Toki Pona
Toki Pona | |
---|---|
toki pona | |
Pronunciation | [ˈtoki ˈpona] |
Created by | Sonja Lang |
Date | 2001 |
Setting and usage | Testing principles of minimalism, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis and pidgins |
Users | 500–5000 (2021)[1] |
Purpose | Constructed language, combining elements of the subgenres personal language and philosophical language |
| |
| |
Sources | A posteriori language, with elements of English, Tok Pisin, Finnish, Georgian, Dutch, Acadian French, Esperanto, Serbo-Croatian and Chinese |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | tok |
Glottolog | toki1239 |
IETF | tok |
Toki Pona (/ˈtoʊki ˈpoʊnə/; toki pona,[a] pronounced [ˈtoki ˈpona] ⓘ, translated as 'the language of good') is a philosophical, artistic, constructed language designed for its small vocabulary, simplicity, and ease of acquisition. It was created by Canadian linguist Sonja Lang to simplify her thoughts and communication. The first drafts were published online in 2001, while the complete form was published in the 2014 book Toki Pona: The Language of Good (known as pu). Lang also released a supplementary dictionary, the Toki Pona Dictionary (known as ku), in July 2021, describing the language as used by its community of speakers. In 2024, a third book was released, a Toki Pona adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, written in Sitelen Pona.
Toki Pona is an isolating language with only 14 phonemes and an underlying feature of minimalism. It focuses on simple, near-universal concepts to maximize expression from very few words. In Toki Pona: The Language of Good, Lang presents around 120 words, while the later Toki Pona Dictionary lists 137 "essential" words and a number of less-used ones.[b] Its words are easy to pronounce across language backgrounds, which allows it to serve as a bridge of sorts for people of different cultures. However, it was not created as an international auxiliary language. Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy, the language is designed to help users concentrate on basic things and to promote positive thinking, in accordance with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Despite the small vocabulary, speakers can understand and communicate, mainly relying on context, combinations of words, and expository sentences to express more specific meanings.
After its initial creation, a small community of speakers developed in the early 2000s. While activity mainly takes place online in chat rooms, on social media, and in other online groups, there have been a few organized in-person meetups.
Etymology
[edit]The name of the language has two parts: toki 'language', derived from Tok Pisin tok, which itself comes from English talk; and pona 'good, simple', from Esperanto bona, from Latin bonus.[9][10] The name toki pona therefore means both good language, the language of good and simple language, emphasizing that the language encourages speakers to find joy in simplicity.[11][12][13]
Purpose
[edit]One of the language's main goals is a focus on minimalism.[3] It is designed to express maximal meaning with minimal complexity. Like a pidgin, it focuses on simple concepts and elements that are near-universal among cultures.[14] It has a minimal vocabulary and 14 phonemes devised to be easy to pronounce for speakers of various language backgrounds.[5][2][6][15]
Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy, another goal of Toki Pona is to help its speakers focus on the essentials by reducing complex concepts to basic elements.[5][13] From these simple notions, more complex ideas can be built up by simple combining.[3] This allows the users to see the fundamental nature and effect of the ideas expressed.
