User:CharlesGillingham/TEMP 9

The harvard citation templates create an author-date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

Templates that create Harvard citations in text:

• {{Harvard citation}} or {{harv}} for a basic Harvard citation
• {{Harvard citation no brackets}} or {{harvnb}} for a Harvard citation with no brackets
• {{Harvard citation text}} or {{harvtxt}} for a Harvard citation with the name outside the brackets
• {{Harvcol}} for a harvard citation with a colon before page numbers
• {{Harvcolnb}} ditto, without brackets
• {{Harvcoltxt}} ditto, with the name outside the brackets
• {{Harvard citations}} or {{harvs}} for multiple Harvard citations and other more complicated features.

Template that creates a Harvard citation in a footnote:

• {{Sfn}} (shortened footnote template)

All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes the first six in detail; for the others see their documentation pages.

Usage

In the body of the article:

{{harv or sfn or harvnb, etc | last name(s) of author(s) | year | p=page number, or pp=page range or loc=other location }}

In the references section (or in an earlier footnote):

{{cite book or cite journal, etc | ref=harv | ... other appropriate parameters ... }}

Parameters

Up to four authors can be given as parameters. (If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed. See #Large numbers of authors, below.) The last parameter is the year of publication.

Markup	Result
{{harv|Smith|2005|p=25}}	(Smith 2005, p. 25)
{{harv|Smith|Jones|2005| p=25}}	(Smith & Jones 2005, p. 25)
{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005| p=25}}	(Smith, Jones & Brown 2005, p. 25)
{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005| p=25}}	(Smith et al. 2005, p. 25)

The optional parameters |p=, |pp= and |loc= can be used to indicate the location in the source. All of the harvard citation templates use the same parameters to indicate page numbers or other locations in the text.

Markup	Result
{{harv|Smith|2005|p=25}}	(Smith 2005, p. 25)
{{harv|Smith|2005|p=25–26}}	(Smith 2005, p. 25–26)
{{harv|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3}}	(Smith 2005, chpt 3)
{{harv|Smith|2005|loc=§7}}	(Smith 2005, §7)

The parameter |Ref= is used to specify the reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is optional and is usually not necessary. If you specify |Ref=none no hyperlink is created. (See the examples. Not available in {{sfn}}.)

Reference section

The links in the harvard citation templates can find anchors in most of Wikipedia's citation templates, such as {{Citation}}, {{Cite book}}, {{Cite journal}} or {{Cite web}} (or any of several others). To make the anchor, parameter |ref=harv must be set. This is not necessary for {{citation}}, but is normally necessary for the others.

Markup

Result

==References== * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's paper | journal = Important Journal | year = 2005 }} * {{cite web | last = Smith | first = John | last2 = Jones | first2 = Sam | title = Smith & Jones website | url = http://en.wikipedia.org | year = 2005 | ref = harv }} * {{cite news | last = Smith | first = John | last2 = Jones | first2 = Sam | last3 = Brown | first3 = Tom | title = Article by Smith, Jones and Brown | year = 2005 | newspaper = Big Urban Newspaper | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | year= 2005 | title= Smith, Jones, Brown and Black's Paper | journal = Important Journal | ref = harv }}

References Smith, John (2005), Smith's paper Smith, John; Jones, Sam (2005). "Smith & Jones website". Smith, John; Jones, Sam; Brown, Tom (2005). "Article by Smith, Jones and Brown". Big Urban Newspaper. Smith; Jones; Brown; Black (2005). "Smith, Jones, Brown and Black's Paper". Important Journal.

Applications

Harvard citation: {{harv}}

See also: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Parenthetical referencing

Template {{harv}} creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation in the references section at the bottom of the article. (All the links in these examples have links which operate. Click on highlighted text "(Smith 2006, p. 25)").

Markup	Result
Article text {{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}. == References == * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's book | year = 2006 | title = Smith's Book }}	Article text (Smith 2006, p. 25). References Smith (2006). Smith's book.

