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Science and technology in the Netherlands
[edit]Netherlands | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Capital and largest city | Amsterdam[a] |
| Government seat | The Hague[a] |
| ISO 3166 code | NL |
Science and technology in the Netherlands has an extended history, producing many notable achievements and discoveries in the field. It is an important component in the economic and societal development of the Netherlands. The Dutch government is a driver of scientific and technological progress with science expenditure passing €4.5 billion every year. [2]
The Netherlands is a founding member of NATO, the European Commission and its successor, the European Union. It is a small, flat country in north-western Europe with 18.5% is covered by water. [3] Its eastern border is shared with Germany, southern border with Belgium and western and northern borders with the North Sea. [3] The Netherlands is part of the larger Kingdom of the Netherlands (which also includes the countries of Aruba, Curacao and St Maarten as well as the territories of Bonaire, Saba and St Eustasius; all former colonies located in the Caribbean).[3]
In this article, science is referred to as the ongoing effort to study and understand the natural world, its history and its behaviour using systematic methodology based on evidence. [4] Technology is an application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes including processes, tools, skills and materials.[5] It is used in collaboration with science as an instrument for solving problems and furthering human abilities.
Historical overview
[edit]The seventeenth century was a distinguished period for the Dutch with its powerful defence force and internationally accepted currency. In this Dutch Golden age, many Dutch scientists (including many migrants) worked to create an intellectual boom.[6] Being a major player in global trade, the Netherlands had a particularly broad commercial network. International traders and merchants returned with drawings and samples of flora and fauna. New data also became accessible. These factors prompted scientific research in animals and plants and instigated greater investment in scientific studies.[7]
In the 1880’s, the fall of grain prices greatly impacted Dutch society. Due to the agricultural base of the economy, government intervention was required to prevent poverty and these actions created a model for the development of science policy. The term “science policy” was coined much later. [8] Scientific experiments proved a positive relationship between artificial fertiliser and soil quality, grain yield and production costs. Public and private organisations collaborated to inform farmers of this discovery based on experimental analysis. This is considered the first deliberate application of scientific research [8] and to the present day, the Dutch government is responsible for scientific research and development.[8]
Important advances made by Dutch people
[edit]The Netherlands hosts an innovative landscape for scientific and technological progress as demonstrated by its second place ranking in the Global Innovation Index in 2018.[9] This environment has led to many important advances throughout history. Some of the major discoveries, inventions and applications made by people of the Netherlands are listed below. It is important to note that before the fall of Antwerp (1585), there was no distinction between the Dutch and the Flemish.[10]
- The publication of De humani corporis fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) by founder of modern human anatomy, Andreas Vesalius (1543)[13]
- The original patent of the telescope, by Zacharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey (1608)[14]
- The construction of the first navigable submarine, by Cornelis Drebbel (1620's)[15]
- The observation of the Saturn's rings, by physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, Christiaan Huygens after Galileo's report of the possibility of Saturn being 3 planets instead of one (1655)[16]
- The discovery of Titan, the first and largest of Saturn's moons, by Christiaan Huygens (1655)[16]
- The first observation and description of red blood cells, by biologist Jan Swammerdam whilst using a microscope for frog dissection (1658)
- The invention of the modern firehose, by painter Jan van der Heyden (1673)[17]
- The biological process of photosynthesis, by Jan Ingenhousz (1779)[7]
- The Snellen chart, an eye test which uses letters of different sizes, by opthalmologist Herman Snellen (1862)[7]
- The discovery of one of the first known specimens of Homo erectus found in East Java by paleoanthropologist and geologist, Eugène Dubois (1891)
- The invention of the speed camera, by rally driver Maurice Gatsonides in attempt to boost his own speed (1958)[18]
- The invention of Python (programming language), by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (1989)[19]
- The invention of Bluetooth wireless connection by Jaap Haartsen, whilst working for Swedish company Ericsson (1994)[20]
Other recent Dutch developments include lab-grown hamburger meat, smarter home technology for aged and disabled care, underwater video analysis to protect ecosystems and sensor technology for the reduction of energy consumption.[6]
Institutions
[edit]The major universities of the Netherlands including Leiden University (established 1575), the University of Franeker (established 1585) and the University of Groningen (established 1614) were the driving forces of scientific knowledge as scientific societies were not created until the late eighteenth century.[21]
Dutch scientific research is primarily organised by its universities. Research institutions occasionally conduct research and are closely linked to one or more universities. [16]
Scientific policy
[edit]Government responsibility
Science and technology is an important component in the economic and societal development of Dutch society and is therefore surrounded by government policy.