On the basis of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which states that a language influences the way its speakers think and behave,[6][13] Toki Pona was designed to induce positive thinking.[16]
Another aim of the language is for the speakers to become aware of the present moment and pay more attention to the surroundings and the words people use.[5] According to its author, it is meant to be "fun and cute".[17]
Although it was not intended as an international auxiliary language,[18] a worldwide online community uses it for communication.[5]
History
[edit]Toki Pona was developed by the Canadian linguist and translator Sonja Lang (formerly Sonja Elen Kisa). Born in 1978 in Moncton, New Brunswick,[19] Lang grew up in a bilingual family; her mother spoke French, and her father spoke English. During and after her high school years, she became fluent in five languages, including Esperanto. Esperanto was the inspiration for her creation of constructed languages.[20]
In 2001, Lang was experiencing depression and started working on Toki Pona as a way to simplify her thoughts.[12] In the same year, an early version of the language was published online, and it quickly gained popularity.[6]
In 2014, Lang released her first book on the language, Toki Pona: The Language of Good, known as pu,[21][22] which features 120 main words, plus 4 words presented as synonyms of these,[11] and provides a completed form of the language based on how Lang used the language at the time.[23][24] In 2016, the book was also published in French.[11]
In 2015, YouTuber jan Misali uploaded a series titled 12 Days of sona pi toki pona, which proved influential[25] and was recommended as a learning tool by Sitelen Sitelen creator Jonathan Gabel.[26]
In 2021, Lang released her second book, Toki Pona Dictionary,[27] known as ku,[28] a comprehensive two-way Toki Pona–English dictionary including more than 11,000 entries detailing the use of the language as she gathered from polls conducted in the ma pona pi toki pona Discord server over a few months.[29] The book presents the original 120 words plus 16 nimi ku suli (lit. 'major dictionary words') as gathered from at least over 40% of respondents. It also contains 45 words given by 40% or less of respondents, referred to as nimi ku pi suli ala (lit. 'minor dictionary words'), sometimes also called nimi ku lili.[7][30][31]
After two failed applications for an ISO 639-3 code, a third request was filed in August 2021, which resulted in the ISO 639-3 code "tok" being adopted in January 2022.[32][33][34]
Toki Pona was the subject of some scientific works,[2][35][36][37][38] and it has also been used for artificial intelligence and software tools,[11] as well as a therapeutic method for eliminating negative thinking by having patients keep track of their thoughts in the language.[6] In 2010 it was chosen for the first version of the vocabulary for the ROILA project. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of an artificial language on the accuracy of machine speech recognition, and it was revealed that the modified vocabulary of Toki Pona significantly outperformed English.[15]
In February of 2024, Lang released the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Toki Pona edition), the first in a planned series of illustrated Sitelen Pona storybooks called su.[39][40]
Phonology and phonotactics
[edit]Phonemic inventory
[edit]Toki Pona has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/),[2][6] shown here with the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. Stress falls on the initial syllable of a word, and it is marked by an increase in loudness, length, or pitch.[41] There are no diphthongs, vowel hiatus, contrasting vowel length, consonant clusters (except those starting with the nasal coda), or tones.[2] Both its sound inventory and phonotactics are compatible with the majority of human languages, and are therefore readily accessible.[23]
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |
Stop | p | t | k |
Fricative | s | ||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a |
Distribution
[edit]The statistical vowel spread is fairly typical when compared with other languages.[2] Counting each root once, 32% of vowels are /a/, 25% are /i/, with /e/ and /o/ a bit over 15% each, and 10% are /u/.[2] The usage frequency in a 10kB sample of texts was slightly more skewed: 34% /a/, 30% /i/, 15% each /e/ and /o/, and 6% /u/.[42]
Of the syllable-initial consonants, /l/ is the most common, at 20% total; /k, s, p/ are over 10%, then the nasals /m, n/ (not counting final n), with the least common, at little more than 5% each, being /t, w, j/. The high frequency of /l/ and low frequency of /t/ is somewhat unusual among the world's languages.[2]
Phonotactics
[edit]The first syllable of a word follows the form (C)V(N), i.e. an optional consonant, a vowel, and an optional final nasal. Subsequent syllables follow the same form, except that the leading consonant is required. Syllables can thus be CV, CVN, V, or VN.[11] As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type, at 75% (counting each root once).[2]
The following sequences are not allowed: */wu, wo, ji, ti/, nor may a syllable's final nasal occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.[2][11]
Proper nouns are usually converted into Toki Pona proper adjectives using a set of guidelines. The native, or even colloquial, pronunciation is used as the basis for the subsequent sound conversion. Thus, England or English become Inli and John becomes San.[43]
