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Storer Communications, known from 1927 to 1952 as the Fort Industry Company and from 1952 to 1983 as Storer Broadcasting, was an American media company that owned television and radio stations and cable television systems. Founded by George B. Storer and J. Harold Ryan as the Fort Industry Oil Company in Toledo, Ohio, the company's focus quickly shifted to radio ownership, particularly in Ohio, Michigan and West Virginia. Fort Industry added television stations to their portfolio, adopted the Storer name in 1952, and eventually owned multiple key affiliates of the CBS television network. Storer also acquired a reputation for selling smaller stations in order to purchase larger ones, particularly after the company reached then-existent ownership limits. The company also owned Northeast Airlines from 1965 to 1972, and the Boston Bruins from 1973 to 1975. A reorientation towards cable television led Storer to divest their radio holdings between 1979 and 1981.

The company was broken up after being taken private by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1985. The cable companies were gradually dissolved into TCI and Comcast, while the television stations were sold to George N. Gillett Jr. in 1987 and folded into New World Communications in 1993.

History

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Origins

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George B. Storer

George B. Storer's corporate life began in 1920, when, while still a student of Cornell University, he took over Standard Steel Tube in Toledo, Ohio, following the death of his father.[1] Standard Steel Tube merged into the Elyria Iron and Steel Company in 1925, with Storer as vice-president of manufacturing; it became part of Republic Steel, where Storer became vice president.[2][3] Between 1925 and 1928, Storer and brother-in-law J. Harold Ryan built thirteen service stations for Speedene brand gasoline in the Toledo and Cleveland areas.[4][5] Unlike most service stations in operation, these were built next to railroad siding and had large adjacent fuel tanks filled directly from tank cars, which bypassed the cost of trucking gasoline; the resulting savings were passed down to the customer.[4] In 1927, Storer and Ryan founded the Fort Industry Oil Company to manage these stations.[5]

Storer decided to buy advertising on Toledo radio station WTAL for the service stations, which were shut out of newspapers by the influential petroleum industry.[2] Storer's interest in radio dated back to 1912, when—inspired by the sinking of the Titanic that increased awareness of wireless radio[1]—he listened to activity over a ham radio and experimented with a transmitter, both home-built.[6] Learning about WTAL's existing financial issues, Storer decided to buy the station for $3,500,[7] thinking it would be more cost-effective than merely advertising.[1][8] WTAL was renamed WSPD on February 20, 1928,[9] derived from Speedene,[5] and became the eighth affiliate for the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS).[2] WSPD's studios were moved to the Hotel Commodore Perry, which also housed the corporate offices for Fort Industry.[10] Storer took an executive role with Detroit–based American Metal Products in 1928, which contracted with Ford Motor Company, and within a year turned a $650,000 profit; renamed Standard Tube, Storer oversaw this company and Ryan oversaw Fort Industry.[2][11]

Detroit CBS affiliate WGHP[2] was purchased in 1928[4][5] at the recommendation of network executive J. Andrew White.[12] Fort Industry sold the station in 1930 to theater owners John H. Kunsky and George W. Trendle,[13] who relaunched it as WXYZ.[14] The Wall Street crash of 1929, coupled with price wars at the Speedene gas stations due to stiffened competition, resulted in radio becoming a standout for Fort Industry.[15]

Focusing on radio

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Recognizing the newfound enthusiasm in broadcasting, Fort Industry sold its oil interests in May 1931 to Standard Oil of Ohio, deleting "oil" from the company name.[4] That same year, Fort Industry bought WWVA in Wheeling, West Virginia:[1][5] referred by Storer as "our one-station network", WWVA joined CBS and became renowned for the Wheeling Jamboree.[16] By 1941, WWVA was upgraded to 50,000 watts.[17] Storer and Ryan were involved with the June 1932 establishment of Windsor, Ontario, station CHOK,[5] serving at the CBS affiliate for both it and Detroit,[18] but Canadian Radio League chairman Graham Spry protested CHOK's license renewal and requested an inquiry into the station's foreign ownership.[19] CHOK was consolidated with London, Ontario, station CJGC in April 1933 to form CKLW, without Storer and Ryan's direct involvement.[20] Storer retained a minority stake in CKLW until selling it in 1936 under pressure from Canadian regulators; by then, Fort Industry had also become a nominal investor in Seattle station KIRO.[18] WMMN in Fairmont, West Virginia, was acquired in 1935[5][21] and also became a CBS affiliate.[22] WBLY in Lima, Ohio, was purchased in 1937[23] and renamed WLOK in 1939;[24] the "OK" was derived from the former CHOK calls.[25]

