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Notable maps of Palestine

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Early maps (2nd–10th centuries)

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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
150 Ptolemy's 4th Asia map Ptolemy Ptolemy's map is considered the "prototype delineation" of the region. The earliest known copy, pictured here, is the "Codex Vaticanus Urbinas Graecus 82", thought to be from a manuscript of "Ptolemy's Geography" assembled by Maximus Planudes in Constantinople c. 1300.[1] The large red letters in the center say in Greek: Παλαιστινης or "Palaistinis". A detailed map of Palestine
385 Jerome map Jerome and Eusebius The earliest known copy is from 1150,[2] the "Tournai map of Asia", shown here. The map comes from a manuscript of Jerome's "De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraeorum", which Jerome states is a copy of Eusebius's Onomasticon.[3] Jerome also explains that Eusebius composed a map which showed the divisions of the Twelve Tribes; no copy of this division has survived.[4] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the century
410 Notitia Dignitatum "unknown" Notitia Dignitatum of c. 410 AD showing Dux Palestinae,[5] a military region of the Byzantine Empire.[6] This 1436 manuscript by Peronet Lamy is the earliest known copy to survive complete; it was modelled after the lost "Codex Spirensis".[7] "Dux Palastinae" A detailed map of Palestine from the century
450 Tabula Peutingeriana "unknown" Thought to be the only surviving map of the Roman "cursus publicus", the state-run road network; the surviving map was created by a monk in Colmar in eastern France in 1265, is named after German antiquarian Konrad Peutinger, and is conserved at the Austrian National Library in Vienna.[8] "Palestina" A detailed map of Palestine from the 5th century
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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
c.560–565 Madaba Map unknown The earliest map of Palestine surviving in its original form,[9][10] and the oldest known geographic floor mosaic in art history. The mosaic was discovered in 1884, but no research was carried out until 1896.[11][12] It has been heavily used for the localisation and verification of sites in Byzantine Palaestina Prima. It is the earliest surviving map showing the divisions of the Twelve Tribes.[13] Labels Greek: οροι Αιγυπτου και Παλαιστινης, "oroi Aigyptou kai Palaistinis", the "border of Egypt and Palestine". The 6th century mosaic of Jerusalem
776 Beatus map Beatus of Liébana The first medieval Christian world map of relevance to the cartography of Palestine.[14] This copy from 1060 is thought to be the closest to the original out the 14 surviving manuscripts.[15] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 8th century
952 Istakhri map Istakhri Drawn in 952 AD, copy from 1298.[16] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 10th century
995 Cotton map "unknown" Known as the "Anglo-Saxon" world map. The earliest known map of the world (rather than just the region) showing the divisions of the Twelve Tribes. Thought to be based on the map of Orosius, which is no longer extant.[17] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 10th century

Crusader maps (12th–14th centuries)

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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
1154 Tabula Rogeriana Muhammad al-Idrisi The Tabula Rogeriana was created in 1154AD; copy from 1533.[18] The middle of the right hand page label Arabic: فلسطين, romanized: Filasṭīn, lit. 'Palestine' A detailed map of Palestine from the 12th century
1100s Ashburnham Libri map "unknown" Europe’s oldest surviving sheet map after the ninth-century Plan of Saint Gall.[19] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 12th century
1100s Tournai map "unknown" 12th century copy of a map of Asia may which accompanied a manuscript of "De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraeorum", a 4th-5th century work of Jerome.[20] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 12th century
1250 Oxford Outremer map Matthew Paris Created in c.1250, thought to be by Matthew Paris[21] The Kishon River has the following text along it: Latin: Iste torrens q[ui] parvus est, dividit Siriam a palestinam, i[d est] terram sactam q[ue] est versus austrum et palestinam que est versus aquilonem, lit. 'This river, which is small, divides Syria from Palestine, that is, the Holy Land, which is to the south, and Palestine, which is to the North.' A detailed map of Palestine from the 13th century
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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
1300 Earliest Burchard map Burchard of Mount Sion Considered to be the oldest known Burchard map.[22][23] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 14th century
1300s Later Burchard map Burchard of Mount Sion A later map attributed to Burchard.[24][25] "no regional name shown" A detailed map of Palestine from the 14th century