-a | -an | -e | -en | -i | -in | -o | -on | -u | -un | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∅- | a | an | e | en | i | in | o | on | u | un |
p- | pa | pan | pe | pen | pi | pin | po | pon | pu | pun |
t- | ta | tan | te | ten | – | – | to | ton | tu | tun |
k- | ka | kan | ke | ken | ki | kin | ko | kon | ku | kun |
m- | ma | man | me | men | mi | min | mo | mon | mu | mun |
n- | na | nan | ne | nen | ni | nin | no | non | nu | nun |
s- | sa | san | se | sen | si | sin | so | son | su | sun |
l- | la | lan | le | len | li | lin | lo | lon | lu | lun |
w- | wa | wan | we | wen | wi | win | – | – | – | – |
j- | ja | jan | je | jen | – | – | jo | jon | ju | jun |
Allophony
[edit]The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant.[2]
Because of its small phoneme inventory, Toki Pona allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.[2]
Writing systems
[edit]Fourteen Latin letters—a, e, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, s, t, u, w—are used to write the language. They have the same values as in the International Phonetic Alphabet:[2] j sounds like English y (as in many Germanic and Slavic languages) and the vowels are like those of Spanish, Modern Greek, or Modern Hebrew. Capital initials are used to mark proper nouns, while Toki Pona roots are always written with lowercase letters, even when they start a sentence.[2][3] Besides the Latin alphabet, which is the most common way of writing the language, many alternative writing systems have been developed for and adapted to Toki Pona.[2] Most successful and widespread are two logographic writing systems, Sitelen Pona and Sitelen Sitelen. Both were included in the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good.[44]
Sitelen Pona
[edit]The Sitelen Pona (lit. 'good/simple writing/drawing')[30] writing system was devised as an alternative writing system by Lang herself, and first published in her book Toki Pona: The Language of Good in 2014.[44] In it each word is represented by its own symbol. It has been described as "a hieroglyphic-like script that makes use of squiggles and other childlike shapes".[45]
Symbols representing a single adjective may be written inside or above the symbol for the preceding word that they modify.[46] The symbol of the language is written in Sitelen Pona,[45] with the symbol (pona) written inside the symbol (toki).
Sitelen Sitelen
[edit]Sitelen Sitelen (lit. 'drawn writing'), also known as sitelen suwi (lit. 'cute writing'),[47] is a writing system created by Jonathan Gabel. This more elaborate non-linear system uses two separate methods to form words: logograms representing words and an alphasyllabary for writing the syllables (especially for proper names). The complex artful designs of the glyphs are chosen to help people who use this writing system to slow down and explore how not only the language but also the method of communication can influence their thinking.[48][47]
Sitelen Sitelen's overall aesthetics are inspired by US west-coast comix artists such as Jim Woodring and US east-coast graffiti artists such as Kenny Scharf. The designs of many individual characters are inspired by characters and principles from various other writing systems, including Egyptian hieroglyphs, Linear B, Chinese characters, Maya script, Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs, Dongba symbols, as well as early Pagan and Christian signs and symbols.[49]
Grammar
[edit]Toki Pona's word order is subject–verb–object.[13] The word li introduces predicates, and the word e introduces direct objects.[50]
A noun is followed by its adjectives. Likewise, a verb is followed by its modifiers.[50]
The position of a word in a sentence determines its role. This allows Toki Pona's limited number of words to serve many purposes.[11] Thus, the word moku when in the verb position means "to eat". But in the noun position, it means "food". As an adjective, it might mean "edible".[13]
Toki Pona has more complicated sentence structures too. Prepositional phrases follow the objects, and la ends a phrase or clause that comes before the subject to add additional context.[11]
Some roots are grammatical particles, while others are content words with lexical meanings. The content words do not fall into well defined parts of speech; rather, they may be used generally as nouns, verbs, modifiers, or interjections depending on context or their position in a phrase.[2][13]
Sentence structures
[edit]A sentence may be an interjection, statement, wish/command, or question.[13]
For example, interjections such as a, ala, ike, jaki, mu, pakala, pona, toki, etc. can stand alone as a sentence.[13]
Statements follow the normal structure of subject-predicate with an optional la phrase at the beginning. The word li precedes the predicate unless the subject is mi or sina.[11] The marker e comes before direct objects. More li and e markers can present more predicates and direct objects respectively. Vocative phrases come before the main sentence and are marked with o at the end of the phrase, after the addressee.[13][11]
In commands, the word o comes before a verb to express a second person command. It can also replace li, or come after the subjects mi or sina, to express wishes.[51]
There are two ways to form yes–no questions in Toki Pona. The first method is to use the "verb ala verb" construction in which ala comes in between a duplicated verb, auxiliary verb, or other predicators.[13] Another way to form a yes–no question is to put anu seme? (lit. 'or what?') after the phrase being inquired about.[52] Questions cannot be made by just putting a question mark at the end of a sentence.
