2008 United States presidential election in Kentucky
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| Elections in Kentucky |
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 Government |
The 2008 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters in Kentucky chose eight representatives to the Electoral College, or electors, who voted for president and vice president.
Kentucky was won by Republican nominee John McCain by a 16.22% margin of victory with 57.40% of the vote. Prior to the election, all sixteen news organizations handicapping the election considered it a state McCain would win, or otherwise a red state. Hillary Clinton had led McCain in hypothetical polls of the state during the Democratic primaries, but once Barack Obama secured the Democratic nomination Kentucky was reclassified as safe for the GOP. Obama did, however, improve on John Kerry's performance by two points. This was the first time since 1960 that Kentucky did not vote for the winning candidate in a presidential election.
This was the first time ever that Floyd County or Knott County voted for the Republican candidate, and the first time since 1908 that Breathitt County voted for the Republican candidate. Obama became the first Democrat ever to win the presidency without carrying numerous historically Democratic counties in the state, primarily in the Eastern Coalfield, Bluegrass, and Jackson Purchase regions. As of 2024, this remains the last time that a Democratic presidential nominee has won over 40% of the vote in Kentucky, and the last election in which Rowan County, Hancock County, Menifee County, Wolfe County, or Henderson County voted for the Democratic candidate.
Primaries
[edit]Campaign
[edit]Predictions
[edit]Sixteen news organizations made state-by-state predictions of the election. Their last predictions before election day were:
| Source | Ranking |
|---|---|
| D.C. Political Report[2] | Likely R |
| Cook Political Report[3] | Solid R |
| The Takeaway[4] | Solid R |
| Electoral-vote.com[5] | Solid R |
| Washington Post[6] | Solid R |
| Politico[7] | Solid R |
| RealClearPolitics[8] | Solid R |
| FiveThirtyEight[6] | Solid R |
| CQ Politics[9] | Solid R |
| The New York Times[10] | Solid R |
| CNN[11] | Safe R |
| NPR[6] | Solid R |
| MSNBC[6] | Solid R |
| Fox News[12] | Likely R |
| Associated Press[13] | Likely R |
| Rasmussen Reports[14] | Safe R |
Polling
[edit]McCain won every pre-election poll against Obama, almost all of them by a double-digit margin and with at least 49% of the vote. The final three polls averaged McCain leading 56% to 41%.[15]
Fundraising
[edit]John McCain raised a total of $1,220,017. Barack Obama raised $2,394,198.[16]
Advertising and visits
[edit]Obama spent $183,738, while a conservative interest group spent just $212.[17] Each ticket visited the state once.[18]
Analysis
[edit] |
Since 1964, Kentucky has only gone Democratic three times--Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, both of whom were White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs) from the South, whereas Obama was an African American "big-city liberal" from Chicago. (Similar socio-cultural dynamics existed in other Southern and Appalachian states with a large ancestral Democratic base, such as Tennessee, West Virginia, and Arkansas.)
In the 2008 primary, exit polls conducted found that 30 percent of Clinton supporters opted not to vote for Obama in the general election, 40% would vote McCain and the rest would support Obama in the general election. Several counties in the southeastern part of the state swung Republican and went to McCain as solidly Democratic Floyd and Knott counties voted Republican for the first time ever, and Breathitt County voted Republican for the first time since 1908. Obama decided to not spend campaign funds on Kentucky and instead went to more viable battleground states like North Carolina and Indiana instead. McCain won Kentucky by a margin of 16.22 points on election day and performed slightly worse than George Bush in 2004. Obama improved upon Kerry's performance in big cities and urban areas while McCain improved upon Bush in rural areas. Kentucky was the first state called for either candidate.
At the same time, incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell, who also served as Senate Minority Leader at the time, was just narrowly reelected with 52.97% of the vote to Democrat Bruce Lunsford's 47.03%. Republicans also held onto an open seat vacated by Ron Lewis in Kentucky's 2nd Congressional District. At the state level, however, Democrats picked up two seats in the Kentucky House of Representatives.
