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Time zone Standard Time Daylight Time
New Zealand UTC+12:00 UTC+13:00
Chatham Islands UTC+12:45 UTC+13:45
The current time in New Zealand (main islands) is: 22:21, 14 December 2024
The current time in the Chatham Islands is: 23:06, 14 December 2024
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Standard time zones of the world

Time in New Zealand, by law, is divided into two standard time zones. The main islands use New Zealand Standard Time (NZST), 12 hours in advance of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) / military M (Mike),[1] while the outlying Chatham Islands use Chatham Standard Time (CHAST), 12 hours 45 minutes in advance of UTC / military M^ (Mike-Three).[1][2]

During summer months—from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April—daylight saving time is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT) is 13 hours ahead of UTC, and Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) 13 hours 45 minutes ahead.[3]

New Zealand dependencies, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau, use several different times zones at their own discretion.

History

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On 2 November 1868, New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed nationally, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on longitude 172° 30′ East of Greenwich, 11+1⁄2 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).[4] This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time (NZMT).[5]

In 1941, during the Second World War, clocks were advanced half an hour, making New Zealand 12 hours ahead of GMT. This change was made permanent from 1946 by the Standard Time Act 1945,[6] at which the time at the 180°E meridian was made the basis for New Zealand Time.[7] NZST remained half an hour ahead of NZMT, and the Chatham Islands 45 minutes ahead of NZST.

The use of atomic clocks, which can measure time extremely accurately, led to the adoption of UTC. This was incorporated into New Zealand law in 1974.

In the late 1940s the atomic clock was developed and several laboratories began atomic time scales. A new time scale known as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) was adopted internationally in 1972.[8] This was based on the readings of atomic clocks, updated periodically in accordance with time variations in the Earth's rotation by the addition or deletion of seconds (called leap seconds). The Time Act 1974 defines New Zealand Standard Time as 12 hours in advance of UTC.[9]

In 2011, the New Zealand dependency of Tokelau moved its time zone forward by 24 hours, by skipping 30 December.[10]

Daylight saving time (DST)

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Starting in 1909, the Honourable Sir Thomas Kay Sidey annually put forward a bill to advance the clocks an hour from September to the following March and The Summer Time Act 1927 succeeded: first Sunday in November to the first Sunday in March. This proved unpopular so The Summer Time Act 1928 revised this to a half-hour shift from 14 October 1928 (second Sunday) to 17 March 1929 (third Sunday), then The Summer Time Act 1929 fixed this half-hour shift to run from the second Sunday in October to the third Sunday in March. In 1933, the period was extended from the first Sunday in September to the last Sunday in April. This continued until the Second World War, when emergency regulations in 1941 extended daylight saving to cover the whole year with annual re-applications until the Standard Time Act of 1945 made the abandonment of NZMT permanent in 1946, so that 180° becomes the base longitude and what was called NZ Summer Time (NZST) became NZ Standard Time.

The Time Act 1974 empowered the Governor-General to declare by Order in Council a period when daylight saving time is to be observed.[9] This was a one-hour shift (on top of the earlier half hour shift) from the first Sunday in November to the last Sunday in February, promptly changed the next year by The New Zealand Time Order 1975 which fixed the period of observance from the last Sunday in October to the first Sunday in March.

In 1985 a comprehensive survey was undertaken by the Department of Internal Affairs. Public attitudes towards NZDT (New Zealand Daylight Time) and its effects on work, recreation and particular groups of people in society were surveyed. The survey indicated that 76.2% of the population wanted NZDT either continued or extended.[11]

The strongest opposition to DST has traditionally come from dairy farmers[12] due to disrupted schedules and shorter working times.

The survey also concluded that opinion on the topic differed little between sexes, and that support for NZDT was generally higher in urban centres. Daylight saving was famously opposed in the small Northland dairy farming community of Ararua,[12] which refused to adjust its clocks for some years. Support for shortening or abolishing NZDT was always in the minority in the areas surveyed.