Storer was involved in the operations of the American Broadcasting System, one of several attempts in the early 1930s for a third commercial radio network to compete against CBS and the "Red" and "Blue" networks of NBC.[26][27] Launched in October 1934, WMCA in New York City was the initial flagship of a chain of twenty-four stations largely concentrated on the East Coast, but after Storer and WMCA failed to reach a long-term arrangement,[28] WNEW became the new flagship[29] and the network was reorganized as the American Broadcasting Company,[30][a] with Arde Bulova as an investor.[32] Despite well-received programming and news coverage, this network lost considerable sums of money heightened by the Great Depression,[2] dropped all but ten affiliates on March 5, 1935,[33][34] and ceased operations entirely by March 26.[35]

Fort Industry became part of a complicated 1934 relocation request for WALR in Zanesville, Ohio, to Toledo. While the proposal had the new Toledo station running under nominally separate ownership,[36] Fort Industry was revealed to be a stockholder and was thought could exercise control over the station.[37] Denied the request in 1937,[38] Fort Industry became a majority investor in WALR through West Virginia Broadcasting—the licensee for WWVA and WMMN—and renamed it WHIZ in 1939,[39] concurrent with the station joining NBC Radio.[40]

Atlanta radio station WAGA was purchased in April 1940 through an all-stock transaction; Storer intended to establish a secondary residence in the city.[41] WFTL, licensed to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was acquired in 1944 as Fort Industry's seventh radio station[42] and moved to Miami outright;[43] the call sign was changed in 1945 to WGBS, bearing Storer's initials.[44] Storer, who also served as a procurement officer for the war effort, had a residence in nearby Surfside.[42] By 1947, WGBS, WWVA and WAGA entered into a group affiliation deal with CBS.[45][46] WJBK in Detroit was purchased in August 1946;[47] Fort Industry owned a minority stake in the station since 1933.[22] Regulatory approval took nearly one year and required the sale of WHIZ to the Littick family.[39][48] Fort Industry also sold off their minority stake in KIRO to Washington governor Monrad Wallgren.[49]

Expansion into television

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In 1948, Fort Industry entered the television market, launching WSPD-TV in Toledo on July 21, 1948.[50] This was followed by WJBK-TV in Detroit on October 24, 1948,[51] and WAGA-TV in Atlanta on March 8, 1949.[52] Fort Industry also sought a television station in Wheeling, first filing for the channel 7 allocation, then pursued channel 9 in nearby Steubenville, Ohio, after the FCC instituted "a freeze" on new license permits.[53] WLOK and WLOK-FM were sold to Lloyd Pixley in 1951[54] so Fort Industry could purchase WSAI and WSAI-FM in Cincinnati;[55] the WSAI stations were then sold off in 1953 to complete the purchase of WBRC and WBRC-TV in Birmingham, Alabama.[56] KABC in San Antonio was also purchased in 1953, pairing it with KEYL, which Fort Industry purchased two years earlier;[57] WMMN was sold off to People's Broadcasting.[21] KABC and KEYL were then renamed KGBS and KGBS-TV.[58] The corporate name changed from Fort Industry to the Storer Broadcasting Company in May 1952, reflecting a complete break from the company's industrial origins.[59]

The company acquired the Empire Coil Company, a manufacturer of coils and transformers for radios and the owner of WXEL in Cleveland and KPTV (channel 27) in Portland, Oregon, for $8.5 million in January 1954;[60] the purchase came after Empire's dispersal of KCTY, a failed UHF station in Kansas City, Missouri.[61] KGBS and KGBS-TV were spun off to accommodate the purchase.[62] Empire's factory in New Rochelle, New York, remained active until Storer closed it in 1955,[63] having failed to turn a profit.[64] WJW radio was subsequently purchased[65] and paired with WXEL, which was renamed WJW-TV in 1956.[66] KPTV only had 38 percent of the market's television viewers able to receive the station clearly despite substantial capital improvements, characteristic of UHF's struggles prior to the All-Channel Receiver Act.[64] KPTV was sold off in 1957, allowing that station to "move" to VHF as a consolidation with KOLR (channel 12).[67]

