Oakley 10 September 1831 Held by the Earl Cadogan in the Peerage of Great Britain since 1832
George Cadogan[note 12] Military Peerage–Navy

Baron Poltimore 10 September 1831 George Bampfylde, Bt.

Baron Mostyn 10 September 1831 Edward Lloyd Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron Templemore 10 September 1831 Held by the Marquess of Donegall in the Peerage of Ireland since 1975
Arthur Chichester[note 13] Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron de Saumarez 15 September 1831 James Saumarez, Bt. Military Peerage–Navy

Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe 22 December 1832 Held by the Earl of Derby in the Peerage of England since 1834
Edward Smith-Stanley, Lord Stanley[note 14]

Baron Denman 28 March 1834 Thomas Denman Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench

Baron Duncannon 19 July 1834 Held by the Earl of Bessborough in the Peerage of Ireland since 1844
John Ponsonby, Viscount Duncannon[note 15] Incumbent Home Secretary

Baron Abinger 12 January 1835 James Scarlett Incumbent Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer

Baron De L'Isle and Dudley 13 January 1835 Viscount De L'Isle in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Philip Sidney, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Tory Party

Baron Ashburton 10 April 1835 Alexander Baring Former cabinet minister

Baron Hatherton 11 May 1835 Edward Littleton

Baron Strafford 12 May 1835 Earl of Strafford in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
John Byng[note 16] Military Peerage–Army

Baron Worlingham 13 June 1835 Kingdom of Ireland Archibald Acheson, Earl of Gosford

Baron Cottenham 20 January 1836 Earl of Cottenham in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Charles Pepys Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Stratheden 22 January 1836 Lady Mary Campbell Wife of John Campbell[note 1]

Baron Portman 27 January 1837 Viscount Portman in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Edward Portman Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron Lovat 28 January 1837 Thomas Fraser also held with the Lord of Lovat since 1854

Baron Rossmore 7 July 1838 Kingdom of Ireland Warner Westenra, Baron Rossmore Queen Victoria

Baron Carew 9 July 1838 Kingdom of Ireland Robert Carew, Baron Carew

Baron de Mauley 10 July 1838 William Ponsonby[note 17] Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron Wrottesley 11 July 1838 John Wrottesley

Baron Sudeley 12 July 1838 Charles Hanbury-Tracy

Baron Methuen 13 July 1838 Paul Methuen

Baron Stanley of Alderley 9 May 1839 John Stanley, Bt.

Baron Leigh 11 May 1839 Chandos Leigh
Baron Monteagle of Brandon 5 September 1839 Thomas Spring Rice Former Chancellor of the Exchequer

Baron Campbell 30 June 1841 Held by the Baron Stratheden in the Peerage in the United Kingdom since 1861
John Campbell Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Ireland

Baron Oxenfoord 16 July 1841 Kingdom of Scotland John Dalrymple, Earl of Stair [note 1]

Baron Vivian 19 August 1841 Hussey Vivian, Bt. Former Master-General of the Ordnance

Baron Congleton 20 August 1841 Henry Parnell, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Acheson 18 September 1847 Held by the Earl of Gosford in the Peerage of Ireland since 1849
Archibald Acheson, Viscount Acheson[note 18]

Baron Eddisbury 12 May 1848 Held by the Baron Stanley of Alderley in the Peerage in the United Kingdom since 1850
Edward Stanley[note 19] Former cabinet minister

Baron Elgin 13 November 1849 Kingdom of Scotland James Bruce, Earl of Elgin

Baron Londesborough 4 March 1850 Lord Albert Denison[note 20] Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron de Freyne 5 April 1851 United Kingdom Arthur French, Baron de Freyne

Baron Raglan 20 October 1852 Lord FitzRoy Somerset[note 21] Incumbent Master-General of the Ordnance

Baron Belper 29 August 1856 Edward Strutt Former cabinet minister

Baron Ebury 15 September 1857 Held by the Earl of Wilton in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 1999
Lord Robert Grosvenor[note 22]

Baron Chesham 15 January 1858 Charles Cavendish[note 23] Former Member of Parliament for the Whig Party

Baron Chelmsford 1 March 1858 Viscount Chelmsford in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Frederic Thesiger Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Churston 2 August 1858 John Yarde-Buller, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Leconfield 14 April 1859 George Wyndham

Baron Lyveden 28 June 1859 Robert Vernon Smith Former cabinet minister

Baron Brougham and Vaux 22 March 1860 United Kingdom Henry Brougham, Baron Brougham and Vaux Former Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain[note 1]