Results
[edit]| United States presidential election in Kentucky, 2008 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | John McCain | Sarah Palin | 1,048,462 | 57.40% | 8 | |
| Democratic | Barack Obama | Joe Biden | 751,985 | 41.17% | 0 | |
| Independent | Ralph Nader | Matt Gonzalez | 15,378 | 0.84% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Bob Barr | Wayne Allyn Root | 5,989 | 0.33% | 0 | |
| Constitution | Chuck Baldwin | Darrell Castle | 4,694 | 0.26% | 0 | |
| Totals | 1,826,508 | 100.00% | 8 | |||
| Voter turnout (Voting age population) | 57.5% | |||||
By county
[edit]| County | John McCain Republican |
Barack Obama Democratic |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adair | 5,512 | 75.53% | 1,668 | 22.86% | 118 | 1.61% | 3,844 | 52.67% | 7,298 |
| Allen | 5,258 | 71.15% | 2,024 | 27.39% | 108 | 1.46% | 3,234 | 43.76% | 7,390 |
| Anderson | 6,885 | 65.25% | 3,462 | 32.81% | 205 | 1.94% | 3,423 | 32.44% | 10,552 |
| Ballard | 2,537 | 62.49% | 1,427 | 35.15% | 96 | 2.36% | 1,110 | 27.34% | 4,060 |
| Barren | 11,133 | 66.24% | 5,434 | 32.33% | 240 | 1.43% | 5,699 | 33.91% | 16,807 |
| Bath | 2,234 | 49.17% | 2,210 | 48.65% | 99 | 2.18% | 24 | 0.52% | 4,543 |
| Bell | 6,681 | 69.61% | 2,782 | 28.99% | 135 | 1.41% | 3,899 | 40.62% | 9,598 |
| Boone | 33,812 | 66.59% | 16,292 | 32.09% | 670 | 1.32% | 17,520 | 34.50% | 50,774 |
| Bourbon | 4,820 | 57.86% | 3,385 | 40.64% | 125 | 1.50% | 1,435 | 17.22% | 8,330 |
| Boyd | 11,430 | 55.30% | 8,886 | 42.99% | 354 | 1.71% | 2,544 | 12.31% | 20,670 |
| Boyle | 7,701 | 60.95% | 4,769 | 37.74% | 165 | 1.30% | 2,932 | 23.21% | 12,635 |
| Bracken | 2,066 | 60.78% | 1,241 | 36.51% | 92 | 2.71% | 825 | 24.27% | 3,399 |
| Breathitt | 2,671 | 53.10% | 2,205 | 43.84% | 154 | 3.06% | 466 | 9.26% | 5,030 |
| Breckinridge | 5,281 | 61.97% | 3,110 | 36.49% | 131 | 1.54% | 2,171 | 25.48% | 8,522 |
| Bullitt | 20,102 | 65.42% | 10,177 | 33.12% | 447 | 1.45% | 9,925 | 32.30% | 30,726 |
| Butler | 3,696 | 69.64% | 1,555 | 29.30% | 56 | 1.06% | 2,141 | 40.34% | 5,307 |
| Caldwell | 3,866 | 62.36% | 2,212 | 35.68% | 121 | 1.95% | 1,654 | 26.68% | 6,199 |
| Calloway | 8,991 | 58.37% | 6,165 | 40.02% | 248 | 1.61% | 2,826 | 18.35% | 15,404 |
| Campbell | 24,046 | 59.67% | 15,622 | 38.77% | 629 | 1.56% | 8,424 | 20.90% | 40,297 |
| Carlisle | 1,699 | 64.92% | 879 | 33.59% | 39 | 1.49% | 820 | 31.33% | 2,617 |
| Carroll | 2,032 | 52.99% | 1,716 | 44.75% | 87 | 2.27% | 316 | 8.24% | 3,835 |
| Carter | 5,252 | 53.52% | 4,316 | 43.98% | 245 | 2.50% | 936 | 9.54% | 9,813 |
| Casey | 4,679 | 78.55% | 1,219 | 20.46% | 59 | 0.99% | 3,460 | 58.09% | 5,957 |
| Christian | 13,699 | 60.14% | 8,880 | 38.98% | 199 | 0.87% | 4,819 | 21.16% | 22,778 |
| Clark | 9,664 | 61.84% | 5,749 | 36.79% | 215 | 1.38% | 3,915 | 25.05% | 15,628 |
| Clay | 5,710 | 77.54% | 1,552 | 21.08% | 102 | 1.38% | 4,158 | 56.46% | 7,364 |