WJW's studios in Playhouse Square were remodeled into a colonial design evoking 1770-era Georgian architecture;[68] this design was also implemented at WGBS[69] and WJBK-TV's studio building.[70] Other stations had studios built to resemble Southern antebellum mansions, beginning with WBRC-TV in September 1954[71] and copied at WAGA-TV in 1966.[72]

WBRC radio and television were sold to Taft Broadcasting in 1957;[73] this was to facilitate the purchase of WIBG in Philadelphia and WVUE in Wilmington, Delaware, and followed an aborted sale of WAGA radio and TV to The Washington Post.[74] WVUE was shut down in 1958 so Storer could purchase WITI in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin,[75][76] which moved to Milwaukee the following year. To complete Storer's purchase of KPOP in Los Angeles (which was renamed KGBS[77]) WAGA and WAGA-FM were spun off to Plough, Inc. in April 1959,[78] and renamed WPLO and WPLO-FM.[79] WWVA and WWVA-FM were sold off in 1962 as a condition of Storer's $10.9 million purchase of WMGM in New York City (then an industry record)[77][80] which reverted to the WHN call sign.[81] WIHS-TV (channel 38) in Boston was purchased in 1966, and renamed WSBK-TV;[82] like WBRC and WAGA, WSBK received a new studio building in 1969 with an Antebellum design.[83][84]

By 1965, Storer was the nation's largest broadcaster not connected to the "Big Three" television networks (ABC, CBS and NBC)[85] and regarded as "the first independent group broadcaster".[2] It had a reputation of constantly selling stations in smaller markets in order to buy stations in larger markets, but made capital investments to improve and increase power for every station it owned.[86] The gamble on television in 1948—made when other broadcast chains disparaged the medium[2]—paid off with WAGA-TV, WSPD-TV and WJBK-TV turning a profit by 1951, surpassing all internal expectations.[87] In 1958, Storer had a profit of $65 million and an annual income of $16 million.[88] The company's expansion practices were emulated and copied by Corinthian Broadcasting, Cox Media Group, Capital Cities and Metromedia.[89]

The Miami channel 10 license scandal

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Further information: WPST-TV and WGBS-TV

Storer purchased WFTL-TV (channel 23), a UHF station in Fort Lauderdale, in November 1954[90][91] and moved it to Miami as WGBS-TV.[92] Storer repeatedly pursued a VHF allocation for WGBS, including the hotly contested channel 10, while also litigating existing Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ownership limits of five VHF stations and two UHF stations, an effort that ultimately failed.[93] The limitations also prevented the company from winning the channel 9 license in Wheeling.[94] At one point, Storer threatened to move the company's offices out of Miami Beach unless the market's VHF stations were not converted to UHF.[95] WCKT (channel 7) signed on and stripped WGBS-TV of their NBC affiliation, forcing the station to operate as an independent.[96] Storer took WGBS-TV dark in April 1957[97] and sold the tower, studios and land to channel 10 permit winner National Airlines, allowing them to sign on WPST-TV ahead of schedule.[98] Storer suffered a $433,000 loss with WGBS-TV.[99]

After it was revealed that the FCC, in particular commissioner Richard A. Mack, had been directly influenced by National Airlines,[100] the commission reopened the bidding process for the channel 10 license.[101] During a congressional investigation, FCC chairman John C. Doerfer testified he previously flew to Miami on a Storer-owned plane and been a guest of Storer on a yacht while Storer had at least one case pending before the commission.[102][103] Doerfer resigned as FCC chairman and was subsequently employed as Storer's legal counsel, and later, as a vice-president.[2][104][b]

The Northeast Airlines tempest

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Storer Broadcasting began examining other investments outside of broadcasting, brought on by the FCC's ownership limits of seven television stations, seven AM stations and seven FM stations, existing corporate tax structures and a lack of large-market stations available for purchase. Inspired by RKO General's majority stake in Frontier Airlines, Storer began examining airlines as they were regulated like broadcasting and not a manufacturing industry.[106] The company agreed to purchase majority control of Northeast Airlines from Hughes Tool Company on June 2, 1965,[107] and sold their stock in Standard Tube for $1.5 million to help finance the deal.[108] Northeast was financially troubled with $36 million in debt and was fighting the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) to retain a key Miami–New York route, but as The Miami Herald analyzed the deal, "if anyone can bring Northeast Airlines back into a continuous profit picture, Storer can."[109] Storer announced plans to reactivate WGBS-TV, which it still held the permit for,[110] intending to have television stations in Northeast's terminals of Miami and Boston; this also precipitated their purchase of WIHS-TV, renamed WSBK-TV.[99][c]