Baron Herbert of Lea 15 January 1861 Held by the Earl of Pembroke in the Peerage of England since 1862
Sidney Herbert[note 24] Former cabinet minister

Baron Westbury 27 June 1861 Richard Bethell Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Annaly 19 August 1863 Henry White Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Buckhurst 27 April 1864 Held by the Earl De La Warr in the Peerage of Great Britain since 1873
Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr Wife of George Sackville-West, 5th Earl De La Warr[note 1]

Baron Northbrook 4 January 1866 Francis Baring, Bt. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer

Baron Monck 12 July 1866 Kingdom of Ireland Charles Monck, Viscount Monck Incumbent Governor General of Canada

Baron Hartismere 13 July 1866 Kingdom of Ireland John Henniker-Major, Baron Henniker

Baron Lytton 14 July 1866 Earl of Lytton in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Hylton 16 July 1866 William Jolliffe, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Penrhyn 3 August 1866 Edward Douglas-Pennant[note 25]

Baron Brancepeth 31 August 1866 Kingdom of Ireland Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, Viscount Boyne

Baron Cairns 27 February 1867 Earl Cairns in the Peerage in the United Kingdom
Hugh Cairns Former cabinet minister

Baron O'Neill 18 April 1868 William O'Neill[note 26]

Baron Napier of Magdala 17 July 1868 Robert Napier Former Acting Viceroy of India

Baron Gormanston 8 December 1868 Kingdom of Ireland Edward Preston, Viscount Gormanston

Baron Dunning 29 June 1869 Kingdom of Scotland William Rollo, Lord Rollo[note 3]

Baron Balinhard 7 December 1869 Held by the Duke of Fife in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 1992
Kingdom of Scotland James Carnegie, Earl of Southesk

Baron Hare 8 December 1869 Kingdom of Ireland William Hare, Earl of Listowel

Baron Howard of Glossop 9 December 1869 Held by the Duke of Norfolk in the Peerage of England since 1975
Lord Edward Fitzalan-Howard[note 27] Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

File:Arms of Baron Acton.svg
Baron Acton 11 May 1869 John Dalberg-Acton, Bt.

Baron Wolverton 14 May 1869 George Glyn

Baron Kildare 3 May 1870 Held by the Duke of Leinster in the Peerage of Ireland since 1874
Charles FitzGerald, Marquess of Kildare[note 28]

Baron O'Hagan 14 June 1870 Thomas O'Hagan Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Ireland

Baron Sandhurst 28 March 1871 William Mansfield Military Peerage–Army

Baron Ettrick 16 July 1872 Kingdom of Scotland Francis Napier, Lord Napier Former Acting Viceroy of India

Baron Selborne 23 October 1872 Earl of Selborne in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Roundell Palmer Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Somerton 9 April 1873 Kingdom of Ireland James Agar, Earl of Normanton

Baron Aberdare 23 August 1873 Henry Bruce Former Home Secretary

Baron Moncreiff 9 January 1874 James Moncreiff, Bt. Incumbent Lord Justice Clerk

Baron Coleridge 10 January 1874 John Coleridge Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas

Baron Cottesloe 2 March 1874 Thomas Fremantle, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Hampton 6 March 1874 John Pakington, Bt.

Baron Douglas of Douglas 11 June 1875 Kingdom of Scotland Cospatrick Douglas-Home, Earl of Home[note 3]

Baron Ramsay 12 June 1875 Kingdom of Scotland George Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie

Baron Fermanagh 13 January 1876 Kingdom of Ireland John Crichton, Earl Erne

Baron Harlech 14 January 1876 John Ormsby-Gore Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party[note 1]

Baron Tollemache 17 January 1876 John Tollemache

Baron Gerard 18 January 1876 Robert Gerard, Bt.

Baron Sackville 2 October 1876 Mortimer Sackville-West[note 29] [note 1]

Baron Norton 16 April 1878 Charles Adderley Former cabinet minister

Baron Wimborne 30 April 1880 Viscount Wimborne in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Ivor Guest, Bt.

Baron Trevor 5 May 1880 Lord Edwin Hill-Trevor[note 30] Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Brabourne 26 May 1880 Held by the Earl Mountbatten of Burma in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 2017
Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Ampthill 11 March 1881 Lord Odo Russell[note 31] Incumbent Ambassador to Germany

Baron Tweeddale 6 October 1881 Kingdom of Scotland William Hay, Marquess of Tweeddale

Baron Derwent 10 October 1881 Harcourt Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Hothfield 11 October 1881 Henry James Tufton, Bt.