Non-polar questions are formed by replacing the unknown information with the interrogative word seme.[11]
Pronouns
[edit]Toki Pona has four basic pronouns: mi (first person), sina (second person), ona (third person), and ni (demonstrative). Number and gender are not specified by default, but they can be specified with additional modifiers to the pronouns.[53]
Nouns
[edit]With such a small root-word vocabulary, Toki Pona relies heavily on noun phrases, where a noun is modified by a following root, to make more complex meanings. A typical example is combining jan (person) with utala (fight) to make jan utala (fighter, soldier, warrior). ( )
Nouns do not decline according to number. jan can mean person, people, humanity, somebody depending on context.[2]
Toki Pona does not use isolated proper nouns; instead, they must modify a preceding noun. For this reason, they may be called "proper adjectives" or simply "proper words" instead of "proper nouns". For example, names of people and places are used as modifiers of the common roots for "person" and "place", e.g. ma Kanata (lit. 'Canada land') or jan Lisa (lit. 'Lisa person').[2]
Modifiers
[edit]Phrases in Toki Pona are head-initial; modifiers always come after the word that they modify.[13] Therefore, soweli utala (lit. 'animal of fighting'), can be a fighting animal, whereas utala soweli (lit. 'fighting of animal'), can mean animal war.[2]
When a second modifier is added to a phrase, for example jan pona lukin, it modifies all that comes before it, so jan pona mute might mean many good people, with both pona (good) and mute (many) modifying jan (person). The particle pi is placed before two or more modifiers to group them into another phrase that functions as a unit to modify the head: In jan pi pona mute, pona mute as a unit means much goodness, to together mean very good person. mute modifies pona, and pona mute as a whole modifies jan.[2][11]
Demonstratives, numerals, and possessive pronouns come after the head like other modifiers.[2]
Verbs
[edit]Toki Pona does not inflect verbs according to person, tense, mood, or voice, as the language features no inflection whatsoever. Person is indicated by the subject of the verb; time is indicated through context or by a temporal adverb in the sentence.[2]
Prepositions are used in the predicate in place of a regular verb.[50]
Vocabulary
[edit]Toki Pona has around 120 to 137 words.[b] Each is polysemous and covers a range of similar concepts,[54][13] so suli not only means big or long, but also important.[2] Their use relies heavily on context. To express more complex thoughts, the roots can be combined. For example, jan pona can mean friend, although it translates to good person,[12] and telo nasa (lit. 'strange liquid'), could be understood to mean alcohol or alcoholic beverage depending on the context. The verb to teach can be expressed by pana e sona (lit. 'give knowledge').[2] Essentially identical concepts can be described by different words as the choice relies on the speaker's perception and experience.[23]
Colors
[edit]Toki Pona has five words for colors: pimeja (black), walo (white), loje (red), jelo (yellow), and laso (blue and green). Although the simplified conceptualization of colors tends to exclude a number of colors that are commonly expressed in Western languages, speakers sometimes may combine these five words to make more specific descriptions of certain colors. For instance, "purple" may be represented by combining laso and loje. The phrase laso loje means "a reddish shade of blue" and loje laso means "a bluish shade of red".[2]
Numbers
[edit]Toki Pona has words for one (wan), two (tu), and many (mute). In addition, ala can mean zero, although its meaning is no, none, and ale (lit. 'all') can express an infinite or immense amount.[2]
The simplest number system uses these five roots to express any amount necessary. For numbers larger than two, speakers would use mute which means many.[2]
A more complex system expresses larger numbers additively by using phrases such as tu wan for three, tu tu for four, and so on. This feature purposely makes it impractical to communicate large numbers.[18] This system, described in Lang's book, also uses luka (lit. 'hand') to signify five, mute (lit. 'many') to signify twenty, and ale (lit. 'all') to signify hundred. For example, using this structure ale tu would mean 102 and mute mute mute luka luka luka tu wan would signify 78.[55]
Roots history
[edit]Some words have obsolete synonyms. For example, nena replaced kapa (protuberance) early in the language's development for unknown reasons.[56][10] Later, the pronoun ona replaced iki (he, she, it, they), which was sometimes confused with ike (bad).[57] Similarly, ali was added as an alternative to ale (all) to avoid confusion with ala (no, not) among people who reduce unstressed vowels, though both forms are still used.[18]