| Clinton | 3,366 | 80.68% | 761 | 18.24% | 45 | 1.08% | 2,605 | 62.44% | 4,172 |
| Crittenden | 2,604 | 66.26% | 1,254 | 31.91% | 72 | 1.83% | 1,350 | 34.35% | 3,930 |
| Cumberland | 2,056 | 73.51% | 697 | 24.92% | 44 | 1.57% | 1,359 | 48.59% | 2,797 |
| Daviess | 23,692 | 54.31% | 19,282 | 44.20% | 648 | 1.49% | 4,410 | 10.11% | 43,622 |
| Edmonson | 3,562 | 67.59% | 1,652 | 31.35% | 56 | 1.06% | 1,910 | 36.24% | 5,270 |
| Elliott | 902 | 35.86% | 1,535 | 61.03% | 78 | 3.11% | -633 | -25.17% | 2,515 |
| Estill | 3,685 | 69.35% | 1,555 | 29.26% | 74 | 1.39% | 2,130 | 40.09% | 5,314 |
| Fayette | 59,884 | 46.91% | 66,042 | 51.74% | 1,722 | 1.36% | -6,158 | -4.83% | 127,648 |
| Fleming | 3,432 | 58.85% | 2,279 | 39.08% | 121 | 2.07% | 1,153 | 19.77% | 5,832 |
| Floyd | 7,741 | 49.43% | 7,530 | 48.09% | 388 | 2.48% | 211 | 1.34% | 15,659 |
| Franklin | 11,911 | 49.47% | 11,767 | 48.87% | 401 | 1.67% | 144 | 0.60% | 24,079 |
| Fulton | 1,530 | 54.16% | 1,238 | 43.82% | 57 | 2.02% | 292 | 10.34% | 2,825 |
| Gallatin | 1,840 | 57.63% | 1,278 | 40.03% | 75 | 2.35% | 562 | 17.60% | 3,193 |
| Garrard | 5,118 | 70.98% | 2,012 | 27.91% | 80 | 1.11% | 3,106 | 43.07% | 7,210 |
| Grant | 5,510 | 62.94% | 3,112 | 35.55% | 132 | 1.50% | 2,398 | 27.39% | 8,754 |
| Graves | 10,056 | 62.25% | 5,843 | 36.17% | 256 | 1.58% | 4,213 | 26.08% | 16,155 |
| Grayson | 6,605 | 66.70% | 3,154 | 31.85% | 144 | 1.45% | 3,451 | 34.85% | 9,903 |
| Green | 3,785 | 74.52% | 1,204 | 23.71% | 90 | 1.77% | 2,581 | 50.81% | 5,079 |
| Greenup | 8,849 | 56.01% | 6,621 | 41.91% | 328 | 2.08% | 2,228 | 14.10% | 15,798 |
| Hancock | 1,928 | 46.53% | 2,135 | 51.52% | 81 | 1.95% | -207 | -4.99% | 4,144 |
| Hardin | 23,896 | 59.75% | 15,650 | 39.13% | 444 | 1.11% | 8,246 | 20.62% | 39,990 |
| Harlan | 7,165 | 72.27% | 2,586 | 26.08% | 163 | 1.64% | 4,579 | 46.19% | 9,914 |
| Harrison | 4,520 | 59.55% | 2,916 | 38.42% | 154 | 2.03% | 1,604 | 21.13% | 7,590 |
| Hart | 4,397 | 64.49% | 2,290 | 33.59% | 131 | 1.92% | 2,107 | 30.90% | 6,818 |
| Henderson | 9,523 | 47.95% | 10,049 | 50.60% | 289 | 1.46% | -526 | -2.65% | 19,861 |
| Henry | 4,081 | 58.98% | 2,725 | 39.38% | 113 | 1.63% | 1,356 | 19.60% | 6,919 |
| Hickman | 1,406 | 62.49% | 812 | 36.09% | 32 | 1.42% | 594 | 26.40% | 2,250 |
| Hopkins | 11,916 | 61.59% | 7,104 | 36.72% | 328 | 1.70% | 4,812 | 24.87% | 19,348 |
| Jackson | 4,407 | 84.36% | 743 | 14.22% | 74 | 1.42% | 3,664 | 70.14% | 5,224 |
| Jefferson | 153,957 | 43.38% | 196,435 | 55.34% | 4,544 | 1.28% | -42,478 | -11.96% | 354,936 |
| Jessamine | 13,711 | 67.83% | 6,236 | 30.85% | 267 | 1.32% | 7,475 | 36.98% | 20,214 |
| Johnson | 5,948 | 69.84% | 2,407 | 28.26% | 162 | 1.90% | 3,541 | 41.58% | 8,517 |
| Kenton | 40,714 | 59.69% | 26,480 | 38.82% | 1,019 | 1.49% | 14,234 | 20.87% | 68,213 |
| Knott | 3,070 | 52.75% | 2,612 | 44.88% | 138 | 2.37% | 458 | 7.87% | 5,820 |
| Knox | 8,150 | 71.56% | 3,074 | 26.99% | 165 | 1.61% | 5,076 | 44.57% | 11,389 |