Baron Tennyson 24 January 1884 Alfred Tennyson Incumbent Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom

Baron Strathspey 17 June 1884 Kingdom of Scotland James Ogilvy-Grant, Earl of Seafield [note 32]

Baron Monk Bretton 4 November 1884 John George Dodson Former cabinet minister

Baron Northbourne 5 November 1884 Walter James, Bt.

Baron Sudley 7 November 1884 Kingdom of Ireland Arthur Gore, Earl of Arran

Baron Powerscourt 27 June 1885 Kingdom of Ireland Mervyn Wingfield, Viscount Powerscourt

Baron Northington 28 June 1885 Kingdom of Ireland Anthony Henley, Baron Henley

Baron Rothschild 29 June 1885 Nathan Rothschild, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Revelstoke 30 June 1885 Edward Baring

Baron Monkswell 1 July 1885 Robert Collier Former cabinet minister

Baron Ashbourne 4 July 1885 Edward Gibson Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Ireland
Baron St Oswald 6 July 1885 Rowland Winn Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Esher 24 July 1885 Viscount Esher in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
William Brett Incumbent Master of the Rolls

Baron Montagu of Beaulieu 29 December 1885 Lord Henry Douglas-Scott-Montagu[note 33] Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Elphinstone 30 December 1885 Kingdom of Scotland William Elphinstone, Lord Elphinstone[note 3]

Baron Colville of Culross 31 December 1885 Viscount Colville of Culross in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Kingdom of Scotland Charles Colville, Lord Colville of Culross[note 3]

Baron Hindlip 16 February 1886 Henry Allsopp, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party
Baron Grimthorpe 17 February 1886 Edmund Beckett, Bt. [note 1]

Baron Kensington 23 March 1886 Kingdom of Ireland William Edwardes, Baron Kensington

Baron Hamilton of Dalzell 14 August 1886 John Hamilton Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Stanley of Preston 27 August 1886 Held by the Earl of Derby in the Peerage of England since 1893
Frederick Stanley[note 34] Incumbent cabinet minister

Baron Bowes 1 July 1887 Kingdom of Scotland Claude Bowes-Lyon, Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne[note 3]

Baron St Levan 1 July 1887 John St Aubyn, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Unionist Party

Baron Basing 7 July 1887 George Sclater-Booth Former cabinet minister

Baron de Ramsey 8 July 1887 Edward Fellowes Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party
Baron Addington 22 July 1887 John Hubbard Former Governor of the Bank of England

Baron Knutsford 23 February 1888 Viscount Knutsford in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Henry Holland, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Savile 27 October 1888 John Savile Former Ambassador to Italy[note 1]

Baron Iveagh 21 February 1891 Earl of Iveagh in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Edward Guinness, Bt.

Baron Cromer 20 June 1892 Earl of Cromer in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Evelyn Baring Incumbent Consul-General of Egypt

Baron Ashcombe 22 August 1892 George Cubitt Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Crawshaw 25 August 1892 Thomas Brooks, Bt.

Baron Amherst of Hackney 26 August 1892 William Tyssen-Amherst Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party[note 1]

Baron Newton 27 August 1892 William Legh

Baron Dunleath 29 August 1892 John Mulholland

Baron Swansea 9 June 1893 Henry Vivian, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Hawkesbury 24 June 1893 Earl of Liverpool in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Cecil Foljambe Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Aldenham 31 January 1896 Hucks Gibbs Former Governor of the Bank of England

Baron Fairlie 23 July 1897 Kingdom of Scotland David Boyle, Earl of Glasgow Former Governor of New Zealand

Baron Dawnay 24 July 1897 Kingdom of Ireland Hugh Dawnay, Viscount Downe

Baron HolmPatrick 27 July 1897 Ion Hamilton Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Burton 29 November 1897 United Kingdom Michael Bass, Baron Burton Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party[note 1]

Baron Glanusk 26 January 1899 Joseph Bailey, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party
Baron Cranworth 28 January 1899 Robert Gurdon Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Unionist Party

Baron Avebury 22 January 1900 John Lubbock, Bt. Former Chairman of the London County Council
Baron Killanin 15 June 1900 United Kingdom Michael Morris, Baron Morris Former Lord Chief Justice of Ireland

Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal 26 June 1900 United Kingdom Canada Donald Smith, Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal Incumbent Canadian High Commissioner the United Kingdom[note 1]

Baron Kinross 15 July 1902 John Balfour Incumbent Lord President of the Court of Session King Edward VII

Baron Shuttleworth 16 July 1902 Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Grenfell 19 July 1902 Francis Grenfell Military Peerage–Army

Baron Knollys 21 July 1902 Viscount Knollys in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Francis Knollys Incumbent Private Secretary to the Sovereign

Baron Redesdale 22 July 1902 Algernon Freeman-Mitford Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Burnham 31 July 1903 Edward Levy-Lawson, Bt. Owner of The Daily Telegraph
Baron Biddulph 1 August 1903 Michael Biddulph Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Unionist Party

Baron Ritchie of Dundee 22 December 1905 Charles Ritchie Former Chancellor of the Exchequer

Baron Hemphill 12 January 1906 Charles Hemphill Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Joicey 13 January 1906 James Joicey, Bt.