1321 Sanudo-Vesconte map Pietro Vesconte Described by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld as "the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country".[26] Published in "Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis", a work intended to rekindle the spirit of the crusades. Considered the "first 'modern map' of Palestine" and "served as the basis for most maps of 'Modern Palestine'" throughout the following centuries.[27] "Terra Sancta" A detailed map of Palestine from the 14th century

Notable 15th–18th century maps

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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
1459 Fra Mauro map Fra Mauro 1459 world map, considered the most accurate of its age. Fra Mauro had become familiar with the Near East in his travels as s soldier.[28] Shows the region of "Palestina" A detailed map of Palestine from the century
1475 Berlinghieri map Francesco Berlinghieri Published in the "Rudimentum Novitorium" it was a version of Ptolemy's map, brought up to date.[29] Together with three updated maps of European countries, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld described it as the "first germ of modern cartography"[30] Named "Palestina Moderna et Terra Sancta" (Modern Palestine and the Holy Land) A detailed map of Palestine from the 15th century
1532 Ziegler map Jacob Ziegler 1532 map by Jacob Ziegler[31][32] The map is important to the development of the cartography of Palestine as it represents an early synthesis of multiple sources, including Burchard of Mount Sion, Sanuto, Ptolemy, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, the Antonine Itinerary, Jerome and Eusebius.[33] "Universalis Palaestinae, continens superiores partuculares tabulas"[34] A detailed map of Palestine from the century
1537 Mercator map Gerardus Mercator 1537 map by Gerardus Mercator, three decades before he published his famous Mercator projection. This map was Mercator's first published map, and was based on the map of Jacob Ziegler.[35] The caption "Candido lectori s[alus]. Palestinam hanc..." translates as: "Fair reader, greeting! We have drawn this map of Palestine, and the Hebrews' route into it from Egypt through the stony regions of Arabia"[36] A detailed map of Palestine from the century
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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
1570 Ortelius map Abraham Ortelius 1570 map in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. [37] Ortelius's depiction of a biblical Palestine in his otherwise contemporary atlas has been criticized; Matari described it as an act "loaded with theological, eschatological, and, ultimately, para-colonial Restorationism".[38] Captioned "Palaestinae Sive Totius Terrae Promissionis Nova Descriptio" ("Palestine, the whole of the Promised Land, a new description") A detailed map of Palestine from the century
1590 van Adrichem map Christian van Adrichem van Adrichem was a Dutch priest; his maps were published in his "Theatrum Terrae Sanctae et Biblicarum Historiarum". [39] Terra Promissionis A detailed map of Palestine from the century
1620 Zaddik map Jacob ben Abraham Zaddiq A translation into Hebrew of van Adrichem's 1590 map, it is the oldest known printed map in Hebrew.[40] The first line of the framed colophon includes the description: Hebrew: ציור מצב ארצות כנען, lit. 'A Drawing of the Situation of the Lands of Canaan' A detailed map of Palestine from the century
1648–1657 Celebi map Kâtip Çelebi This 1732 copy of the map by Ottoman geographer Kâtip Çelebi (1609–57) is from the first printed atlas in the Ottoman Empire, and represented the first detailed mapping of the Asian provinces of the empire.[41] Shows the term ارض فلسطين ("Land of Palestine") extending vertically down the length of the Jordan River. A detailed map of Palestine from the 17th century
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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
1655 Heidmann map Christoph Heidmann 1655 map from his "Palestina siue Terra Sancta" Palestina and Terre Sanctae A detailed map of Palestine from the 17th century
1657 De la Rue map Philippe de La Rue 1657 map Sourie and Terre Saincte. A detailed map of Palestine from the 17th century
1714 Reland map Adriaan Reland 1714 map Palaestinae A detailed map of Palestine from the 18th century
1745 Pococke map Richard Pococke 1745 map Holy Land and Syria A detailed map of Palestine from the 18th century
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Date Title Cartographer Comments Region name given Image
1769 Bachiene and Maas map Bachiene and Maas 1769 map Palaestina A detailed map of Palestine from the 18th century
1794 d'Anville map Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville Published 1794, almost thirty years after his 1767 map of Biblical Palestine.[42][43] Palestina A detailed map of Palestine from the century
  1. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  2. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  3. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  4. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  5. ^ Röhricht, Reinhold (1890). Bibliotheca Geographica Palaestinae: Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes bezüglichen Literatur ("Geographical Library of Palestine: Chronological Index of Literature relating to the Geography of the Holy Land"). Reuther und Reichard. p. 7. ISBN 9780790528007.