| LaRue | 4,153 | 67.22% | 1,913 | 30.96% | 112 | 1.81% | 2,240 | 36.26% | 6,178 |
| Laurel | 17,660 | 78.49% | 4,618 | 20.52% | 222 | 0.99% | 13,042 | 57.97% | 22,500 |
| Lawrence | 3,503 | 62.01% | 2,036 | 36.04% | 110 | 1.95% | 1,467 | 25.97% | 5,649 |
| Lee | 1,978 | 71.33% | 752 | 27.12% | 43 | 1.55% | 1,226 | 44.21% | 2,773 |
| Leslie | 3,574 | 81.28% | 766 | 17.42% | 57 | 1.30% | 2,808 | 63.86% | 4,397 |
| Letcher | 5,367 | 65.17% | 2,623 | 31.85% | 245 | 2.98% | 2,744 | 33.32% | 8,235 |
| Lewis | 3,213 | 67.06% | 1,510 | 31.52% | 68 | 1.42% | 1,703 | 35.54% | 4,791 |
| Lincoln | 6,273 | 68.55% | 2,752 | 30.07% | 126 | 1.38% | 3,521 | 38.48% | 9,151 |
| Livingston | 2,890 | 62.92% | 1,622 | 35.31% | 81 | 1.77% | 1,268 | 27.61% | 4,593 |
| Logan | 6,925 | 63.59% | 3,811 | 35.00% | 154 | 1.41% | 3,114 | 28.59% | 10,890 |
| Lyon | 2,220 | 57.59% | 1,577 | 40.91% | 58 | 1.50% | 643 | 16.68% | 3,855 |
| McCracken | 19,043 | 61.92% | 11,285 | 36.69% | 426 | 1.39% | 7,758 | 25.23% | 30,754 |
| McCreary | 4,078 | 75.42% | 1,258 | 23.27% | 71 | 1.33% | 2,820 | 52.15% | 5,407 |
| McLean | 2,386 | 53.96% | 1,963 | 44.39% | 73 | 1.65% | 423 | 9.57% | 4,422 |
| Madison | 19,694 | 60.53% | 12,392 | 38.09% | 451 | 1.38% | 7,302 | 22.44% | 32,537 |
| Magoffin | 2,434 | 52.33% | 2,105 | 45.26% | 112 | 2.41% | 329 | 7.07% | 4,651 |
| Marion | 3,842 | 50.45% | 3,596 | 47.22% | 177 | 2.32% | 246 | 3.23% | 7,615 |
| Marshall | 9,512 | 61.42% | 5,683 | 36.70% | 292 | 1.88% | 3,829 | 24.72% | 15,487 |
| Martin | 2,824 | 76.49% | 808 | 21.89% | 60 | 1.62% | 2,016 | 54.60% | 3,692 |
| Mason | 4,102 | 57.60% | 2,891 | 40.60% | 128 | 1.80% | 1,310 | 17.00% | 7,121 |
| Meade | 6,691 | 59.71% | 4,343 | 38.76% | 172 | 1.53% | 2,348 | 20.95% | 11,206 |
| Menifee | 1,155 | 46.40% | 1,276 | 51.27% | 58 | 2.33% | -121 | -4.87% | 2,489 |
| Mercer | 6,781 | 67.41% | 3,159 | 31.40% | 120 | 1.19% | 3,622 | 36.01% | 10,060 |
| Metcalfe | 2,734 | 65.11% | 1,350 | 32.15% | 115 | 2.74% | 1,384 | 32.96% | 4,199 |
| Monroe | 3,537 | 75.82% | 1,067 | 22.87% | 61 | 1.31% | 2,470 | 52.95% | 4,665 |
| Montgomery | 5,947 | 57.56% | 4,234 | 40.98% | 150 | 1.45% | 1,713 | 16.58% | 10,331 |
| Morgan | 2,396 | 54.72% | 1,879 | 42.91% | 104 | 2.37% | 517 | 11.81% | 4,379 |
| Muhlenberg | 6,447 | 50.02% | 6,221 | 48.27% | 221 | 1.71% | 226 | 1.75% | 12,889 |
| Nelson | 10,139 | 55.87% | 7,654 | 42.18% | 353 | 1.95% | 2,485 | 13.69% | 18,146 |
| Nicholas | 1,634 | 55.02% | 1,272 | 42.83% | 64 | 2.15% | 362 | 12.19% | 2,970 |
| Ohio | 5,687 | 57.22% | 4,059 | 40.84% | 192 | 1.94% | 3,844 | 52.67% | 9,938 |
| Oldham | 18,997 | 64.80% | 10,000 | 34.11% | 319 | 1.09% | 8,997 | 30.69% | 29,316 |
| Owen | 2,969 | 62.49% | 1,694 | 35.66% | 88 | 1.85% | 1,275 | 26.83% | 4,751 |
| Owsley | 1,279 | 75.86% | 381 | 22.60% | 26 | 1.54% | 898 | 53.26% | 1,686 |