Baron Nunburnholme 16 January 1906 Charles Wilson

Baron Swaythling 18 July 1907 Samuel Montagu, Bt.

Baron Blyth 19 July 1907 James Blyth, Bt.

Baron Marchamley 3 July 1908 George Whiteley Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron St Davids 6 July 1908 Viscount St Davids in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
John Philipps, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Gorell 16 February 1909 Gorell Barnes Judicial Peer

Baron Fisher 7 December 1909 John Fisher Military Peerage–Navy
Baron Kilbracken 8 December 1909 Arthur Godley Former Civil Servant

Baron Ashby St Ledgers 15 March 1910 Viscount Wimborne in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Ivor Guest[note 35] Incumbent cabinet minister

Baron Mersey 16 March 1910 Viscount Mersey in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
John Bigham Judicial Peer

Baron Devonport 15 July 1910 Viscount Devonport in the Peerage of the United Kingdom King George V
Hudson Kearley, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Cowdray 16 July 1910 Viscount Cowdray in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Weetman Pearson, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Hardinge of Penshurst 21 July 1910 Charles Hardinge[note 36] Incumbent Viceroy of India

Baron de Villiers 21 September 1910 United Kingdom Union of South Africa John de Villiers Incumbent Chief Justice of South Africa

Baron Glenconner 3 April 1911 Edward Tennant, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Mountgarret 20 June 1911 Kingdom of Ireland Henry Butler, Viscount Mountgarret

Baron Aberconway 21 June 1911 Charles McLaren, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party
Baron Merthyr 24 June 1911 William Lewis, Bt.

Baron Inchcape 26 June 1911 Earl of Inchcape in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
James Mackay Chairman of Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company

Baron Rowallan 27 June 1911 Archibald Corbett Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Ashton of Hyde 28 June 1911 Thomas Ashton

Baron Ravensdale 2 November 1911 Kingdom of Ireland George Curzon, Baron Curzon of Kedleston Former Viceroy of India[note 1]

Baron Hollenden 9 February 1912 Samuel Morley Former Governor of the Bank of England

Baron Butler of Mount Juliet 8 July 1912 Kingdom of Ireland Charles Butler, Earl of Carrick

Baron Rochdale 14 February 1913 Viscount Rochdale in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
George Kemp Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Reading 9 January 1914 Marquess of Reading in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Rufus Isaacs Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of England

Baron Parmoor 16 January 1914 Charles Cripps Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Rothermere 17 January 1914 Viscount Rothermere in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Harold Harmsworth, Bt. Founder of the Daily Mail

Baron Cunliffe 14 December 1914 Walter Cunliffe Incumbent Governor of the Bank of England

Baron Wrenbury 12 April 1915 Henry Buckley Judicial Peer

Baron Buckmaster 14 June 1915 Viscount Buckmaster in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Stanley Buckmaster Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Faringdon 24 January 1916 Alexander Henderson, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Shaughnessy 25 January 1916 United States Canada Thomas Shaughnessy

Baron Astor 26 January 1916 Viscount Astor in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom United States William Waldorf Astor The first man from the United States to be created a Hereditary Peer

Baron Rathcreedan 27 January 1916 Cecil Norton Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Somerleyton 26 June 1916 Savile Crossley, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Carnock 27 June 1916 Arthur Nicolson, Bt. Former Ambassador to Russia

Baron Beaverbrook 2 January 1917 United Kingdom Canada Max Aitken, Bt. Owner of the Daily Express

Baron Gainford 3 January 1917 Jack Pease Former cabinet minister

Baron Forteviot 4 January 1917 John Dewar, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Colwyn 22 June 1917 Frederick Smith, Bt.

Baron Gisborough 23 June 1917 Richard Chaloner Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Morris 15 January 1918 United Kingdom Dominion of Newfoundland Edward Morris Former Prime Minister of Newfoundland

Baron Cawley 16 January 1918 Frederick Cawley, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Terrington 19 January 1918 James Woodhouse Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Weir 26 June 1918 Viscount Weir in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
William Weir Incumbent cabinet minister
Baron Glenarthur 27 June 1918 Matthew Arthur, Bt.