The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) is the main authority in Dutch science policy. They are responsible for the Dutch higher education strategic agenda and Science Budget which are published every four years. The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is also responsible for many research organisations including the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research (TNO), the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), the Royal Library (KB) as well as the public universities.[23]
The Ministry of Economic Affairs (EZK) controls scientific research and development policy as well as technology and innovation policy. Together, the OCW and EZK are the two most significant parties in Dutch government policy. [23]
Research and development
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R&D is supported by Dutch institutions, universities and industry, allowing the innovation system in the Netherlands to be highly ranked.[9]
A 2014 Review of Innovations Policy[24] by the OECD highlighted the success of the Netherlands in its innovation system, crediting many factors including its long-term socioeconomic performance, human resource base, integration into the global economy, developed infrastructure, performance and skills of Dutch firms, supportive business environment and the global reach of its multinational firms. Through cross-border co-publications and public-private publications, the broadness of the Dutch research network is evident.
Like many other countries, the main source of R&D funding in the Netherlands is the business sector. In 2003, firms funded a 51% share of total R&D expenditure whilst the government funded 36%. Foreign investment was the third largest source sitting at 11%. [23] In 2004, 58% of R&D was conducted by the firms with seven companies participating in 29% of total R&D in the Netherlands.[23] Dutch multinational Phillips, was the largest contributor, conducting one-fifth of the business sector R&D.
Another strength reported by the OECD was strong research universities and research institutions as well as great number and quality of scientific publications[24]. The Netherlands (14.5%) is only second to the Swiss (15.7%) in the international ranking of share of research publications falling within the top 10% of most cited publications.[25]
The OECD report[23] also noted weaknesses including repeated changes in innovation policy, lack of recognition of the impact of science and technology within the public, entrepreneurial culture, lower tertiary education graduation rates, long-term productivity growth and low scientific research expenditure.[24]
References
[edit]- ^ "Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?" (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- ^ Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (2011-12-14). "Science - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
- ^ a b c "NETHERLANDS COUNTRY OVERVIEW". ExpatINFO Holland. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
- ^ "Our definition of science". The Science Council.
- ^ "Technology definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com.
- ^ a b editor (2012-06-13). "The Netherlands, from Golden Age to shining science". Digital Single Market - European Commission.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c Discovering the Dutch: On Culture and Society of the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press. 2010. ISBN 9789089641007. JSTOR j.ctt46ms67.
- ^ a b c Julius, H. W. (1967). "Scientific Policy in the Netherlands". Minerva. 5 (4): 507–519. doi:10.1007/BF01096780. ISSN 0026-4695. JSTOR 41821807. S2CID 144317640.
- ^ a b "Indicator Rankings & Analysis". Global Innovation Index.
- ^ National minorities in Europe, W. Braumüller, 2003, page 20.
- ^ Karamanou, M.; Poulakou-Rebelakou, E.; Tzetis, M.; Androutsos, G. (2010). "Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): Father of micromorphology and discoverer of spermatozoa". Revista Argentina de Microbiología. 42 (4): 311–314. doi:10.1590/S0325-75412010000400013 (inactive 2022-06-06). ISSN 0325-7541. PMID 21229203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2022 (link) - ^ Corliss†, John O. (1975). "Three Centuries of Protozoology: A Brief Tribute to its Founding Father, A. van Leeuwenhoek of Delft*". The Journal of Protozoology. 22 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb00934.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMID 1090737.
- ^ "Treasures of the Library : De humani corporis fabrica. Epitome". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
- ^ Van Helden, Albert (1977). "The Invention of the Telescope". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 67 (4): 1–67. doi:10.2307/1006276. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1006276.
- ^ "Drebbel's submarine - Australian National Maritime Museum". www.sea.museum.
- ^ a b c Discovering the Dutch: On Culture and Society of the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press. 2014. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76h7z. ISBN 9789089647924. JSTOR j.ctt1x76h7z.
- ^ Sutton, Peter C.; Bikker, Jonathan; Unidos), Bruce Museum of Arts and Science (Greenwich, Estados; Rijksmuseum (Netherlands) (2006). Jan van der Heyden. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300119701.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Gatso | Motor Sport Magazine Archive". Motor Sport Magazine. 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
- ^ "Guido van Rossum | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
- ^ "Eight Dutch scientists who changed the world". DutchNews.nl. 2017.
- ^ STAMHUIS, IDA H. (2002). van Berkel, Klaas; van Helden, Albert; Palm, Lodewijk (eds.). "Recapturing Dutch Science". Minerva. 40 (4): 407–415. doi:10.1023/A:1020981806432. ISSN 0026-4695. JSTOR 41821222. S2CID 147314322.
- ^ "The history of the CD - The beginning". PHILIPS. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "Policies, facts and figures 2006" (PDF). Science, Technology and Innovation in the Netherlands. Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. 2006.
- ^ a b c "Netherlands – Overall Assessment and Recommendations" (PDF). OECD Review of Innovation Policy. 2014.
- ^ Jongbloed, Ben (2018). "Overview of the Dutch science system" (PDF). Overview of the Dutch Science System. doi:10.3990/4.2589-9716.2018.04.
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