Storer became Northeast's board chairman and promised to go "first class" to help turn around the airline.[113] While this was seen as a risk, the company had an established history of not being risk-averse.[109] Storer's son, George B. Storer, Jr., created the airline's "Yellowbird" advertising campaign and was credited by pilot/historian Capt. Robert Mudge as "... a blessing, he saved the airline".[114] Northeast also prevailed in their fight to keep the Miami–New York route.[114] However, the financial troubles surrounding Northeast never improved: in 1967, it lost $3.8 million, following by losses of $2.67 million, $28.8 million, $10.7 million and $14 million in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1971, respectively.[115] The planes were obsolete, prompting Storer to establish a subsidiary specifically to buy new planes and lease them back to the airline.[116] In 1972, the airline's closest competition, National Airlines, had twice as much revenue as Northeast, while United Airlines outperformed Northeast in revenue by a 12:1 margin.[117]

Storer personally came to regret the purchase of Northeast and told stockholders in 1970, "we were losing more money in a year than I'd ever thought of making in a year."[1] This financial burden induced Storer to sell WIBG and all but one of their FM stations.[118] WIBG was sold in 1969 to Buckley Broadcasting for $6 million.[119] In 1970, WJHR (the former WGBS-FM) and WDEE-FM (the former WJBK-FM) were sold to Bartell Broadcasters for $1.2 million.[120] WPNA (the former WIBG-FM, which had been taken dark) was sold along with WCJW (the former WJW-FM) to SJR Communications in 1971 for $1.4 million, while WSPD-FM was concurrently sold to Susquehanna Broadcasting. KGBS-FM was the only FM station retained.[121] Storer sought a merger of Northeast into Northwest Orient in 1969,[122][123] but this fell through after the CAB denied a request for the combined airline to retain a profitable Florida route.[124] Northeast merged into Delta Air Lines in 1971, with Storer becoming that airline's largest shareholder.[4]

Move toward cable systems

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Globetrotters Communications purchased WDEE in 1973 for $4.2 million,[125] and WJW was sold to an Art Modell-headed syndicate in 1977 for $2.5 million.[126]

Storer merged into the Boston Garden-Arena Corporation, then the owner of the Boston Bruins (which WSBK-TV featured) and their home arena, the Boston Garden, on December 7, 1972.[127] Both the team and arena were sold in August 1975 to Delaware North and chairman Jeremy Jacobs.[128][129] George Storer was company president until his 1973 retirement, succeeded by his son Peter; George remained chairman until his death in 1975.[1]

The company purchased its first cable television system in 1963. It also briefly ventured into program syndication as Storer Programs Inc., during which it was the U.S. distributor of the original 1963–65 run of The Littlest Hobo, which was produced in Canada. During the 1970s the company focused on cable television. Commencing in 1978, it embarked on an aggressive program of acquiring cable franchises. Unlike many cable operators, Storer preferred to acquire franchises and build its cable systems rather than acquire existing cable operations.

Storer purchased KCST (channel 39) in San Diego in March 1973 for $12 million to become their seventh television station, becoming the first group owner to reach the maximum limit of five VHF stations and two UHF stations.[130] This came as KCST was to take over as the market's ABC affiliate from XETV in Tijuana, a switch initiated through FCC intervention.[131] Despite improved ratings,[132] ABC disaffiliated from KCST in 1977 in favor of KGTV.[133] In turn, Storer disaffiliated WITI from ABC—which it had been affiliated with since 1961[134]—in favor of CBS,[135][136] while KCST switched to NBC.[137]