Baron Phillimore 2 July 1918 Walter Phillimore, Bt. Judicial Peer

Baron Bledisloe 15 October 1918 Viscount Bledisloe in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Charles Bathurst Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Inverforth 5 February 1919 Andrew Weir Incumbent cabinet minister

Baron Sinha 14 February 1919 United Kingdom British Raj Satyendra Prasanna Sinha The first man from India to be created a Hereditary Peer

Baron Cochrane of Cults 16 May 1919 Thomas Cochrane[note 37] Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Unionist Party

Baron Clwyd 19 May 1919 John Roberts, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Russell of Liverpool 9 October 1919 Edward Russell Editor of the Liverpool Daily Post

Baron Ruthven of Gowrie 28 October 1919 Held by the Earl of Gowrie in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 1956
Kingdom of Scotland Walter Hore-Ruthven, Lord Ruthven of Freeland
Baron Swinfen 1 November 1919 Charles Swinfen Eady Former Master of the Rolls

Baron Meston 29 November 1919 James Meston

Baron Cullen of Ashbourne 21 April 1920 Brien Cokayne Former Governor of the Bank of England

Baron Bearsted 15 June 1921 Viscount Bearsted in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Marcus Samuel, Bt. Founder of Royal Dutch Shell

Baron Trevethin 24 August 1921 Alfred Lawrence Incumbent Lord Chief Justice of England

Baron Glendyne 23 January 1922 Robert Nivison, Bt.

Baron Manton 25 January 1922 Joseph Watson

Baron Forres 19 June 1922 Archibald Williamson, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Vestey 20 June 1922 William Vestey, Bt. Co-founder of Blue Star Line

Baron Borwick 20 July 1922 Robert Borwick, Bt.

Baron Maclay 21 November 1922 Joseph Paton Maclay, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Bethell 23 November 1922 John Bethell, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon 24 July 1923 Held by the Baron Aldenham in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 1939
Herbert Gibbs

Baron Darling 12 January 1924 Charles Darling Judicial Peer

Baron Banbury of Southam 21 January 1924 Frederick Banbury, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Merrivale 19 January 1925 Henry Duke Former cabinet minister

Baron Bradbury 28 January 1925 John Bradbury

Baron Stonehaven 12 June 1925 Held by the Earl of Kintore in the Peerage of Scotland since 1974
John Baird, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Irwin 22 December 1925 Earl of Halifax in the Peerage in the United Kingdom
Edward Wood[note 38] Former cabinet minister

Baron Mereworth 19 January 1926 Kingdom of Ireland Geoffrey Browne, Baron Oranmore and Browne

Baron Hanworth 21 January 1926 Viscount Hanworth in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Ernest Pollock, Bt. Incumbent Master of the Rolls
Baron Greenway 18 January 1927 Charles Greenway, Bt. Founder of Anglo-Persian Oil Company

Baron Hayter 29 January 1927 George Chubb, Bt.

Baron Cornwallis 31 January 1927 Fiennes Cornwallis Incumbent Chairman of Kent County Council
Baron Daresbury 21 June 1927 Gilbert Greenall, Bt.

Baron Wraxall 11 January 1928 George Gibbs Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Hailsham 5 April 1928 Viscount Hailsham in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Douglas Hogg Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
Baron Remnant 26 June 1928 James Remnant, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Moynihan 19 March 1929 Berkeley Moynihan, Bt.

Baron Craigmyle 7 May 1929 United Kingdom Thomas Shaw, Baron Shaw Judicial Peer
Baron Camrose 19 June 1929 Viscount Camrose in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
William Berry, Bt. Co-owner of The Daily Telegraph

Baron Dulverton 8 July 1929 Gilbert Wills, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Luke 9 July 1929 George Lawson Johnston

Baron Alvingham 10 July 1929 Robert Yerburgh Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Baden-Powell 17 September 1929 Robert Baden-Powell, Bt. Founder of The Scout Association

Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede 17 January 1930 Arthur Ponsonby[note 39] Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Baron Dickinson 18 January 1930 Willoughby Dickinson Former Chairman of the London County Council

Baron Trenchard 23 January 1930 Viscount Trenchard in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Hugh Trenchard Military Peerage–RAF

Baron Noel-Buxton 17 June 1930 Noel Buxton Former cabinet minister

Baron Howard of Penrith 10 July 1930 Esmé Howard[note 40] Former Ambassador to the United States

NO
ARMS
Baron Rochester 23 January 1931 Ernest Lamb

Baron Selsdon 14 January 1932 William Mitchell-Thomson Former cabinet minister

Baron Moyne 21 January 1932 Walter Guinness[note 41]

Baron Davies 21 June 1932 David Davies Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Rankeillour 28 June 1932 James Hope[note 42] Former Chairman of Ways and Means

Baron Runciman 17 January 1933 Viscount Runciman of Doxford in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Walter Runciman, Bt.