  6. ^ Masalha, Nur (2019). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. Zed Books, Limited. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-78699-273-4.
  7. ^ Preciado, Kathleen (1989). Retaining the original: multiple originals, copies, and reproductions. National Gallery of Art, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (U.S.), Johns Hopkins University. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-89468-113-4.
  8. ^ Laor, Eran (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: cartobibliography of printed maps, 1475-1900. A.R. Liss. p. XI. ISBN 978-0-8451-1705-7.
  9. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |ps= ignored (|postscript= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ North, Robert Grady (1979). A history of biblical map making. Reichert. p. 85. ISBN 978-3-88226-042-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |ps= ignored (|postscript= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Piccirillo, Michele (September 21, 1995). "A Centenary to be celebrated". Jordan Times. Franciscan Archaeology Institute. Retrieved 18 January 2019. It was only Abuna Kleofas Kikilides who realised the true significance, for the history of the region, that the map had while visiting Madaba in December 1896. A Franciscan friar of ltalian-Croatian origin born in Constantinople, Fr. Girolamo Golubovich, helped Abuna Kleofas to print a booklet in Greek about the map at the Franciscan printing press of Jerusalem. Immediately afterwards, the Revue Biblique published a long and detailed historic-geographic study of the map by the Dominican fathers M.J. Lagrange and H. Vincent after visiting the site themselves. At the same time. Father J. Germer-Durand of the Assumptionist Fathers published a photographic album with his own pictures of the map. In Paris, C. Clermont-Gannau, a well known oriental scholar, announced the discovery at the Académie des Sciences et belles Lettres.
  12. ^ Levy-Rubin, Milka; Rubin, Rehav (1996). "The Image of the Holy City: Maps and Mapping of Jerusalem". In Nitza Rosovsky (ed.). City of the Great King: Jerusalem from David to the Present. Harvard University Press. p. 352–353. ISBN 978-0-674-36708-1.
  13. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 18a. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |ps= ignored (|postscript= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 26-27. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  15. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 26-27. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  16. ^ Tishby, Ariel (2001). Holy Land in Maps. Israel Museum. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8478-2412-0.
  17. ^ Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta Through Two Millennia. Abbeville Press. p. 30-31. ISBN 978-0-89659-658-0.
  18. ^ Tishby, Ariel (2001). Holy Land in Maps. Israel Museum. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8478-2412-0.
  19. ^ Harvey, P. D. A. (2012). Medieval Maps of the Holy Land. British Library. p. 31-39. ISBN 978-0-7123-5824-8.
  20. ^ Harvey, P. D. A. (2012). Medieval Maps of the Holy Land. British Library. p. 40-59. ISBN 978-0-7123-5824-8.
  21. ^ Harvey, P. D. A. (2012). Medieval Maps of the Holy Land. British Library. p. 60-73. ISBN 978-0-7123-5824-8.
  22. ^ Harvey, P. D. A. (2012). Medieval Maps of the Holy Land. British Library. p. 94-106. ISBN 978-0-7123-5824-8.
  23. ^ Baumgärtner, Ingrid. "Burchard of Mount Sion and the Holy Land," Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 4, 1 (2013): 5-41. : "Burchard’s description, although little studied even today, is considered a key document that influenced the perception of Palestine in both text and image, in travel accounts and maps until far into the sixteenth century."
  24. ^ Harvey, P. D. A. (2012). Medieval Maps of the Holy Land. British Library. p. 128-140. ISBN 978-0-7123-5824-8.