By December 1978, Storer made public intentions to sell off their remaining radio properties, including FM stations WLYF in Miami and WLAK-FM in Chicago, which were both purchased earlier in the year.[138] Chairman Bill Michaels and president Peter Storer stated with the move that "the world has changed" and the divestments were necessary given Storer's publicly-traded status. The company's board of directors also approved a $100 million expansion into cable.[139][140] In 1979 alone, WGBS and WLYF were sold to Jefferson-Pilot Communications for $12.5 million,[141] the Mutual Broadcasting System purchased WHN for $14 million,[142] KTNQ (the former KGBS) was sold to Liberman Broadcasting, KHTZ (the former KGBS-FM) was sold to Greater Media[143] and WSPD was sold to Wood Broadcasting for $3.3 million.[144] WLAK-FM was sold to Viacom in 1981 for $8 million, owing to then-FCC restrictions requiring Storer to own the station for at least three years.[145]

The company's name was changed to Storer Communications, Inc. on January 1, 1983; this coincided with the stock symbol changing to SCI. By 1984 it owned and operated seven television stations and held franchises to provide cable television service to over 500 communities in 18 states and had some 4,800 employees. During that time, Storer co-produced nationally syndicated programs (such as Break the Bank and the 1980s version of Divorce Court) under a joint venture with Blair Entertainment, a distribution firm founded in 1975 as the second iteration of Rhodes Productions and was renamed to the moniker it held at the time in 1983 when it was acquired by John Blair and Company.[146] Blair later shut down in 1992 and its library was bought by All American Television, a predecessor of Fremantle North America.[147]

Privatization and breakup

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In 1985, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) took Storer Communications private in a $1.6 billion leveraged buyout after Comcast showed interest in the cable systems, and following threats of liquidation by dissatisfied shareholders.[148] WTVG was spun off during this process due to signal overlap between it, WJBK-TV, and WJW-TV.[149] One year earlier, KKR took Wometco Enterprises private after the death of chairman Mitchell Wolfson;[150][151] in doing so, KKR took ownership of WTVJ in Miami and Wometco's cable systems in Atlanta, prompting the FCC to direct KKR to sell either the cable systems or WTVJ and WAGA-TV.[152] KKR opted to sell WTVJ and the Storer stations, first in an attempted $1.85 billion sale to Lorimar-Telepictures[153] that fell apart when CBS chairman Laurence Tisch objected to the deal, threatening to buy another Miami station at a discount and disaffiliate the other Storer stations from the network.[154] Following this, WTVJ was sold off to NBC.[155]

SCI Holdings, the holding company for Storer Cable, was put up for sale in 1987[156] but decided against an outright asset sale[157] as KKR was reportedly prevented from doing so due to debt covenants taken in the leveraged buyout.[158] The cable group was sold to a group of competing cable systems including Comcast, TCI, ATC (the cable division of Time Inc.), and Taft Cable, in a $1.7 billion deal. The all-stock deal kept Storer Cable as a nominally separate company controlled by the partnership.[159] Michael Tallent became president of Storer upon the consummation of this transaction, succeeding Kenneth Bagwell.[160] Tallent joined Comcast in 1991 and was succeeded by William Whelan;[161] the company was expected to be broken up in the coming years and described as "not in acquisition mode".[162] TCI and Comcast jointly purchased Storer Cable from the partnership in September 1992 and was divided in half,[163][164][165] with franchises reassigned based on the closest proximity of either company's regional offices.[166] The Storer name was phased out in favor of either TCI or Comcast beginning in late 1993.[164][166]

George N. Gillett Jr. bought majority control of the Storer stations (renamed SCI Television[167]) in April 1987,[168][169] financed through junk bonds.[170] Such financing was raised prior to Black Monday, placing Gillett in a 10:1 debt-to-profit ratio.[171] Rumors persisted of Gillett divesting stations either held directly by him or the SCI subsidiary, particularly WJW-TV, which was one of the chain's standouts.[172][173] While Gillett did sell off his Nashville station WSMV-TV,[174] it failed to shore up the financials of Gillett Holdings, which missed a critical loan payment in October 1989.[175] One reorganization brought on by a bankruptcy threat in 1990 reduced Gillett's majority control of SCI to 41 percent,[176] while a Chapter 11 restructuring in January 1992 placed Gillett as a minority owner of the holding company, now majority-owned by the bondholders.[177] Another reorganization saw investor Ronald Perelman purchase majority control of SCI for $100 million on February 17, 1993,[178] forcing Gillett out entirely.[179]

Perelman folded SCI into New World Entertainment to form New World Communications,[180] then struck a wide-reaching affiliation pact with Fox in May 1994 after News Corporation invested $500 million into New World.[181] This resulted in the majority of the former Storer stations, including WBRC-TV, switching to Fox between 1994 and 1996.[182][d] News Corp. later purchased New World outright in 1996.[186]