Baron Brocket 19 January 1933 Charles Nall-Cain, Bt.

Baron Milne 26 January 1933 George Milne Military Peerage–Army

Baron Rennell 1 March 1933 Rennell Rodd Former Ambassador to Italy

Baron Mottistone 21 June 1933 J. E. B. Seely Former cabinet minister

Baron Iliffe 22 June 1933 Edward Iliffe Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Palmer 24 June 1933 Ernest Palmer, Bt.

Baron Rockley 11 January 1934 Evelyn Cecil[note 43] Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Elton 16 January 1934 Godfrey Elton

Baron Bingham 26 June 1934 Kingdom of Ireland George Bingham, Earl of Lucan

Baron Wakehurst 29 June 1934 Gerald Loder

Baron Hesketh 25 January 1935 Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Tweedsmuir 1 June 1935 John Buchan Incumbent Governor General of Canada

Baron Wigram 25 June 1935 Clive Wigram Incumbent Private Secretary to the Sovereign

Baron Riverdale 27 June 1935 Arthur Balfour, Bt.

Baron May 28 June 1935 George May, Bt.

Baron Kennet 15 July 1935 Hilton Young Former cabinet minister

Baron Gowrie 20 December 1935 Earl of Gowrie of the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Alexander Hore-Ruthven[note 44] Incumbent Governor of New South Wales

Baron Strathcarron 11 January 1936 Ian Macpherson, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Kemsley 3 February 1936 Viscount Kemsley in the Peerage of the United Kingdom King Edward VIII
Gomer Berry

Baron Catto 24 February 1936 Thomas Catto, Bt.

Baron Windlesham 22 February 1937 George Hennessy, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party King George VI

Baron Mancroft 23 February 1937 Arther Samuel, Bt.

Baron McGowan 24 February 1937 Harry McGowan Chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries

Baron Addison 22 May 1937 Viscount Addison in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Christopher Addison Former cabinet minister

Baron Denham 24 May 1937 George Bowyer, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party
Baron Rea 3 June 1937 Walter Rea, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party

Baron Cadman 7 June 1937 John Cadman Chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company

Baron Marchwood 8 June 1937 Viscount Marchwood in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
George Penny, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Kenilworth 10 June 1937 John Siddeley

Baron Pender 12 June 1937 John Denison-Pender Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Roborough 24 January 1938 Henry Lopes, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Brassey of Apethorpe 26 January 1938 Henry Brassey, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Stamp 28 June 1938 Josiah Stamp

Baron Bicester 29 June 1938 Vivian Smith

Baron Milford 2 February 1939 Laurence Philipps, Bt.

Baron Hankey 3 February 1939 Maurice Hankey Former Cabinet Secretary

Baron Harmsworth 4 February 1939 Cecil Harmsworth

Baron Rotherwick 5 July 1939 Herbert Cayzer Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Woolton 7 July 1939 Earl of Woolton in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Frederick Marquis

Baron Glentoran 8 July 1939 Herbert Dixon Former Member of Parliament for the Ulster Unionist Party

Baron Tryon 18 April 1940 George Tryon Incumbent cabinet minister

Baron Croft 28 May 1940 Henry Page Croft, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Teviot 27 June 1940 Charles Kerr[note 45] Former Member of Parliament for the National Liberal Party

Baron Nathan 28 June 1940 Harry Nathan Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Baron Reith 21 October 1940 John Reith Former Director-General of the BBC

Baron Kindersley 28 January 1941 Robert Kindersley

Baron Ironside 29 January 1941 Edmund Ironside Military Peerage–Army

Baron Leathers 19 May 1941 Viscount Leathers in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Frederick Leathers Incumbent cabinet minister

Baron Soulbury 6 August 1941 Viscount Soulbury in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Herwald Ramsbotham Former cabinet minister

Baron Latham 16 January 1942 Charles Latham Incumbent Leader of the London County Council

Baron Wedgwood 21 January 1942 Josiah Wedgwood Former cabinet minister

Baron Geddes 28 January 1942 Auckland Geddes Former Ambassador to the United States