Originally, oko meant eye and lukin was used as a verb see. In Toki Pona: The Language of Good, the meanings were merged into lukin, oko being the alternative.[58][11]
Words that were simply removed from the lexicon include leko (block, stairs), monsuta (monster, fear), majuna (old), kipisi (cut), and pata (sibling).[56][10] These words were considered outdated because they were not included in the official book.[56] However, oko, leko, monsuta, and kipisi retained enough usage in the community that they were re-included in the lexicon as nimi ku suli in Toki Pona Dictionary.[59]
Besides nena and ona, which replaced existing roots, a few roots were added to the original 118: pan (grain, bread, pasta, rice), esun (market, shop, trade), alasa (hunt, gather), and namako (extra, additional, spice), another word for sin (new, fresh).[4]
Provenance
[edit]Most Toki Pona roots come from English, Tok Pisin, Finnish, Georgian, Dutch, Acadian French, Esperanto, and Serbo-Croatian, with a few from Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese).[9][10][3]
Many of these derivations are transparent. For example, toki (speech, language) is similar to Tok Pisin tok and its English source talk, while pona (good, positive), from Esperanto bona, reflects generic Romance bon, buona, English bonus, etc. However, the changes in pronunciation required by the simple phonetic system often make the origins of other words more difficult to see. The word lape (sleep, rest), for example, comes from Dutch slapen and is cognate with English sleep; kepeken (use) is somewhat distorted from Dutch gebruiken, and akesi from hagedis (lizard) is scarcely recognizable. (Because *ti is an illegal syllable in Toki Pona, Dutch di becomes si.)[9][10]
Although only 14 roots (12%) are listed as derived from English, a large number of the Tok Pisin, Esperanto, and other roots are transparently cognate with English, raising the English-friendly portion of the vocabulary to about 30%. The portions of the lexicon from other languages are 15% Tok Pisin, 14% Finnish, 14% Esperanto, 12% Serbo-Croatian, 10% Acadian French, 9% Dutch, 8% Georgian, 5% Mandarin, 3% Cantonese; one root each from Welsh, Tongan (an English borrowing) and Akan, four phonesthetic roots (two which are found in English, one from Japanese, and one which was made up); and one other made-up root (the grammatical particle e).[9]
Signed Toki Pona and luka pona
[edit]Signed Toki Pona, or toki pona luka, is a manually coded form of Toki Pona. Each word and letter has its own sign, which is distinguished by the handshape, location of the hand on the body, palm or finger orientation, and the usage of one or both hands. Most signs are performed with the right hand at the required location. A few signs, however, are performed with both hands in a symmetrical way. To form a sentence, each of the signs is performed using the grammar and word order of Toki Pona.[58]
A more naturalistic constructed sign language called luka pona also exists, and is more widely used in the Toki Pona community than toki pona luka. It is a separate language with its own grammar, but has a vocabulary that generally parallels Toki Pona. luka pona's signs have increased iconicity as compared to toki pona luka, and many signs are loan-words from natural sign languages. Its grammar is subject-object-verb, and, like natural sign languages, it makes use of classifier constructions and signing space.[60][61] In Toki Pona Dictionary, Sonja Lang recommends learning luka pona instead of toki pona luka.[62]
Community
[edit]The language is fairly well known among Esperantists, who often offer courses and conversation groups at their meetups.[2] In 2007, Lang said that at least 100 people speak Toki Pona fluently and estimated that a few hundred have a basic knowledge of the language.[6][63] One-hour courses of Toki Pona were taught on various occasions by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during their Independent Activities Period.[6]
The language is used mainly online on social media, in forums, and other online groups.[63] Users of the language are spread out across multiple platforms. A Yahoo! group existed from about 2002 to 2009, when it moved to a forum on a phpBB site.[64][65] For a short time there was a Wikipedia written in Toki Pona (called lipu Wikipesija). It was closed in 2005[66] and moved to Wikia/Fandom, and then moved from Fandom to an independent website on 23 April 2021.[67][68][69]
The largest groups exist on Facebook, Discord, and Reddit. Two large groups exist on Facebook: one designated for conversation in Toki Pona and English, and the other for conversation in only Toki Pona.[70] The former of the two is the more popular.