Former stations

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  • Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.
  • Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicates a station built and sign on by either Fort Industry or Storer.
Stations owned by Fort Industry and/or Storer Broadcasting[2][187]
Market Station Purchased Divested Current status
Birmingham, AL WBRC 1953 1957 WERC, owned by iHeartMedia
WBRC-FM 1953 1957 WBPT, owned by SummitMedia
WBRC-TV 1953 1957 WBRC, owned by Gray Television
Los Angeles, CA KTNQ[i] 1959 1979 Owned by Latino Media Network
KGBS-FM[ii] 1966 1979 KNX-FM, owned by Audacy, Inc.
San Diego, CA KCST-TV 1974 1987 KNSD, owned by NBC Owned Television Stations
Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL WGBS 1944 1979 WAQI, owned by Latino Media Network
WGBS-FM[iii] ** 1948 1971 Defunct, WMJX's license was revoked in 1981
WGBS-TV 1954 1967 WLTV-DT, owned by TelevisaUnivision
WLYF 1978 1979 Owned by Audacy, Inc.
Atlanta, GA WAGA 1940 1959 WDWD, owned by Salem Media Group
WAGA-FM ** 1948 1959 WVEE, owned by Audacy, Inc.
WAGA-TV ** 1949 1987 Owned by Fox Television Stations
Chicago, IL WLAK-FM 1978 1981 WLIT-FM, owned by iHeartMedia
Boston, MA WSBK-TV 1966 1987 Owned by CBS News and Stations
Detroit, MI WGHP 1928 1930 WXYT, owned by Audacy, Inc.
WJBK[iv] 1947 1973 WLQV, owned by Salem Media Group
WJBK-FM[v] ** 1947 1971 WUFL, owned by Family Life Radio
WJBK-TV ** 1948 1987 WJBK, owned by Fox Television Stations
New York, NY WHN 1962 1979 WEPN, owned by Good Karma Brands
Cincinnati, OH WSAI 1951 1953 Owned by iHeartMedia
WSAI-FM 1951 1953 WNNF, owned by Cumulus Media
Cleveland, OH WJW 1954 1977 WKNR, owned by Good Karma Brands
WJW-FM[vi] 1954 1971 WQAL, owned by Audacy, Inc.
WJW-TV[vii] 1954 1987 WJW, owned by Nexstar Media Group
Lima, OH WLOK 1938 1951 Defunct, ceased operations in 1955
WLOK-FM ** 1948 1951 Defunct, ceased operations in 1955
Toledo, OH WSPD 1928 1979 Owned by iHeartMedia
WSPD-FM ** 1946 1971 WRVF, owned by iHeartMedia
WTVG[viii] ** 1948 1987 Owned by Gray Television
Zanesville, OH WHIZ 1939 1947 Owned by Marquee Broadcasting
Portland, OR KPTV 1954 1957 Owned by Gray Television
Philadelphia, PA WIBG 1957 1969 WNTP, owned by Salem Media Group
WIBG-FM[ix] 1957 1971 WIP-FM, owned by Audacy, Inc.
WVUE 1957 1958 Defunct; ceased operations in 1958
San Antonio, TX KABC[x] 1951 1954 KKYX, owned by Cox Media Group
KEYL[xi] 1951 1954 KENS, owned by Tegna Inc.
Fairmont, WV WMMN 1935 1953 Owned by Laurel Highland Total Communications
Wheeling, WV WWVA 1931 1962 Owned by iHeartMedia
WWVA-FM ** 1947 1962 WOVK, owned by iHeartMedia
Milwaukee, WI WITI 1958 1987 Owned by Fox Television Stations
Windsor, ON, Canada CKLW[xii] ** 1932 1936 Owned by Bell Media
  1. ^ Known as KGBS from 1959 to 1976.
  2. ^ Known as KHTZ from 1978 onward.
  3. ^ Known as WJHR from 1969 to 1971.
  4. ^ Known as WDEE from 1969 to 1973.
  5. ^ Known as WDEE-FM from 1969 to 1971.
  6. ^ Known as WCJW from 1968 to 1971.
  7. ^ Known as WXEL prior to 1956 and WJKW-TV from 1977 to 1985.
  8. ^ Known as WSPD-TV from 1948 to 1979.
  9. ^ Known as WPNA from 1969 to 1971.
  10. ^ Known as KGBS in 1954.
  11. ^ Known as KGBS-TV in 1954.
  12. ^ Known as CHOK from 1932 to 1933.