Baron Bruntisfield 9 March 1942 Baron Bruntisfield, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Brabazon of Tara 27 March 1942 John Moore-Brabazon Former cabinet minister

Baron Keyes 22 January 1943 Roger Keyes, Bt. Military Peerage–Army

NO
ARMS
Baron Hemingford 1 February 1943 Dennis Herbert Former Chairman of Ways and Means

NO
ARMS
Baron Moran 8 March 1943 Charles Wilson Incumbent President of the Royal College of Physicians

Baron Killearn 17 May 1943 Miles Lampson Incumbent Ambassador to Egypt

Baron Dowding 5 July 1943 Hugh Dowding Military Peerage–RAF

Baron Gretton 27 January 1944 John Gretton Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Westwood 29 January 1944 William Westwood

Baron Hazlerigg 12 February 1945 Arthur Hazlerigg, Bt.

Baron Hacking 2 July 1945 Douglas Hacking, Bt. Former Chairman of the Conservative Party

Baron Chetwode 10 July 1945 Philip Chetwode, Bt. Military Peerage–Army

Baron Sandford 14 July 1945 James Edmondson Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Altrincham 1 August 1945 Edward Grigg Former Governor of Kenya

Baron Broadbridge 14 September 1945 George Broadbridge, Bt. Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Pakenham 12 October 1945 Held by the Earl of Longford in the Peerage of Ireland since 1961
Frank Pakenham[note 46]

Baron Mountevans 12 November 1945 Edward Evans Military Peerage–Navy

NO
ARMS
Baron Lindsay of Birker 13 November 1945 Sandie Lindsay

Baron Piercy 14 November 1945 William Piercy

Baron Chorley 16 November 1945 Robert Chorley

Baron Calverley 17 November 1945 George Muff Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Baron Tedder 23 January 1946 Arthur Tedder Military Peerage–RAF

Baron Colgrain 28 January 1946 Colin Campbell

NO
ARMS
Baron Darwen 12 February 1946 John Davies

Baron Lucas of Chilworth 26 June 1946 George Lucas

NO
ARMS
Baron Shepherd 28 June 1946 George Shepherd National Agent of the Labour Party

Baron Newall 18 July 1946 Cyril Newall Former Governor-General of New Zealand

Baron Oaksey 13 January 1947 Held by the Baron Trevethin in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 1959
Geoffrey Lawrence[note 47] Judicial Peer

Baron Rugby 15 January 1947 John Maffey Incumbent Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland

NO
ARMS
Baron Layton 16 January 1947 Walter Layton Editor of The Economist

NO
ARMS
Baron Simon of Wythenshawe 17 January 1947 Ernest Simon

NO
ARMS
Baron Kershaw 20 January 1947 Fred Kershaw

Baron Trefgarne 21 January 1947 George Garro-Jones Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Baron Crook 3 July 1947 Reginald Crook

NO
ARMS
Baron Amwell 16 July 1947 Frederick Montague Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Baron Milverton 9 October 1947 Arthur Richards Incumbent Governor of Nigeria

Baron Mackintosh of Halifax 6 February 1948 Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Harold Mackintosh, Bt.

Baron Clydesmuir 26 February 1948 John Colville Former cabinet minister

NO
ARMS
Baron Burden 1 February 1950 Thomas Burden Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Baron Haden-Guest 2 February 1950 Leslie Haden-Guest

NO
ARMS
Baron Silkin 4 July 1950 Lewis Silkin Former cabinet minister

Baron Hives 7 July 1950 Ernest Hives

Baron Ogmore 10 July 1950 David Rees-Williams Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

NO
ARMS
Baron Morris of Kenwood 11 July 1950 Harry Morris

Baron Macpherson of Drumochter 25 January 1951 Thomas Macpherson

Baron Kenswood 27 June 1951 Ernest Whitfield

Baron Freyberg 16 October 1951 United Kingdom New Zealand Bernard Freyberg Incumbent Governor-General of New Zealand

Baron Milner of Leeds 20 December 1951 James Milner Former Chairman of Ways and Means

Baron Kirkwood 22 December 1951 David Kirkwood Former Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

NO
ARMS
Baron Wise 24 December 1951 Frederick Wise

Baron Jeffreys 12 July 1952 George Jeffreys Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party Queen Elizabeth II

Baron Rathcavan 12 February 1953 Hugh O'Neill, Bt.[note 48] Former Chairman of the 1922 Committee

Baron Baillieu 12 February 1953 United Kingdom Australia Clive Baillieu

Baron Grantchester 30 June 1953 Alfred Suenson-Taylor

Baron Moore 30 January 1954 Kingdom of Ireland Henry Moore, Earl of Drogheda

Baron Coleraine 16 February 1954 United Kingdom Canada Richard Law Former cabinet minister