Memrise has user-created materials for learning Toki Pona.[71]
In-person meetups have been organized by the community, including in Vienna,[72] Maastricht,[73] and Berlin.[74]
Literature
[edit]There are few published books and many other works in Toki Pona. Most of the published works are language-learning books for beginners like akesi seli lili and meli olin moli. Many other works are translations of original literature in other languages.[1]
Starting in 2020, a group has been working on and publishing a zine in Toki Pona called lipu tenpo (lit. 'book of time'), and it is officially registered as a zine in the United Kingdom.[75][76][1]
Sample texts
[edit]tenpo li lili
[edit]An original poem about time by jan Jasun, which won first place in a 2023 poetry contest.[78]
ona li wawa li lawa li tawa
ali la ona li ken awen ala
ona li mute li suli li lon
li kama e moli
li weka e kon
tenpo
li lili
e musi e mi
e ken pali ali pi jan pali ni
tenpo li moku e tenpo mi sona
mi wile e tenpo tan wile mi pona
jan Sitata (excerpt)
[edit]The opening lines of jan Sitata by jan Kala,[79] a 2022 Toki Pona translation of the novel Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse, follow below. The text uses interpuncts as markers for end of the sentence.
jan Sitata li sama waso alasa li pona lukin li jan lili pi jan sona sewi · ona en jan sama Kowinta pi jan sona sewi ante li kama suli lon pimeja tomo, lon suno pi telo linja, lon poka pi tomo tawa telo, lon pimeja pi ma kasi Sawa, lon pimeja pi kasi kili · jan Sitata li lon telo la ona li pana sewi li telo e sijelo kepeken nasin sewi · suno li pimeja lili e selo walo ona · jan Sitata li lon ma kasi kili la kasi li pimeja e lukin ona · ona li musi li kute e kalama pi mama meli ona · ona li nasin sewi li kute e toki pi mama sona ona ·
Back-translation in English:
Siddhartha was like a bird of prey, handsome, and the child of a religious scholar. He and his fellow Govinda, who was from another religious scholar, grew up in the shade of the house, in the sun of the river, near the boats, in the shade of the Salwald forest, in the shade of the fruit tree. When Siddhartha was in the water, he gave sacred offerings and washed himself in the holy manner. The sun tanned his pale skin. When Siddhartha was in the fruit tree grove, the trees shaded his eyes. He played, and heard the song of his mother. He followed the sacred ways, and listened to the teachings of his learned father.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ When writing in Toki Pona, capital letters are used only for proper names, such as the names of people.[2][3]
- ^ a b Prior to the publication of Toki Pona: The Language of Good, the language grew to 118 words.[4] Between then and the publication of Toki Pona Dictionary, varying counts were given for the number of words in the former (nimi pu, lit. 'words of the official Toki Pona book'), ranging between 120 and 125.[2][5][6] The Toki Pona Dictionary added 16 new "essential" words (nimi ku suli, lit. 'important dictionary words'),[7] and states on its back cover that there are a total of 137.[8] It also includes several less-used words (nimi ku pi suli ala or nimi ku lili, lit. 'dictionary words of little importance').
References
[edit]- ^ a b c van der Meulen, Spencer; et al. (Toki Pona community). "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Blahuš, Marek (November 2011). Fiedler, Sabine (ed.). "Toki Pona: eine minimalistische Plansprache" [Toki Pona: A Minimalistic Planned Language] (PDF). Interlinguistische Informationen (in German). 18. Berlin: 51–55. ISSN 1432-3567. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Rogers, Steven D. (2011). "Part I: Made-Up Languages – Toki pona". A Dictionary of Made-Up Languages. United States of America: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1440528170.
- ^ a b "Classic Word List (Improved!)". tokipona.net. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Morin, Roc (15 July 2015). "How to Say (Almost) Everything in a Hundred-Word Language". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Roberts, Siobhan (9 July 2007). "Canadian has people talking about lingo she created". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ a b Lang 2021, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Lang 2021, back cover.
- ^ a b c d "Toki Pona word origins". tokipona.org. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "nimi ale pona (2nd ed.)". 8 October 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fabbri, Renato (July 2018). "Basic concepts and tools for the Toki Pona minimal and constructed language". ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing. arXiv:1712.09359.
- ^ a b c "Babel's modern architects". Los Angeles Times. 24 August 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tomaszewski, Zach (11 December 2012). "A Formal Grammar for Toki Pona" (PDF). University of Hawai‘i. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 9.