Notes

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  1. ^ Not to be confused with the American Broadcasting Company, which was created from the former NBC Blue Network.[31]
  2. ^ After WPST-TV's license was revoked, Storer repurchased the tower for a facility upgrade for WGBS-FM.[105]
  3. ^ Storer did not reactivate WGBS-TV and instead sold the permit in early 1967.[111] It was relaunched later in the year as WAJA-TV.[112]
  4. ^ WTVG was also involved in a side transaction related to this pact, as Capital Cities/ABC acquired it and WJRT in Flint, Michigan, on October 3, 1994, for $155 million.[183][184] WTVG remained an ABC-owned station until 2011.[185]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Bedwell, Don (November 6, 1975). "G.B. Storer, Broadcasting Giant, Dies". The Miami Herald. p. 14AW. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Retrospective: George Butler Storer". Broadcasting. Vol. 87, no. 20. November 11, 1974. pp. 30–31. ProQuest 1016870503.
  3. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 15.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sabath, Donald (September 20, 1973). "WJW: once a service station here". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 4D. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "We Pay Our Respects To: John Harold Ryan". Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising. Vol. 17, no. 5. September 1, 1939. p. 49.
  6. ^ "Storer Devotes 50 Years to Radio". Philadelphia Daily News. May 24, 1962. p. 2:Advertising Supplement. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 16.
  8. ^ "G. B. Storer Started Radio in 1928", Detroit Times, September 16, 1956, page 43.
  9. ^ Kinter, Deane S. (February 20, 1928). "Hear Australia Today and Toledo Tomorrow; Powerful New Tube Daddy of 'Em All". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 8. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Popularity of Forenoon Program Put to Test; WSPD in New Home". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. August 3, 1928. p. 12. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 17.
  12. ^ Wellman 1973, pp. 16–17.
  13. ^ "Kunsky, Trendle Buy Station WGHP". Detroit Free Press. April 25, 1930. p. 4. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ "Station WGHP Becomes WXYZ". Detroit Free Press. June 29, 1930. p. 9. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 18.
  16. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 19.
  17. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 23.
  18. ^ a b "Storer and Pickard Sell CKLW Interest". Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising. Vol. 10, no. 9. May 1, 1936. p. 28.
  19. ^ "Radio Group Wants Data: Graham Spry Protests Renewal of License To CHOK; Canadians Fired; Station Said to Be Owned By Americans and Used For Their Purposes". The Windsor Star. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. February 21, 1933. p. 3. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "CJGC Air Pioneer in Amalgamation: Merger Has Goodwill of Canadian Radio Commission—New Call Letters". The Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. April 18, 1933. p. 13. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ a b "Storer sells WMMN after buying KABC". Broadcasting-Telecasting. Vol. 44, no. 26. June 29, 1953. p. 70.
  22. ^ a b Wellman 1973, p. 21.
  23. ^ "Toledo Group Seeks to Buy Station WBLY". The Lima News. Lima, Ohio. August 22, 1937. p. 9. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "New Radio Studios To Be Dedicated Sunday; Call Letters Changed". The Lima News. Lima, Ohio. February 19, 1939. p. 9. Retrieved December 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ Wellman 1973, p. 22.
  26. ^ Ward 2002, pp. 12–13.
  27. ^ "Radio Chain Formed to Exchange Programs". The Plain Speaker. Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. June 13, 1934. p. 25. Retrieved December 23, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ Wellman 1973, pp. 22, 171.
  29. ^ Ward 2002, p. 16.
  30. ^ "American System is Reorganized: WNEW Becomes Key Station of American Broadcasting Company". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. January 18, 1935. p. B12. Retrieved December 23, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
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[edit]
  • Ward, Richard (October 2002). "The Quest to Form a Third Radio Network in the Early 1930s". Studies in Popular Culture. 25 (1). Popular Culture Association in the South: 11–22. JSTOR 23415005.
  • Wellman, John Floyd (1973). Storer Broadcasting Company--Its History, Organization, and Operation (PhD thesis). Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan. ProQuest 302651830.
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