Territory of Orleans

Territory of Orleans
Organized incorporated territory of United States
1804–1812
Coat of arms
The Territory of Orleans in 1804, with disputed territories shown in red
Government
• Type	Organized incorporated territory
Governor
• 1804–1812	William C. C. Claiborne
Secretary
• 1804–1807	James Brown
• 1807–1811	Thomas Bolling Robertson
History
• Established	1 October 1804
• Statehood	30 April 1812
Preceded by Succeeded by Louisiana Purchase Republic of West Florida Louisiana
Today part of	United States

The Territory of Orleans or Orleans Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from October 1, 1804, until April 30, 1812, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Louisiana.

History

In 1804, all of the Louisiana Purchase acquired the previous year of 1803 for $15 million dollars from the First French Empire (France) of the Emperor Napoleon I / Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821, ruled 1799/1804-1815), and south of the 33rd parallel became the Orleans Territory (1804-1812), and the remainder to the north and northwest became the short-lived District of Louisiana (1804-1805). This District of Louisiana was later renamed the Louisiana Territory (1805-1812); and still later, when the Orleans Territory further south became the newly admitted 18th State of Louisiana admitted to the federal Union in April 1812. The remaining expansive Louisiana Territory in the north from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, was then renamed by the United States Congress as the Missouri Territory (1812-1821), with its territorial capital city, courthouse and small elected legislature / presidential appointee governor, further north upstream on the Mississippi River's west bank of the old 18th century French trading post, now bustling river port town at St. Louis.

The Organic Act of 1804, for the Territory passed on March 26 for a October 1 implementation seven months later, also created the United States District Court for the District of Orleans—the only time that the U.S. Congress has ever provided a federal territory with a United States district court equal in its authority and jurisdiction to those of the original states of the federal Union. Congress also established the Superior Court for the Territory of Orleans whose three judges were the highest-level territorial court.

On April 10, 1805, the Orleans Territorial Legislature meeting in New Orleans, organized 12 counties (starting from the southeast corner moving west and north): Orleans, Lafourche, German Coast, Acadia, Iberville, Attakapas, Pointe Coupée, Opelousas, Rapides, Concordia, Natchitoches, and Ouachita. These were replaced in 1807 by 19 civil parishes.

The area that later became known as the Florida Parishes on across and on east side of the Mississippi River were not included in the original boundaries of the Orleans Territory at this time, as it was still in the Royal Spanish territory of West Florida along the Gulf of Mexico coast. This area was later however formally appended seven years later to the territory on April 14, 1812, after having been annexed forcibly by the U.S. in 1810, although Spain did not formally relinquish any of West Florida until nine years later by treaty in 1821. The western boundary with Spanish Texas was also not fully defined until the Adams–Onís Treaty was negotiated in 1819. A strip of disputed land known as the Sabine Free State just east of the Sabine River served as a neutral ground / buffer area also from about 1807 until the Adams-Onis treaty took effect after ratification by both nations 14 years later in 1821.

The Orleans Territory was the site of the largest slave revolt in American history, known as the 1811 German Coast Uprising.

In the 1810 United States census, the first of the constitutionally-mandated decennial censuses to be applied to and taken in Louisiana and New Orleans, the designated 20 parishes in the Orleans Territory reported the following population counts:

Rank	County	Population
1	Orleans	24,552
2	St. Martin	7,369
3	St. Landry	5,048
4	Pointe Coupee	4,539
5	St. James	3,955
6	St. Charles	3,291
7	St. John the Baptist	2,990
8	Concordia	2,895
9	Natchitoches	2,870
10	Iberville	2,679
11	Assumption	2,472
12	Ascension	2,219
13	Rapides	2,200
14	Lafourche	1,995
15	Plaquemines	1,549
16	West Baton Rouge	1,463
17	Avoyelles	1,209
18	Catahoula	1,164
19	Ouachita	1,077
20	St. Bernard	1,020
	Orleans Territory	76,556

Colonial map showing territorial border on the Ouachita RIver

Leaders and representatives

William C. C. Claiborne was appointed Governor of the Orleans Territory; he held this position throughout the territorial period. Later he became the first Governor of the state of Louisiana.

There were two Territorial Secretaries, James Brown (1804–1807) and Thomas B. Robertson (1807–1811). Daniel Clark became the first Territorial Delegate to the U.S. Congress, in December 1806. Judge Dominic Augustin Hall was the U.S. District Judge of the Territory.

Judges of the Superior Court were John Bartow Prevost (1804–1808), Ephraim Kirby (1804) (died en route to New Orleans), Peter Stephen Du Ponceau (1804) (declined President Thomas Jefferson's appointment), William Sprigg (1805–1807), George Mathews, Jr. (1805–1813), Joshua Lewis (1807–1813), and Francois Xavier Martin (1810–1813).

At its first meeting on December 3, 1804, the territory's Legislative Council consisted of Julien de Lallande Poydras, William Kenner, John Watkins, William Wikoff, Benjamin Morgan, Eugene Dorcier, and George Pollock.

See also

• Historic regions of the United States
• Territorial evolution of the United States
• History of Louisiana
• List of parishes in Louisiana
• Florida Parishes
• Spanish West Florida
• Orleans Territory's at-large congressional district
• United States District Court for the District of Orleans
• United States District Court for the District of Louisiana
• United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana

Further reading

• Julien Vernet, Strangers on Their Native Soil: Opposition to United States' Governance in Louisiana's Orleans Territory, 1803–1809. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2013.

External links

• The Political Graveyard Secretaries of Orleans Territory