- ^ a b Mubin, Omar; Bartneck, Christoph; Feijs, Loe (2010). "Towards the Design and Evaluation of ROILA: A Speech Recognition Friendly Artificial Language". Advances in Natural Language Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. LNCS 6233/2010. pp. 250–256. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.6679. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14770-8_28. ISBN 978-3-642-14769-2 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Malmkjær, Kirsten (2010). "Artificial languages". The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 9780415424325. OCLC 656296619.
- ^ Okrent, Arika (2009). "The Klingons, the Conlangers, and the Art of Language – 26. The Secret Vice". In the Land of Invented Languages. New York: Spiegel & Grau. ISBN 978-0-385-52788-0.
- ^ a b c Yerrick, Damian (23 October 2002). "Toki Pona li pona ala pona? A review of Sonja Kisa's constructed language Toki Pona". Pin Eight. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
- ^ "3-60 - Toki Pona". en.tokipona.org. 15 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ "AFP 20 - Sonja Lang: Toki Pona, Conlanging, meaning of life". Actual Fluency. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2021a, p. 3.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 25.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Simon (27 March 2018). "Exploring Toki Pona: do we need more than 120 words?". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 7.
- ^ "Results of the 2022 Toki Pona census". Toki Pona census. 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
- ^ Gabel, Jonathan (2021). "toki pona". jonathangabel.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ Lang 2021, p. 2.
- ^ Lang 2021, p. 108.
- ^ Lang 2021, p. 17.
- ^ a b Coluzzi, Paolo (3 June 2022). "How learning Toki Pona may help improving communication strategies in a foreign or second language". Language Problems and Language Planning. 46 (1). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 78–98. doi:10.1075/lplp.00086.col. S2CID 249350572.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2021c, p. 3.
- ^ "Change Request Documentation: 2021-043". SIL International ISO 639-3. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2022a, p. 2.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2023a, p. 6.
- ^ Cerino Jiménez, Rigoberto; Pinto Avendaño, David Eduardo; Vergara Limon, Sergio (17 June 2023). "Pictographic Representation of the Toki Pona Language for Use in Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems". Computación y Sistemas (in Spanish). 27 (2). doi:10.13053/cys-27-2-4418. ISSN 2007-9737.
- ^ Baggetto, Pablo; López, Damián; Larriba, Antonio M. (2023). "Study and Automatic Translation of Toki Pona". In Pertusa, Antonio; Gallego, Antonio Javier; Sánchez, Joan Andreu; Domingues, Inês (eds.). Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 14062. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 654–664. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36616-1_52. ISBN 978-3-031-36616-1.
- ^ Coluzzi, Paolo (8 August 2024). "Esperanto, Klingon and Toki Pona: evaluating non-speaker perceptions of the orthographic and phonological characteristics of three popular constructed languages". International Journal of Multilingualism: 1–16. doi:10.1080/14790718.2024.2384593 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- ^ Kitano, Magda (1 August 2024). "Teaching Toki Pona in Japan". JALT Postconference Publication. 2023 (1): 245–252. doi:10.37546/jaltpcp2023-27.
- ^ "Toki Pona (official site)". tokipona.org. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2024a, pp. 3, 6.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 13.
- ^ "Phoneme frequency table / Ofteco de fonemoj". lipu pi toki pona pi jan Jakopo. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007.
- ^ Lang, Sonja. Knight, Bryant (ed.). "Phonetic conversion of proper names". lipu pi jan Pije. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ a b Lang 2014, p. 96.
- ^ a b "Toki Pona – The language of good". Smith Journal. Melbourne, Australia. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 119.
- ^ a b Gabel, Jonathan (20 October 2019). "Lesson 1: Welcome". Jonathan Gabel. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 66.
- ^ Gabel, Jonathan (2021). "sitelen sitelen acknowledgements and etymology". Jonathan Gabel. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
- ^ a b c "3. Toki Pona Text – Grammar and Vocabulary". Language Creation Society. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 34.
- ^ Lang 2014, p. 28.
- ^ Martin, Matthew (11 September 2007). "Toki Pona: Pronouns unleashed". My Suburban Destiny. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ Sinyashchik, Anna (3 January 2018). Коротко и ясно. Как искусственный язык учит фокусироваться на главном [Briefly and Clearly. How an Artificial Language Teaches to Focus on What's Important]. Фокус (Focus) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
- ^ "Numbers". tokipona.net. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Knight, Bryant (31 August 2017). "Extinct words". lipu pi jan Pije. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2023a, p. 2.
- ^ a b Lang 2014, p. 134.