| Pendleton | 3,676 | 63.36% | 2,027 | 34.94% | 99 | 1.70% | 1,649 | 28.42% | 5,802 |
| Perry | 6,762 | 65.18% | 3,444 | 33.20% | 169 | 1.62% | 3,318 | 31.98% | 10,375 |
| Pike | 12,655 | 55.89% | 9,525 | 42.07% | 463 | 2.04% | 3,130 | 13.82% | 22,643 |
| Powell | 2,837 | 57.06% | 2,065 | 41.53% | 70 | 1.41% | 772 | 15.53% | 4,972 |
| Pulaski | 19,862 | 77.09% | 5,590 | 21.70% | 314 | 1.21% | 14,272 | 55.39% | 25,766 |
| Robertson | 533 | 52.51% | 451 | 44.43% | 31 | 3.05% | 82 | 8.08% | 1,015 |
| Rockcastle | 4,757 | 75.82% | 1,410 | 22.47% | 107 | 1.71% | 3,347 | 53.35% | 6,274 |
| Rowan | 3,907 | 47.92% | 4,074 | 49.96% | 173 | 2.12% | -167 | -2.04% | 8,154 |
| Russell | 5,779 | 77.31% | 1,569 | 20.99% | 127 | 1.70% | 4,210 | 56.32% | 7,475 |
| Scott | 11,782 | 59.72% | 7,712 | 39.09% | 236 | 1.19% | 4,070 | 20.63% | 19,730 |
| Shelby | 11,451 | 61.76% | 6,871 | 37.06% | 218 | 1.18% | 4,580 | 24.70% | 18,540 |
| Simpson | 4,437 | 60.71% | 2,775 | 37.97% | 97 | 1.32% | 1,662 | 22.74% | 7,309 |
| Spencer | 5,378 | 66.82% | 2,519 | 31.30% | 152 | 1.88% | 2,859 | 35.52% | 8,049 |
| Taylor | 7,568 | 69.69% | 3,165 | 29.14% | 127 | 1.17% | 4,403 | 40.55% | 10,860 |
| Todd | 3,336 | 67.52% | 1,543 | 31.23% | 62 | 1.25% | 1,793 | 36.29% | 4,941 |
| Trigg | 4,189 | 64.18% | 2,246 | 34.41% | 92 | 1.41% | 1,943 | 29.77% | 6,527 |
| Trimble | 2,239 | 58.74% | 1,484 | 38.93% | 89 | 2.33% | 755 | 19.81% | 3,812 |
| Union | 3,120 | 51.71% | 2,804 | 46.47% | 110 | 1.82% | 316 | 5.24% | 6,034 |
| Warren | 25,993 | 58.88% | 17,669 | 40.02% | 483 | 1.10% | 8,324 | 18.86% | 44,145 |
| Washington | 3,305 | 62.65% | 1,890 | 35.83% | 80 | 1.52% | 1,415 | 26.82% | 5,275 |
| Wayne | 4,868 | 67.65% | 2,201 | 30.59% | 127 | 1.76% | 2,667 | 37.06% | 7,196 |
| Webster | 3,037 | 54.82% | 2,390 | 43.14% | 113 | 2.04% | 647 | 11.68% | 5,540 |
| Whitley | 10,015 | 73.08% | 3,484 | 25.42% | 205 | 1.50% | 6,531 | 47.66% | 13,704 |
| Wolfe | 1,408 | 47.44% | 1,493 | 50.30% | 67 | 2.26% | -85 | -2.86% | 2,968 |
| Woodford | 7,130 | 57.98% | 5,027 | 40.88% | 140 | 1.14% | 2,103 | 17.10% | 12,297 |
| Totals | 1,048,462 | 57.37% | 751,985 | 41.15% | 27,140 | 1.49% | 296,477 | 16.22% | 1,827,587 |
| Democratic Hold Gain from Republican | Republican Hold Gain from Democratic |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
[edit]- Fayette (largest municipality: Lexington)
- Hancock (largest municipality: Hawesville)
- Henderson (largest municipality: Henderson)
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
[edit]- Bath (largest municipality: Owingsville)
- Breathitt (largest municipality: Jackson)
- Carter (largest municipality: Grayson)
- Floyd (largest municipality: Prestonburg)
- Knott (largest municipality: Hindman)
- Magoffin (largest municipality: Salyersville)
- Pike (largest municipality: Pikeville)
By congressional district
[edit]McCain carried five of the state's six congressional districts, including one held by a Democrat.