Baron Harvey of Tasburgh 3 July 1954 Oliver Harvey Incumbent Ambassador to France

Baron Glassary 30 July 1954 Kingdom of Scotland Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, Earl of Dundee

Baron Gridley 10 January 1955 Arnold Gridley Former Chairman of the 1922 Committee

Baron Strathalmond 18 February 1955 William Fraser Chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company

Baron Strathclyde 4 May 1955 Thomas Galbraith Former Member of Parliament for the Scottish Unionist Party

Baron Clitheroe 20 June 1955 Ralph Assheton Former Chairman of the Conservative Party

Baron McNair 4 August 1955 Arnold McNair Judicial Peer

Baron Colyton 19 January 1956 Henry Hopkinson Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Astor of Hever 21 January 1956 United Kingdom United States John Jacob Astor Former Chairman of the General Council of the Press

Baron Sinclair of Cleeve 21 January 1957 Robert Sinclair

Baron Mills 22 January 1957 Viscount Mills in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Percy Mills, Bt.

Baron Bridges 4 February 1957 Edward Bridges Former Cabinet Secretary

Baron Norrie 22 August 1957 Willoughby Norrie Former Governor-General of New Zealand

Baron Birkett 31 January 1958 Norman Birkett Judicial Peer

Baron Harding of Petherton 17 February 1958 John Harding Military Peerage–Army

Baron Poole 11 July 1958 Oliver Poole Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Rootes 16 February 1959 William Rootes

Baron Netherthorpe 10 March 1959 James Turner

Baron Crathorne 15 July 1959 Thomas Dugdale, Bt. Former cabinet minister

Baron Spens 20 August 1959 Patrick Spens Former Chief Justice of India

NO
ARMS
Baron MacAndrew 8 December 1959 Charles MacAndrew Former Chairman of Ways and Means

Baron Nelson of Stafford 20 January 1960 George Nelson, Bt.

Baron Howick of Glendale 8 February 1960 Evelyn Baring[note 49] Former Governor of Kenya

Baron Sanderson of Ayot 4 July 1960 Basil Sanderson

Baron Cobbold 23 November 1960 Cameron Cobbold Incumbent Governor of the Bank of England

Baron Robertson of Oakridge 29 June 1961 Brian Robertson, Bt. Chairman of the British Transport Commission

Baron Marks of Broughton 10 July 1961 Simon Marks

Baron Fairhaven 25 July 1961 United Kingdom United States Urban Huttleston Broughton, Baron Fairhaven [note 1]

Baron Leighton of St Mellons 25 January 1962 Leighton Seager, Bt.

Baron Brain 26 January 1962 Russell Brain, Bt. Incumbent President of the Royal College of Physicians

Baron Aldington 29 January 1962 Toby Low Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Inchyra 2 February 1962 Frederick Millar Former Ambassador to West Germany

Baron Dilhorne 17 July 1962 Viscount Dilhorne in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Reginald Manningham-Buller, Bt. Incumbent Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain

Baron Eccles 1 August 1962 Viscount Eccles in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
David Eccles Former cabinet minister

Baron Silsoe 18 January 1963 Malcolm Trustram Eve, Bt.

Baron Egremont 27 November 1963 Held by the Baron Leconfield in the Peerage of the United Kingdom since 1967
John Wyndham[note 50]

Baron Thomson of Fleet 10 March 1964 United Kingdom Canada Roy Thomson

Baron Martonmere 13 May 1964 Roland Robinson Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Sherfield 29 June 1964 Roger Makins Former Ambassador to the United States

Baron Inglewood 30 June 1964 William Fletcher-Vane[note 51] Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Glendevon 16 July 1964 Lord John Hope[note 52] Former cabinet minister

Baron Grimston of Westbury 11 December 1964 Robert Grimston[note 53] Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Renwick 23 December 1964 Robert Renwick, Bt.

Baron St Helens 31 December 1964 Michael Hughes-Young Former Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party

Baron Margadale 1 January 1965 John Morrison Former Chairman of the 1922 Committee


Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "Gilbert Alan (6th Baron Kilmarnock) Boyd (Previously Hay) b. 15 Jan 1903 d. 15 Mar 1975: The Douglas Archives". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  2. ^ "Gilbert Allan Rowland Boyd, 6th Baron Kilmarnock - Person - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  3. ^ "Death of Lord Seafield". The Evening Post. Vol. XCI, no. 5. 7 January 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 14 October 2014.