Shortened footnote: {{harvnb}} or {{sfn}}

See also: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Shortened footnotes

Template {{harvnb}} inside a <ref> span can be used to create an author-date citation in footnote that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template {{sfn}} has the same effect and it also combines identical footnotes automatically.

Markup	Result
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Smith | first = John | year = 2007 | title = Smith's Book }}	Article text. More article text. Still more article text. Notes References Smith, John (2007). Smith's Book.
Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}</ref> More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}</ref> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Smith | first = John | year = 2008 | title = Smith's Book }}	Article text. More article text. Still more article text. Notes References Smith, John (2008). Smith's Book.

In text attribution: {{harvtxt}}

See also Wikipedia:Citing sources § In-text attribution

Template {{harvtxt}} can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page.

Markup	Result
According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ... == References == * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | year = 2009 | title = Smith's Book }}	According to Smith (2009, p. 25) ... References Smith, John (2009), Smith's Book

Bundled citation: {{harvnb}}

See also: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Bundling citations

Template {{harvnb}} can be used to bundle citations.

Markup	Result
Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}, {{harvnb|Jones|2007}}).	Article text (Smith 2006, p. 25, Jones 2007).
Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}, {{harvnb|Jones|2007}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References==	Article text. Notes

Note that {{sfn}} is inappropriate for bundled citations; use {{harvnb}}.

Variations

Using column format: {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, {{harvcoltxt}}

Templates {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, {{harvcoltxt}} use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

Markup	Result
{{harvcol|Smith|2006|p=25}}	(Smith 2006:25)
{{harvcolnb|Smith|2006|p=25}}	Smith 2006:25
{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2006|p=25}}	Smith (2006:25)
{{harvcol|Smith|2006|p=25–26}}	(Smith 2006:25–26)
{{harvcol|Smith|2006|loc=chpt. 3}}	(Smith 2006:chpt. 3)

Possible issues

More than one publication in the same year

For authors who have published more than one work in the same year, the standard way to differentiate such works is to put a lowercase letter after the year (e.g. place |year=2006a and |year=2006b in the citation templates and use {{sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{sfn|Smith|2006b}}in the article body).

If the link does not work

Names or years are misspelled, wrong, or there are spaces

A space before or after the author name or before the year is significant; they produce an underscore in the hyperlink. So, "{{Harvnb|Smith| 2006| p=25}}" yields "Smith 2006, p. 25" which links to #CITEREFSmith_2006.

Citation template needs |ref=harv

When using citation templates such as {{cite book}} for references, include the parameter |ref=harv in the citation template to add the target of the footnote link to each reference. This is not necessary for {{citation}}, but is normally necessary for the others.

Citation template does not support |ref= at all

There are a few citation templates which don't support |ref=, such as {{cite report}}.

Source can't be described with a citation template

These technigues can be used in cases where editors are opposed to the use of citation templates on principle. (Although, in this case note that it may actually be wiser to remove the harvard citation templates as well, giving the article a more consistent citation format.)

Citation template uses |date= field

Either the |year= or |date= of a citation can be matched – the template logic can extract the year of from a full date. However if only the year is known the |year= field must be used in the citation for the link to work correctly (i.e. |date=2005 may not work correctly).

Variations

Using an external link for the page number

Some times editors add an external link to part of the source.

|ref=

The parameter |Ref= is used to specify the reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is optional and is usually not necessary. If you specify |Ref=none no hyperlink is created. (See the examples. Not available in {{sfn}}.)

{{Harv |Smith|2006| pp=25–26 | Ref=none}}

| (Smith 2006, pp. 25–26)

Old material

Parameters

• The first parameter is the author's last name.
• Up to four authors can be given as parameters (see the examples). If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed; listing more will cause odd things to happen.
• The next parameter is the year of publication.

Editors editing this template are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.