  25. ^ Baumgärtner, Ingrid. "Burchard of Mount Sion and the Holy Land," Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 4, 1 (2013): 5-41. : "Burchard’s description, although little studied even today, is considered a key document that influenced the perception of Palestine in both text and image, in travel accounts and maps until far into the sixteenth century."
  26. ^ Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1889). Facsimile-atlas to the Early History of Cartography: With Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries (Swedish original title: Facsimile atlas till kartografiens äldsta historia). Kraus. p. 51, 64.
  27. ^ Laor, Eran (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: cartobibliography of printed maps, 1475-1900. A.R. Liss. p. XII. ISBN 978-0-8451-1705-7.
  28. ^ Masalha, Nur (2019). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. Zed Books, Limited. p. 189,191. ISBN 978-1-78699-273-4.
  29. ^ Laor, Eran (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: cartobibliography of printed maps, 1475-1900. A.R. Liss. p. 86-87. ISBN 978-0-8451-1705-7.
  30. ^ Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1889). Facsimile-atlas to the Early History of Cartography: With Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries (Swedish original title: Facsimile atlas till kartografiens äldsta historia). Kraus. p. 51, 64.
  31. ^ Bartlett, John R. (2009). "Early Printed Maps Of Galilee". In Zuleika Rodgers; Margaret Daly-Denton; Anne Fitzpatrick-McKinley (eds.). A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne. Brill. p. 191. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004173552.i-622.53. ISBN 978-90-474-2701-8.
  32. ^ Nissen, Kristian (1956). "Jacob Ziegler's Palestine Schondia Manuscript University Library, Oslo, MS. 917-4". Imago Mundi. 13: 45. doi:10.1080/03085695608592125. JSTOR 1150240.
  33. ^ Bartlett, John R. (2009). "Early Printed Maps Of Galilee". In Zuleika Rodgers; Margaret Daly-Denton; Anne Fitzpatrick-McKinley (eds.). A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne. Brill. p. 192-197. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004173552.i-622.53. ISBN 978-90-474-2701-8.
  34. ^ Rubin, Rehav (22 May 2018). Portraying the Land: Hebrew Maps of the Land of Israel from Rashi to the Early 20th Century. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 173, footnote 7. ISBN 978-3-11-057065-6.
  35. ^ Bartlett, John R. (2009). "Early Printed Maps Of Galilee". In Zuleika Rodgers; Margaret Daly-Denton; Anne Fitzpatrick-McKinley (eds.). A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne. Brill. p. 191. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004173552.i-622.53. ISBN 978-90-474-2701-8.
  36. ^ Bartlett, John R. (5 July 2017). Mapping Jordan Through Two Millennia. Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-351-55927-0.
  37. ^ Tishby, Ariel (2001). Holy Land in Maps. Israel Museum. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8478-2412-0.
  38. ^ Matar, Nabil I. (2011). "Protestant restorationism and the Ortelian mapping of Palestine". In Mark Vessey; Sharon Betcher; Robert Daum; Harry O. Maier (eds.). The Calling of the Nations: Exegesis, Ethnography, and Empire in a Biblical-Historic Present. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4426-5949-0.
  39. ^ Tishby, Ariel (2001). Holy Land in Maps. Israel Museum. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8478-2412-0.
  40. ^ Wajntraub, Eva; Wajntraub, Gimpel (1992). Hebrew Maps of the Holy Land. Brüder Hollinek. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-85119-248-3.
  41. ^ Tamari, Salim (22 August 2017). The Great War and the Remaking of Palestine. Univ of California Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-0-520-29125-6.
  42. ^ Laor, Eran (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: cartobibliography of printed maps, 1475-1900. A.R. Liss. p. 6,7. ISBN 978-0-8451-1705-7.
  43. ^ Goren, Haim (2002). "Sacred, but Not Surveyed: Nineteenth-Century Surveys of Palestine". Imago Mundi. 54: 87-88. doi:10.1080/03085690208592960. JSTOR 1151507. S2CID 140702955.
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