As a consequence of the survey and further feedback from the public, in 1988 the Minister of Internal Affairs arranged for a trial period of extended NZDT to be held from the second Sunday in October 1989 to the third Sunday in March 1990. The Minister invited the public to write to him with their views on the five-week extension.[11]

The Daylight Time Order 1990 declared that NZDT would run from 2 am NZST on the first Sunday in October to 3 am NZDT on the third Sunday in March.[6]

On 30 April 2007 the government announced that it had extended the daylight saving period from 24 to 27 weeks.[13] From September 2007, daylight saving is now observed from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April. From 30 April 2007, DST begins at 02:00 NZST on the last Sunday in September each year, and ends at 03:00 NZDT (or 02:00 NZST as defined in the Time Act 1974) on the first Sunday in April.

New Zealand time, including DST, is used by several Antarctic bases that are supplied from New Zealand. This results in the oddity that the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station sets its clocks an hour further ahead during the southern summer, when the sun is constantly above the horizon, than in the southern winter, when the sun is constantly below the horizon. The extreme geographic position of the base means that no possible adjustment of the daily activity cycle can have any effect on the amount of sunlight received during those activities. However, the arrangement presumably makes real time communications with New Zealand more practical, particularly in dealing with offices.

The New Zealand dependencies of Cook Islands, Tokelau and Niue do not maintain DST. Two of them are the other side of the International Date Line and have 22–24 hours time difference to New Zealand.

Standards

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New Zealand standard time is maintained by the Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), part of Industrial Research Limited (IRL). New Zealand standard time is based on Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC (MSL) is kept within 200 nanoseconds of the international atomic time scale maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris.[8]

It is disseminated by various means, including time pips broadcast on Radio New Zealand,[14], speaking clock and Network Time Protocol.[15]

Dependencies and associated states

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Time zone Standard Time Daylight Time
Tokelau UTC+13:00
Cook Islands UTC−10:00
Niue UTC−11:00
Ross Dependency UTC+12:00 UTC+13:00

There are dependencies of New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean, in three different time zones, two of them on the other side of the International Date Line:

  • The Cook Islands are in the UTC−10:00 time zone /Military W (Whiskey)[1] and do not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in the Cook Islands are 22 or 23 hours behind New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is 1 pm or 2 pm on Wednesday in the Cook Islands.
  • Niue is in the UTC−11:00 time zone /Military X (X-ray)[1] and does not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in Niue are 23 or 24 hours behind New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is noon or 1 pm on Wednesday in Niue.
  • Tokelau is in the UTC+13:00 time zone[16] /Military M′ (Mike Prime)[1] and does not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in Tokelau are set to the same time as or 1 hour ahead of New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is noon or 1 pm on Thursday in Tokelau.

The Ross Dependency, McMurdo Station and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica maintain NZST/NZDT.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Military time zone chart of the World". www.worldtimezone.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  2. ^ "Time Act 1974". New Zealand Legislation. 30 March 1987. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  3. ^ "New Zealand Daylight Time Order 2007 (SR 2007/185) (as at 06 July 2007) – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  4. ^ "Evening Post — 8 April 1929 — OUR TIME". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  5. ^ Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1869. p. 48.
  6. ^ a b "Daylight Saving History". www.dia.govt.nz. The Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  7. ^ "Standard Time Act 1945 (9 GEO VI 1945 No 15)". www.nzlii.org. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  8. ^ a b "COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) (CCTF/09-32)" (PDF). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. p. 3. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Time Act 1974 No 39 (as at 30 March 1987), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  10. ^ "Tokelau to follow Samoa on dateline switch". Radio New Zealand International. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  11. ^ a b Pearce, Chris (6 April 2017). "The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy". Australian eBook Publisher. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Ararua time". Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  13. ^ "Daylight Saving". The Department of Internal Affairs.
  14. ^ "Radio New Zealand's pips are being fixed". Radio New Zealand. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  15. ^ "Time and Frequency Standards Services". Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand. MSL. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  16. ^ Tokelau in wrong time zone?, Time zone database.
  17. ^ "Time Zones in Antarctica". Retrieved 4 May 2017.
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Category:Standards of New Zealand

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