- ^ Lang 2021, p. 22.
- ^ "luka pona li seme?". lukapona.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2021a, p. 4.
- ^ Lang 2021, p. 11.
- ^ a b Marsh, Stefanie (6 September 2007). "Now you're really speaking my language". The Times. London, England. p. 2.
- ^ Martin, Matthew (11 March 2018). "Conlang SE". Fake languages by a fake linguist. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ "tokipona Toki Pona". Yahoo! Groups. 20 October 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ van Steenbergen, Jan (2018). "A new era in the history of language invention" (PDF). Linguapax Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ "lipu open". Wikipesija. 23 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2021b, p. 2.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2023c, p. 5.
- ^ Knežević, Nenad (2018). "Constructed languages in the whirlwind of the digital revolution". Језик, књижевност и технологија (Jezik, književnost i tehnologija) / Language, Literature and Technology: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, 19–20 May 2017. Алфа БК универзитет (Alfa BK univerzitet): 16. ISBN 978-86-6461-023-0 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Bramley, Ellie Violet (8 January 2015). "What happened when I tried to learn Toki Pona in 48 hours using memes". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
Only around 100 people in the world understand this language. This is Toki Pona, created in 2001 by Sonja Lang, a Toronto-based linguist, and I'm one of a group of 17 who recently took on a challenge to learn it in 48 hours. [...] To attempt it, we gathered in the East London warehouse that is the head office of Memrise, an online platform for language-learning.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2022b, p. 2.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2023b, p. 2.
- ^ lipu tenpo 2024b, p. 3.
- ^ "jan pali". lipu tenpo. kulupu pi lipu tenpo. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ "ISSN 2752-4639 (Online)". portal.issn.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ "lipu lawa pi esun kama". jonathangabel.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ jan Jasun (2023). "tenpo li lili". utala musi pi ma pona. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ^ Hesse, Hermann (2022). "jan lili pi jan sona sewi". jan Sitata. Translated by jan Kala.
Publications
[edit]- Lang, Sonja (2014). Toki Pona: The Language of Good. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292300. OCLC 921253340.
- Lang, Sonja (2016). Toki Pona : la langue du bien [Toki Pona: The Language of Good] (in French). Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292355.
- Lang, Sonja (2021). Toki Pona: Die Sprache des Guten [Toki Pona: The Language of Good] (in German). Translated by Strake, Julius (published 1 December 2021). ISBN 979-8770755251.
- Lang, Sonja (2022). Tokipono: La lingvo de bono [Toki Pona: The Language of Good] (in Esperanto). Translated by van der Meulen, Spencer. Tawhid (published 1 October 2022). ISBN 978-0978292355.
- Lang, Sonja (2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362.
- Lang, Sonja (2024). The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Toki Pona ed.). Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. ISBN 978-0-9782923-7-9.
- "nanpa akesi". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 1 February 2021. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- "nanpa pan". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 2 June 2021. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- "nanpa suno". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 2 August 2021. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- "nanpa nimi". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 10 March 2022. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- "nanpa kulupu". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 17 October 2022. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- "nanpa tu". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 6 February 2023. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- "nanpa ma". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 24 August 2023. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- "nanpa sin". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 1 November 2023. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- "nanpa kalama". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 20 March 2024. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- "nanpa lawa". lipu tenpo (in Toki Pona). 7 September 2024. ISSN 2752-4639. Archived from the original on 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- Cárdenas, Eliazar Parra (2013). Toki pona en 76 ilustritaj lecionoj [Toki Pona in 76 illustrated lessons] (in Esperanto). Translated by Blahuš, Marek. Partizánske, Slovakia: Espero. ISBN 978-80-89366-20-0.
- Toki Pona Stories: akesi seli lili [The Little Dragon]. 2020. ISBN 979-8637271252.
- Samys, Ret (6 September 2021). ma pi kulupu tu [The Land of Two Peoples] (in German). Berlin, Germany: Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ISBN 9783754161654. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- Samys, Ret (6 September 2021). ma pi kulupu tu [The Land of Two Peoples]. Berlin, Germany: Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ISBN 9783754161647. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
External links
[edit]- Official website
- Official Toki Pona dictionary from The Language of Good
- lipu Wikipesija, a wiki-based encyclopedia written in Toki Pona
- sona pona, a wiki about Toki Pona