| District | McCain | Obama | Representative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 61.85% | 36.60% | Ed Whitfield |
| 2nd | 60.54% | 38.03% | Ron Lewis (110th Congress) |
| Brett Guthrie (111th Congress) | |||
| 3rd | 43.36% | 55.66% | John Yarmuth |
| 4th | 60.41% | 37.96% | Geoff Davis |
| 5th | 67.01% | 31.24% | Hal Rogers |
| 6th | 55.41% | 43.22% | Ben Chandler |
Electors
[edit]Technically the voters of Kentucky cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Kentucky was allocated eight electors because it had six congressional districts and two senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of eight electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all eight electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them;[19] an elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.
The following were the members of the Electoral College from Kentucky. All eight were pledged to and voted for John McCain and Sarah Palin:[20]
- James Henry Snider
- Walter A. Baker
- Edna M. Fulkerson
- Amy B. Towles
- Nancy Mitchell
- Don Ball
- Robert Gable
- Elizabeth G. Thomas
References
[edit]- ^ "Voter Turnout Report for the 11/04/08 General Election" (PDF). Commonwealth of Kentucky - State Board of Elections.
- ^ "D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries". January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Presidential". May 5, 2015. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Vote 2008 - The Takeaway - Track the Electoral College vote predictions". April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ "Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily". electoral-vote.com. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Based on Takeaway
- ^ "POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map - POLITICO.com". www.politico.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "RealClearPolitics - Electoral Map". Archived from the original on June 5, 2008.
- ^ "CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff; Carter, Shan (November 4, 2008). "The Electoral Map: Key States". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "October – 2008 – CNN Political Ticker - CNN.com Blogs". CNN. October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Winning The Electoral College". Fox News. April 27, 2010.
- ^ "roadto270". hosted.ap.org. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "Election 2008: Electoral College Update - Rasmussen Reports". www.rasmussenreports.com. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ Election 2008 Polls - Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
- ^ "Presidential Campaign Finance". Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ "Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Electoral College". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- ^ Kentucky's electors » Archive » Evening News and Tribune
